Pipe Scale Research Articles

Leak detection method using energy dissipation model in a pressurized pipeline

Various transient test-based techniques have been developed for detecting leaks in pipeline systems, and most of these depend on a signal that is reflected by the leak. In field pipes, this signal is easily disturbed by high frequency noise, which can prevent detection. This paper presents a leak detection method using transient pressure damping by energy dissipation from the leak, which is minimally affected by the noise. The numerical simulation confirms that the method can be applied within the range of practical pipe scales, provided that the flow rate is reduced by restricting the valve. The model is verified, and leak location is estimated within an error of <6% of the total length despite the noise from the loops. This method offers a simple and easy means to detect leaks without numerical simulation, although it is limited to single pipeline systems.

Accumulation of vanadium and arsenic by cast iron pipe scales under drinking water conditions: A batch study

Metal pollutants accumulation in the scales of drinking water distribution systems presents a potential threat to water quality. Therefore, a study was carried out on the accumulation of V(V) and As(V) by cast iron pipe scales. The accumulation of V(V) and As(V) by scales and the effects of scale dosage, pH, temperature, and anion content on the accumulation process were assessed. Results showed that scales could rapidly accumulate V(V) and As(V), with maximum accumulation amounts of 3.94 mg/g and 3.90 mg/g, respectively. An increase in pH (from 3.0 to 9.0) and sulfate concentration (from 0 to 250 mg/L) decreased V(V) and As(V) accumulation by scales. Increased chloride ion concentrations (from 0 to 250 mg/L) reduced the amount of As(V) accumulated, while increasing the amount of V(V) accumulated. The V(V) and As(V) accumulation kinetics were well described by the Elovich model, with thermodynamic and accumulation isotherms showing that the accumulation process occurred via an entropic endothermic reaction. The mechanisms of accumulation of V(V) and As(V) by the scales include surface complexation, ligand exchange, electrostatic attraction and repulsion, and competitive adsorption.

Co-release potential and human health risk of heavy metals from galvanized steel pipe scales under stagnation conditions of drinking water

The re-release of heavy metals accumulated in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) may pose a significant threat to water quality and human health. In this work, the pipe scales in the actual DWDS were collected, and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated by SEM, XRF, XRD, XPS, and sequential extraction procedure. The co-release potential of heavy metals under different scale dosages, temperatures, and stagnation times was explored by stagnation release tests. Pearson correlation analysis on metal release and human health risk assessment was used to reveal the inter-metal correlation and potential risk of metal release. The results showed that the metal release potential under stagnation water conditions arose primarily from the acid-soluble fraction. The chronic non-carcinogenic risk of soluble metals followed the order: Mn > Fe > Zn > Pb. The risk caused by the soluble metal release could be ignored (HI < 1, HI: hazard index) under normal stagnation times (within 8 h). The major finding of this work was that Ca and Mn were more labile to release and had a significant linear co-release correlation (scale powder: R2 = 0.906, p < 0.01; pipe section: R2 = 0.982, p < 0.01), which indicated their co-existence and linear co-release. Ca was recognized as the “major metal” that affected the release of trace metals. The health risk probably increased with the release of Ca, which could also be used as an “indicator” of Mn release.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on High-Pressure Water Jet Descaling in Coal Mine Drainage Pipeline

Traditional chemical and mechanical descaling methods are expensive, inefficient and environmental pollution for removing scales in coal mine main drainage pipeline. In this study, a water jet is proposed to remove pipe scales, which can solve the inadequacies of traditional methods. Parametric optimization for water jet and descaling nozzle are analyzed. Firstly, the mechanical properties of scale materials are obtained for the first time by uniaxial compressive tests and Brazilian disk splitting tests. Secondly, crushing mechanism and crushing effect of pipe scale subjected to water jet are studied by AUTODYN software. Relationship between the nozzle’s key structure parameters and the axial static pressure and velocity of the fluid field inside the nozzle are analyzed by Fluent software. Moreover, the axial dynamic pressure and velocity of fluid field outside the nozzle are also analyzed. The above numerical simulations indicate that the pressure, flow and target distance of water jet should be 20 MPa, 40L/min and 50 mm, respectively; the outlet diameter, contraction angle and length-diameter ratio of the nozzle should be 2 mm, 13°and 2, respectively. Finally, experiments are conducted for the validation of these parameters. The results provide guidance for the development of the water jet descaling technique of the coal mine drainage pipeline.

Absolute Measurement of Thoron in Surface Waters

Thoron (radon-220, 220Rn, half-life 55.6 s) is a useful aqueous tracer suitable for applications such as locating and measuring groundwater discharge in surface waters (including the coastal ocean) and detecting radium-224 (224Ra) bearing scale inside water pipes. Generally, such applications require only relative thoron measurements in the water. However, if a thoron-in-water quantification in absolute numbers is desired the knowledge of the thoron sensitivity of the measurement system is obligatory. Absolute readings would, e.g., give a measure of the 224Ra activity in the sediment, supporting the thoron, or of the quantity of 224Ra in the pipe scale. Since there is no standardised source of thoron-in-water (such as a NIST standard), there is no way to calibrate a thoron-in-water measurement system, in the usual sense. Up until now, therefore, it has not been possible to make absolute measurements of thoron in water. This paper presents a novel method of assessing the sensitivity of a mobile thoron-in-water measurement system. The paper analyses such systems and describes a straightforward experimental approach to obtain all setup-specific values of critical parameters that will allow a reasonably precise determination of the system thoron sensitivity. The method is simple enough that a thoron sensitivity calibration can be performed on site with no additional equipment.

Characterization of fatigue under the affective dimension of the pipe scale reviewed in women with breast neoplasia undergoing chemotherapy treatment

Objective: This study aims to characterize fatigue in women with breast neoplasia submitted to chemotherapy treatment under the affective dimension of the Piper Scale - Reviewed.Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach and it was carried out in the Outpatient Unit of a specialized clinic in Mammary Pathology of the Pernambuco Cancer Hospital (PCH). The data collection procedure was carried out by signing the Free and Informed Consent Term (FICT) and later responded to the collection instrument at Piper's Fatigue Scale - Revised.Results: The results of the study revealed that the destructive characteristic of fatigue, presented higher mean (6.40), as well as higher level of fatigue (prevalence) felt by the patients. 25.6% of the women described their fatigue with the maximum value of the scale, that is, as this unpleasant. It was observed that 80 patients (25.2%) outlined their fatigue as being more negative, thus marking the maximum extreme (ten) of the series. Conclusion: In view of this, it is necessary to have strategies to relieve the symptoms affected by the treatment.

Energy recovery through reverse electrodialysis: Harnessing the salinity gradient from the flushing of human urine

Urine dilution is often performed to avoid clogging or scaling of pipes, which occurs due to urine's Ca2+ and Mg2+ precipitating at the alkaline conditions created by ureolysis. The large salinity gradient between urine and flushing water is, theoretically, a source of potential energy which is currently unexploited. As such, this work explored the use of a compact reverse electrodialysis (RED) system to convert the chemical potential energy of urine dilution into electric energy. Urine’ composition and ureolysis state as well as solution pumping costs were all taken into account. Despite having almost double its electric conductivity, real hydrolysed urine obtained net energy recoveries ENet of 0.053–0.039 kWh/m3, which is similar to energy recovered from real fresh urine. The reduced performances of hydrolysed urine were linked to its higher organic fouling potential and possible volatilisation of NH3 due to its high pH. However, the higher-than-expected performance achieved by fresh urine is possibly due to the fast diffusion of uncharged urea to the freshwater side. Real urine was also tested as a novel electrolyte solution and its performance compared with a conventional K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6 couple. While K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6 outperformed urine in terms of power densities and energy recoveries, net chemical reactions seemed to have occurred in urine when used as an electrolyte solution, leading to TOC, ammonia and urea removal of up to 13%, 6% and 4.4%, respectively. Finally, due to the migration of K+, NH4+ and PO43−, the low concentration solution could be utilised for fertigation. Overall, this process has the potential of providing off-grid urine treatment or energy production at a household or building level. [Display omitted]

Impacts of Municipal Water-Rainwater Source Transitions on Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Dynamics at the Tap.

When rainwater harvesting is utilized as an alternative water resource in buildings, a combination of municipal water and rainwater is typically required to meet water demands. Altering source water chemistry can disrupt pipe scale and biofilm and negatively impact water quality at the distribution level. Still, it is unknown if similar reactions occur within building plumbing following a transition in source water quality. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in water chemistry and microbiology at a green building following a transition between municipal water and rainwater. We monitored water chemistry (metals, alkalinity, and disinfectant byproducts) and microbiology (total cell counts, plate counts, and opportunistic pathogen gene markers) throughout two source water transitions. Several constituents including alkalinity and disinfectant byproducts served as indicators of municipal water remaining in the system since the rainwater source does not contain these constituents. In the treated rainwater, microbial proliferation and Legionella spp. gene copy numbers were often three logs higher than those in municipal water. Because of differences in source water chemistry, rainwater and municipal water uniquely interacted with building plumbing and generated distinctively different drinking water chemical and microbial quality profiles.

Manganese release from corrosion products of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: Effect of water temperature, pH, alkalinity, SO42− concentration and disinfectants

Manganese accumulated in corrosion scales on drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) can be released into bulk water, causing discolouration and thereby leading to customer concerns about drinking water quality. A static release experiment was conducted on iron pipe scales under three different temperatures, pH values, alkalinity values, sulfate (SO42−) concentrations, and disinfectants to study the separate effect of these factors on Mn release from pipe scales under stagnant conditions. Results showed that more Mn was released from corrosion scales under the conditions of lower pH, lower alkalinity, higher temperature, and higher SO42− concentrations. Three commonly used disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl) were found to inhibit the release of Mn from iron corrosion scales, with the ranked order of inhibitory effect of ClO2≈NaClO > NH2Cl under the same CT (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) value. The orthogonal experimental results indicated that SO42− and alkalinity had extremely significant effects on the release of Mn from pipe scales, while pH and disinfectant type had a significant impact on the release of Mn from pipe scales. Thus, the SO42− concentration and alkalinity of the bulk water should be determined to avoid excessive release of Mn into drinking water. However, further investigation of the effect of disinfectants on Mn release in DWDSs is necessary. This research helps establish a systematic understanding of the influential factors in Mn release from pipe scales into bulk water, as well as their significant relationships.

The impact of metal pipe materials, corrosion products, and corrosion inhibitors on antibiotic resistance in drinking water distribution systems.

Drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) are unique engineering environments that are important routes for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in drinking water pose risks to human and environmental health. Metals are known stressors that can select for antibiotic resistance. The objective of this review was to assess the state of knowledge regarding the impact of metal pipe materials, corrosion products, and corrosion inhibitors on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in DWDS. ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have been detected in full-scale DWDS in concentrations ranging from ~ 101 to 1010 copies/L. Metal pipe materials can select for bacteria harboring ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) through co-selection processes. Corrosion products that develop in metal drinking water pipes (Cu, Fe, and Pb oxides) may also stimulate antibiotic resistance selection during distribution. Different corrosion inhibitor regimes (phosphates, sodium silicates) may also have impacts on microbial communities and the abundance of resistance genes in DWDS. Research is needed to quantify how engineering decisions related to drinking water infrastructure and corrosion inhibitor practices impact the abundance and distribution of ARG, MRGs, and MGEs in potable water systems. KEY POINTS: • Lack of quantitative measurements of antibiotic and metal resistance genes in drinking water distribution systems. • Pipe materials and corrosion products that develop in pipe scales may impact antibiotic resistance. • Corrosion inhibitors with zinc or phosphate could alter antibiotic resistance. • Management decisions should consider antibiotic resistance ramifications. Graphical abstract.

Analysis of the Potential of Crust Formation and Corrosiveness in the Way Rilau PDAM Lampung Distribution Network Using the Langelier Saturation Index Method

Crust formation is a complex problem and always occurs in piping systems, both in oil piping systems, industry, and water distribution. When the crust is formed on the pipe, it will cause the pipe diameter to shrink and inhibit the flow of fluid in the pipe system. If the pipe has a problem, its temperature and pressure will be higher, increasing the possibility of the pipe to break and get damaged. This study aims to determine the formation of PDAM water pipe scale in Bandar Lampung with the Langelier Saturation Index Method. Based on the LSI calculation results, a value of -0.9 is obtained. This indicates that the corrosion rate is high, but there is no visible potential for scale formation. Formation of corrosion in the pipe can cause the pipe wall to thin out thereby increasing the potential for pipe leakage. Due to this, the checking of the pipes is necessary. Potential leakage of pipes will disrupt the distribution system and reduce service levels of PDAM Bandar Lampung City. Increasing the value of LSI in water can increase the pH of each water source. Increasing the pH will cause an increase in the value of LSI so that it is in neutral conditions and the level of corrosivity decreases. In addition, the flow velocity of water needs to be maintained with a minimum speed of 0.3 m/s to prevent the formation of scale on the pipes.

The effect of chloride, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon on iron release from cast iron

Iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems causes water discoloration, water quality deterioration, hydraulic loss, and even pipe failures, which are usually influenced by pipe scale structure, water hydraulics, water chemistry, and other factors. This work evaluated the effects of chloride, sulfate, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on iron release from a 90-year-old cast iron pipe section at water pH 8.0 under stagnant conditions. Experimental results showed that the addition of 150 mg/L sulfate to water significantly increased the mean total iron concentrations to 1.13–2.68 mg/L, relative to 0.54–0.79 mg/L for the baseline water with only 10 mg C/L DIC. Similar results were observed under conditions when chloride was added, and when sulfate and chloride were added together. In contrast, the mean total iron concentrations were significantly reduced by 53–80% in waters with higher DIC of 50 mg C/L, as compared to similar waters with lower DIC of 10 mg C/L. The Larson Ratio could be a good indicator for iron release depending on the circumstances. Iron release was predicted by molecular radial diffusion modelling that accounted for water quality, scale characteristics, hydraulics, and other condition-related information. The results provided insightful information for water systems that have cast iron pipes and galvanized iron pipes and that might encounter changes in water treatment and water sources. More studies are needed to better understand the cast iron corrosion mechanisms under the examined water chemistries.

Aluminum in Drinking Water: Occurrence, Effects, and Control

Key TakeawaysExcessive aluminum intake may cause neuromuscular effects, although drinking water aluminum intake by humans is minor compared with intake from other sources.Non‐health‐based effects in drinking water, such as post‐precipitation and pipe scales in the distribution system, are more of a problem than health‐based concentrations.High aluminum concentrations in treated waters indicate poor coagulation practice, which should be adjusted to address seasonal temperatures, pH, and coagulant dose.

Effect of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) addition to prevent silica scaling in geothermal power plant projection pipes at PLTP X

Geothermal energy is energy stored in the form of water or steam in certain geological conditions at a depth of several kilometers in the earth’s crust. Power plants utilize geothermal combined cycle units that are more efficient than conventional types of geothermal power plants. PLTP X has 3 steam turbines with a pressure of 20 bar as the main generator drive and 18 steam tubs with a pressure of 10 bar. The process of Integrated Geothermal Power Plant is divided into two plants, namely dry steam power plant and binary cycle power plant. Heating working fluid in the binary cycle power plant itself uses condensate and brine water. One of problems in this PLTP X is the presence of silica scaling in production pipe and the increase of acid pH value in some production well which causes corrosion in production pipe. Therefore it is necessary to modify pH. The addition of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is needed to slow down the rate of silica deposition and to prevent corrosion of pipe.

Impact of orthophosphate on lead release from pipe scale in high pH, low alkalinity water

This study explored the ability of orthophosphate addition to limit lead release from lead service lines delivering high pH, low alkalinity water. We built pipe loop reactors with lead pipes harvested from Providence, RI, and we operated them with high pH and low alkalinity water of a composition similar to that in Providence. Orthophosphate addition decreased the release of both dissolved and particulate lead to the water. The most substantial decreases in total lead concentrations occurred after 15 weeks of orthophosphate addition, which was associated with the formation of calcium-lead-phosphorus (Ca–Pb–P) solids as part of the pipe scale. Pre-existing hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2(s)) in the scale of the lead pipe appeared to promote the formation of a Ca–Pb–P solid similar to phosphohedyphane (Ca2Pb3(PO4)3(Cl,F,OH)(s)). Continuous orthophosphate addition was also associated with the formation of a calcium phosphate solid with features like those of fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F(s)) on the outermost layer of the scale. Through promoting the formation of these new solids within and on top of the scales, orthophosphate addition limited release of dissolved and particulate lead. These results demonstrate the ability of orthophosphate to control lead release at higher pH conditions than those for which it has typically been used. In addition to the formation of phosphate solids, PbO2(s), which was not present on the as-received pipes, was formed due to the constant supply of free chlorine in the laboratory-scale experiment.

English

Post-drilling investigation for prolific groundwater aquifer was conducted in a well at the Nigeria LNG Base, Port Harcourt using geoelectric logging. Resistivity (Short Normal and Long Normal) and Self-Potential (SP) logs were employed. Two zones (A and B) were tested to determine the porosity (E¸), permeability (k) and the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the aquifer. Results show that the inferred lithology in the borehole consists of sand, clayey-sand and clay materials. They also indicate that test zone A (110-140 m), though permeable, has high membrane potential which is higher than the liquid-junction potential resulting from clay intercalation thereby reducing its viability as a production zone. Zone B is found to be prolific with porosity and permeability values of 18% and 131.31 mD respectively at depth range of 140 to 180 m. The total dissolved solid (TDS) derived from electrical conductivity (EC) value of 6250 μmhoscm-1 is 4000 mg/litre for this zone. The high TDS value observed within this prolific groundwater zone in the well may be as a result of effluent discharge by industries around the area or saline water intrusion due to its proximity to the Bonny River. The 4000 mg/litre falls outside the World Health Organization’s acceptable limit palatability for drinking water and may have the negative effects of excessive scaling in water pipes, water heaters, boilers, and domestic appliances such as kettles and steam irons which may reduce their service span. Effective water treatment is therefore recommended. Key words: Self-potential, resistivity, electrical conductivity, geoelectric, aquifer, total dissolved solids.

Formation and prevention of pipe scale from acid mine drainage at iron Mountain and Leviathan Mines, California, USA

Pipelines carrying acid mine drainage (AMD) to treatment plants commonly form pipe scale, an Fe(III)-rich precipitate that forms inside the pipelines and requires periodic and costly cleanout and maintenance. Pipelines at Iron Mountain Mine (IMM) and Leviathan Mine (LM) in California carry acidic water from mine sources to a treatment plant and have developed pipe scale. Samples of scale and AMD were collected from both mine sites for mineralogical, microbiological, and chemical analysis. The scale mineralogy was primarily schwertmannite with minor amounts of poorly crystalline goethite. Although the bulk composition of the scale was similar along the length of the pipeline at IMM, the number of iron-oxidizing bacteria and concentrations of associated trace elements decreased along the flow path inside the pipeline. Laboratory batch experiments with unfiltered AMD from IMM and LM showed that Fe(II) oxidation was driven by microbial activity when the pH was <5. A remediation strategy of decreasing the pH to <2.2 was tested through geochemical modeling and laboratory experiments. These experiments indicated that scale formation could be prevented by decreasing the pH, which could be achieved at IMM by mixing source waters. However, the presence of Fe(III)-rich scale in a pipeline buffers the pH to higher values that may affect the efficacy of this remedial approach.

Effect of projections number on the image quality of industrial parallel beam gamma tomography

Gamma tomography technique can provide cross-sectional visualization of an object that needed for investigating pipe scale in geothermal power plants. Parallel beam tomography has advantages such as a simple system so that it is easier to apply in the field, but the scanning duration is relatively long. This paper discusses the effect of projections number on the reconstructed images quality and proposes the number of most effective projections for pipe scale investigation. Geothermal pipe sample (OD = 275 mm, t = 10 mm) with scale has been scanned with a parallel beam gamma tomography system. The system consists of a gamma radiation source (137Cs, 80 mCi), scintillation detector, motorized gantry, control module, data acquisition, and computer. The images were reconstructed with six different projections: 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, and 4 projections and the scanning duration: 530.8, 258.9, 127.9, 63.5, 31.7, and 15.8 minutes, respectively. Visually, the 128 projections data produces the smoothest image, whereas 64 and 32 projections images look almost the same. The 16 and 8 projections images are still able to distinguish between the pipe wall, scale, and void even though the 8 projections image looks very blurry. Then, the 4 projections image is not able to visualize the shape of the object. The gaps between the average pipe wall and void gray-scale pixels value of 128, 64, 32, 16, 8 and 8 projections images are 175, 174, 167, 153, 106, and 45, respectively. Based on the scanning duration, visualization, and the gray contrast, then the number of most effective projections is 32.

Modeling of HVAC Systems for Fault Diagnosis

Analytical model based fault diagnosis method is seldom adopted for heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems as it is rather difficult to establish and verify an explicit model for HVAC systems. On the other hand, a flexible graphically based software called TRNSYS has been widely accepted in the design and optimization of HVAC systems recently. It makes sense to use TRNSYS to establish and verify an analytical model for fault diagnosis of HVAC systems. In this paper, a TRNSYS model of a HVAC system in multi-zone buildings is firstly established on the basis of practical data. Then, a state-space model of HVAC system is given according to the thermal-mass balance and air flow balance equations, and the consistency between the TRNSYS model and the state-space model is demonstrated. Also, some typical faults in the HVAC system are considered and the consistency between the two models under the faulty cases is verified again. Further, the effects of the faults on energy consumption is analyzed. The results show that some faults such as pipe scaling can significantly increase energy consumption while having no obvious change in room temperature. Based on the established models, some promising and challenging research directions for fault diagnosis of HVAC systems are finally discussed.

Radiological Survey of Oil and Gas Wastes and its Health Risks in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Aim: The aim of this study is radiometric survey of oil and gas wastes and its health risks in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. &#x0D; Study Design: This study was purely an experimental work which involves collection of samples and laboratory analysis.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: This study was carried out at oil and gas company waste stream facilities and waste pipe market within Niger Delta region between June 2018 and May, 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Sixteen samples (4 drill cuttings, 4 pipe scales, 2 sludges and 6 produced water) were randomly collected from four waste streams in six locations within the oil and gas production facilities and used pipe market. These samples were taken to the laboratory, prepared following the ISO procedure and packaged in a porcelain bottle, sealed and kept for twenty eight days in order to ensure secular equilibrium between 238U, 232Th and their progenies and counted with high purity Germanium detector (HPGe). The activity concentration of all the radionuclides were used to determine the radiological health risks using mathematical models.&#x0D; Results: The lowest and highest specific activity concentrations of 226Ra, 238U , 232Th and 40K, in solid wastes are 5.28±1.08 and 25727.75 Bqkg-1, 3.61±0.76 and 23021.73±1041.58 Bqkg-1, 2.40±0.56 and 21468.25±1125.57 Bqkg-1 and 35.31±2.38 and 1527.73 ±86.60 Bqkg-1 respectively. In the liquid waste, the lowest and highest activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K are 0.34±0.15 and 1.11±0.28 Bql-1, 0.63±0.17 and 1.06±0.18 Bql-1 and 9.60±0.66 and 14.20 ±1.04 Bql-1 respectively. 226Ra was below detectable limit in the liquid waste except in one sample (CZI). Downhole pipe scales recorded the highest activity concentration of all the radionuclides. Surface pipe scale also recorded very high activity concentration of all the radionuclides. The radiological health risk parameters assessed from the activity concentration of these radionuclide were all above the safe reference levels in downhole pipe scales and surface pipe scales while they are within the safe values in other samples. The estimated Exposure rate for both solid and liquid wastes were higher than the recommended reference level of 600 µRh-1 and the associated dose rate was also higher than reference level.&#x0D; Conclusion: The result of this work revealed that downhole and surface pipes from oilfield commonly used in the construction of buildings and domestic overhead tank-stands are associated with high levels of ionizing radiation which may be detrimental to human health and the environment.