Pipe Placement Research Articles

Numerical investigation on thermal performance of three configurations of solar thermal collector integrated with metal hydride

This study investigates the optimal configuration of a Metal Hydride-based Solar Thermal Collector (MH-STC) by developing a transient 3D mathematical model to simulate three distinct configurations: C1, C2, and C3. These configurations differ in the placement of water pipes within the metal hydride bed C1 features pipes in the top region, C2 in the core zone, and C3 at the bottom. The performance of these configurations was rigorously compared based on hydrogen charge state, outlet water temperature, useful energy output, and thermal efficiency across varying water flow rates. Results reveal that configuration C1 achieves superior thermal performance during daytime operation, producing outlet temperatures up to 10 °C higher than the other configurations. Conversely, configuration C3 excels at nighttime heating, delivering water temperatures approximately 11.5 °C higher than C1. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that hydrogen desorption pressure significantly impacts outlet water temperature; for instance, increasing the pressure from 2.41 bar to 6 bar enhances the average outlet temperature of the C3 design by about 20 °C during the day and reduces it by approximately 15 °C at night. These findings highlight the critical need for optimizing solar collector designs to effectively meet the thermal demands of both daytime and nighttime applications.

Integral techno-economic design & operational optimization for district heating networks with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming strategy

The Netherlands, with over 90% of homes heated by natural gas is currently in the early phases of the heat transition to find alternative solutions towards 2050. According to ambitions of the Dutch government up to 50% of future implemented heating systems in the built environment will use District Heat Networks. The investment-heavy nature for District Heating System (DHS) makes it challenging to establish viable business-cases as supply-side parties require security of demand. However, resident participation is lacking as there is no integral estimate for the cost of heat over the lifetime in the early planning phase. This paper proposes a network integral techno-economic optimization with minimal a-priori assumptions. An integral network cost optimization enables to achieve a considerably more reliable cost of heat in the early planning phase. Both the investments and operational strategy are optimized with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming approach that captures the physics as well as the financial choices. Linearization of the physics are chosen to have a conservative impact on the costs estimates. The end scenario network is designed where the placement and size of sources, storage components and pipes are optimized together with the operational strategy, e.g. thermal allocation time-series, for all assets. The workflow was applied to a greenfield network for the Dutch municipality of Rijswijk. It was shown that a 18% reduction in Total Cost of Ownership in the primary grid could be achieved by introducing decentralized sources, decentralized storages and seasonal storage.

Granular vibration pumping system for handling and characterizing particulate materials.

A unique setup for a granular vibration pumping system was developed to ease the installation into a wide variety of granular handling processes and provide flexible options for granular physics research. Although the granular vibration pumping system can notably lift granular materials with an oscillating pipe, the climbing mechanism and related granular physics are yet to be clarified thoroughly. The new setup employs an eccentric cam mechanism as the excitation source, a linear system with dust tolerance, and a recording system, making it simple, compact, and adaptable for extending experiments. The excitation mechanism generated a clear sinusoidal vibration in the pipe, realizing better reproducibility of the climbing motions of glass beads. Moreover, the compact design facilitates the close placement of multiple pipes vibrating individually, which affects the transport performance. In addition, various types of sample cells that store particles and the imaging system allow for the detailed observation of particle motions in the pipes and even the sample cells. This developed system provides easy and accurate tuning of the existing parameters of the granular vibration pumping system, as well as new options for a further understanding of granular physics.

Research on the audible acoustic field-enhanced heat transfer of double-pipe exchangers: Effect of laminar flow and turbulence, vertical and horizontal placement of pipes

The acoustic field is considered an efficient and reliable technique for enhancing convective heat transfer. This study investigates the optimal experimental conditions of acoustic field-enhanced heat transfer using an experimental platform for convective heat transfer in a double-pipe exchanger. The experiment mainly explored the enhancement effect of the acoustic field on heat transfer by comparing laminar flow and turbulent flow states, as well as the arrangement of horizontal and vertical pipes. Meanwhile, acoustic wave frequency and inlet temperature of the thermal fluid were also considered as experimental variables. The results showed that compared to the horizontal pipe which has the best reinforcement efficiency at a frequency of 0.6 kHz, the vertical pipe in the laminar flow condition showed a high heat transfer capacity in the range of 0.6–0.8 kHz, with the best reinforcement efficiency reaching up to 43.6%. The significant heat transfer enhancement effect is mainly because 0.6 kHz is close to the acoustic resonance frequency, which further enhances the heat transfer effect. In the turbulent flow condition, the effect of the acoustic field on enhancing heat transfer is obvious when the pipe is arranged horizontally, and the reinforcement efficiency reaches a maximum of 24.5% at a frequency of 0.7 kHz.

Summary of best evidence for pulse contour cardiac output monitoring in severe burn patients

Objective: To summarize the best evidence for pulse contour cardiac output (PiCCO) monitoring in severe burn patients. Methods: A bibliometric approach was used. Foreign language databases including UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice Database, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and Guideline International Network, as well as Chinese databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and VIP Database were systematically retrieved to obtain all the publicly published evidence on PiCCO monitoring in severe burn patients in each database from the establishment of each database to May 2022, including guidelines, expert consensus, evidence summary, systematic review, and original research. The literature was screened and evaluated for the quality, from which the evidences were extracted, evaluated, and classified to summarize the best evidences. Results: Three guidelines, two expert consensuses, one evidence summary (with two systematic reviews being traced), two systematic reviews, three randomized controlled trials, one cohort study, and one case-control study were retrieved and included, with good quality of literature. Totally 37 pieces of best evidences about PiCCO monitoring in severe burn patients were summarized from the aspects of pre-operation evaluation, pipe placement and operation, monitoring system establishment, pipeline maintenance, and supervision and education. Conclusions: Totally 37 pieces of best evidences about PiCCO monitoring in severe burn patients are summarized from 5 aspects, providing a basis for the clinical implementation of scientific and standardized PiCCO monitoring and nursing management.

Nonlinear topology optimization of District Heating Networks: A benchmark of a mixed-integer and a density-based approach

The widespread use of optimization methods in the design phase of District Heating Networks is currently limited by the availability of scalable optimization approaches that accurately represent the network. In this paper, we benchmark two different approaches to nonlinear topology optimization of District Heating Networks in terms of computational cost and optimality gap. We compare a combinatorial approach, which directly solves a mixed-integer nonlinear program, against a density-based approach. This density-based approach relaxes the integer constraint on pipe placement and ensures near-discrete topologies through penalization. The benchmark shows subquadratic scaling of the computational cost for the density-based approach, making it tractable for large problems, while the combinatorial approach scales exponentially. The combinatorial approach took 29 h to optimize a network for a neighborhood of about 600 streets, compared to 35 min for the density-based method. Optimality gap analysis indicates that resolving the integer constraint on pipe placement does not necessarily lead to a superior design, while making the optimization of large practical problems intractable. In contrast, the scaling of the density-based approach remains tractable for large problems. Further study of the optimality gap highlights the importance of consciously choosing initialization strategies when deciding to solve the nonlinear topology optimization problem.

Evaluation of the different inner and outer channel geometry combinations for optimum melting and solidification performance in double pipe energy storage with phase change material: A numerical study

Phase change materials (PCMs) have become preferable among latent heat storage methods due to their high energy storage densities and low energy losses. These properties of PCMs make it possible to use them in applications such as thermal storage of solar energy, cooling of electronic equipment, energy storage for buildings, and cooling of engines. Double-pipe energy storage (DPTES) with PCM can be used in cases where the production and consumption times of the thermal energy obtained from sources such as solar energy, geothermal water, and waste gas do not match. The fact that the thermal conductivity coefficients are quite low is one of the obstacles to the commercialization of PCMs and their use in more applications. Double-pipe energy storage (DPTES) with PCM can be used especially in cases where the production and consumption moments of the thermal energy obtained from solar energy do not match. In studies on DPTES with PCM, methods including different pipe geometries, extended surfaces, different PCM materials, microencapsulation of PCMs, eccentric inner pipe placement, nanoparticle usage, and metal foam addition have been investigated to increase thermal conductivity. The novelty of this study was to examine the effects of different inner and outer channel combinations on melting and solidification performance. In this direction, nine different inner and outer channel combinations of basic geometric shapes were modeled. Among these combinations, the combination with the highest melting rate and the shortest charging time was determined. Afterward, melting and solidification analyzes were made at the different positions of the inner and outer channels for the combination selected, and the most suitable energy storage design was created to make the most efficient use of the existing heat source. The results of the analysis revealed that the optimum design for melting, and solidification performance was the triangle-in-square configuration. With this configuration, it was increased the melting rate by 1.1 times and accelerated the charging time by 20 % for a 40-minute charging period compared to conventional DPTES (circle-in-circle). In addition, for the melting and solidification periods, the inverted and vertical placement of the triangle in the square revealed the best results. It was observed that the effect of the relative positions of the square and the triangle on the solidification rate was negligible. It is predicted that the results given in this study will be useful in designing the most compatible inner and outer channel geometries to increase energy storage efficiency in DPTES systems.

Studies of water flow parameters in the pipeline of wide-reach sprinklers

Optimization of the pipeline design of wide-span sprinklers and the parameters of the water flow in it can significantly reduce the material consumption and cost of the entire machine, save water and electricity. The purpose of the research is to simulate the flow of water in the pipeline of wide-reach sprinklers, to develop a methodology for optimizing the design parameters of the pipeline and the placement of drainage pipes for sprinklers. As a result of the research, dependences of flow rate changes along the pipeline were obtained, taking into account discreteness, pressure loss. The condition for obtaining identical jets from all taps for sprinklers is presented. A comparison of the results of theoretical and experimental studies confirms the reliability and validity of the use of the theory with uniform disconnection of the flow rate for the calculations of the pipeline of sprinklers, taking into account the introduced discreteness parameter, taking into account the number and location of taps for sprinklers. The presented technique was used in the design of sprinkler machines "Kuban-LK1M" (CASCADE) and CASCADE (Saratov, LLC "Reclamation machines").

Economic topology optimization of District Heating Networks using a pipe penalization approach

In the presented study, a pipe penalization approach for the economic topology optimization of District Heating Networks is proposed, drawing inspiration from density-based topology optimization. For District Heating Networks, the upfront investment is a crucial factor for the rollout of this technology. Today, the pipe routing is usually designed relying on a linearization of the underlying heat transport problem. This study proposes to solve the optimal pipe routing problem as a non-linear topology optimization problem, drawing inspiration from density-based topology optimization. The optimization problem is formulated around a non-linear heat transport model and minimizes a detailed net present value representation of the heating network cost. By relaxing the combinatorial problem of pipe placement, this approach remains scalable for large-scale applications. In a design study on a realistic medium-sized network with 160 houses, a strong influence of economic parameters on the optimal network topology was observed. For this case, the optimization algorithm converges to a discrete network topology and near-discrete pipe design in about 10 min by using the proposed intermediate pipe penalization strategy. The optimal discrete network design found by the algorithm showed to outperform simple rounding post-processing steps by up to 2.8% of their respective net present value.

Flexural and Shear Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Slab With PVC Pipe as A Cavity Forming in Two-Way System

Piping modifications Polyvinyl Chloride as forming a hollow cavity in the concrete slab is one alternative to reduce the self-weight of structure. The placement of PVC pipe that has been modified on the concrete tensile area is expected not to reduce the bending strength of the plate. In the study, the analysis was compared to reinforced concrete slab massive (PB-1) with a hollow reinforced concrete slab PVC (PB-2) with the same thickness and compared well with hollow reinforced concrete slab PVC (PB-3) with an equal volume of the concrete slab massive reinforced (PB-1). All test objects have the same dimensions, including the number and spacing of reinforcement. The analysis method of the moment coefficient obtained flexural strength of PB-1 amounted to 328.175 kN, plate PB-2 amounted to 329.624 kN, and the plate of PB-3 amounted to 387.184 kN. While the results of the analysis using the Navier method deflections values obtained for the plate PB-1, PB-2, and PB-3 are 0.0948 mm, 0.33952 mm, and 0.04267 mm, respectively. Shear forces values for plate PB-1, PB-2 and PB-3 is 965.908 kN, 231.818 kN and 281.429 kN respectively.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings based on the use of integrated solar wall panels

Frequently used facade glazing makes it possible, on the basis of modern trends in the architecture, to increase the energy efficiency of buildings under construction through the organization of passive solar heat supply. Despite the noted relatively low efficiency of the radiation utilization method recommended for the use, it is possible to increase its indicators by integrating the elements of active solar units in the absorbing layer of the accumulating construction structure. For example, the placement of pipes for the coolant in external enclosing structures will allow year-round exploitation of arrays for passive utilization of solar energy and the use of the obtained heat not only for heating rooms during the cold period of the year, but also for heating water, as well as for absorption chillers in the summer season. The application of the latter contributes to the organization of alternative cooling of the internal blocks of air conditioning systems in the warm period of the year. The listed functions require a different approach in the algorithm of the decisions taken in the design of building structures actively involved in the balance of energy supply. One of the main indicators that determine the possible version of the implementation of the solar radiation utilization system is the achieved temperature potential of the heat flux obtained from the surface of the accumulating layer. The use of the method of sources and the principle of the imposition of fields when solving problems of the depth of embedding and step distance integrated into the surface layer of pipes allows determining the rational range of the values of the specified parameters. This, in turn, is aimed at ensuring the possibility of designing energy-efficient exterior enclosing structures that contribute to the maintenance of the thermal regime required by the multifunctional utilization of solar energy.

Reusing of condensate water harvesting from spilt units for domestic and irrigation purposes: residential complex in Al-Mussiab Technical Institute and College, Iraq, as a case study

The research deals with the sustainable development of water resources. It considers with the possibility to benefit from condensate water harvesting from split units for domestic and irrigation purposes in residential complex of Al–Mussiab Technical Institute and College located in the Babylon Government of Iraq, which is selected as a case study. Ten samples of the water are collected in the scaled containers distributed in selected houses and apartments during six months of test in summer and winter seasons. The required physical and chemical parameters of water quality that is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes requirements are tested. The results of the tests showed that the physical parameters are within Iraqi Standards while only Sulfates for heating condensate water are out of Iraqi Standards of chemical parameters. The results are also showed that the condensate water from cooling is soft in terms of suitability for washing clothes; while the condensate water from heating spilt units is very hard and the soap does not soak in the water; but they could be used to wash the floors and toilet as well as in the air coolers because there is no salt in them. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the validity of condensate water for drinking animals; especially the Poultry. The amount of condensate water harvesting from the split units that is collected from the residential complex forms 11% from the total consumption of water and this quantity of water could be added to the available water in the residential complex. It is concluded from the research, the condensate water from the cooling spilt units is within the limits, while the heating water exceeded the specified specifications for irrigation water and household water pumps. The research recommends to consider the placement of pipes and reservoirs for condensation water when designing residential complex, and to conduct studies about the effect of reusing the condensate water in agriculture on soil.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МИНИМАЛЬНОЙ ВЫСОТЫ ИСТОЧНИКА ВЫБРОСОВ ИЗ КАМЕРЫ ПРИ СУШКЕ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ БУКА

The process of chamber drying of wood is accompanied by a prolonged exposure to wood of heat and moisture. As a result of this effect, the ligno-carbohydrate complex of wood decomposes with the release of various harmful substances, the most dangerous are furfural and formaldehyde. The amount of furfural and formaldehyde in the spent drying agent depends on the initial moisture content of the wood, duration and drying mode. The degree of environmental impact of harmful substances depends on the drying regime, the height of the release of the drying agent from the chamber, and environmental conditions. The low emission height of the spent drying agent with harmful substances leads to exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the surface layer. Therefore, the aim of research is to reduce the concentration of furfural and formaldehyde in the surface layer. The studies were carried out on beech wood growing in the Krasnodar region. It was found that the maximum amount of furfural and formaldehyde is released from beech wood during drying by mild conditions. The largest amount of harmful substances is released from beech wood in the first stage, when free moisture is removed, regardless of the drying mode. It is possible to lower the value of near-ground concentration at the border of the sanitary zone by correctly choosing the height of the source of dispersion of harmful substances. The work determines the height of the source of emissions of harmful substances from the drying chamber, depending on the drying regime of beech wood and climatic environmental conditions. In the warm season and at dangerous wind speeds (less than 1 m / s), the height of the source of emission during drying of beech wood should be the greatest, in the cold - the smallest. Based on the studies performed, recommendations are given for the placement of exhaust pipes and their heights for drying chambers, taking into account the volume of simultaneously dried wood.

Assessing Summer Pond and Lake Inlet Use by Gray Treefrogs (Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis complex) Using PVC Pipe Traps in Northwest Missouri

Abstract The widespread decline in amphibian populations highlights the need for establishing rigorous monitoring methods for long-term population studies. In an attempt to launch a long-term monitoring study for a Gray Treefrog complex (Hyla versicolor LeConte /chrysoscelis Cope, hereafter treefrog) population in northwest Missouri, I tested the use of PVC pipe traps in a system of ponds and inlets along a lakeside habitat for three years. For each pond (3) and inlet (2), I established an array of 16 pipes so as to compare differences in use between pipe location, ponds and inlets, and sex ratio between sites. Pipes were checked twice a week during the summer for the presence of treefrogs. Treefrog usage of pipes between ponds and inlets were compared using a contingency table analysis, while an ANOVA was used to assess differences in sex ratios between sites (α = 0.05). A single inlet was used by treefrogs more heavily than the other ponds or inlet (G = 13.61, df = 3, P = 0.0035), however, I found no differences in terms of pipe location within a pond or inlet. Mean sex ratio between water bodies varied but did not significantly differ. There appears to be little effect in terms of pipe placement within our 50 m buffer from the water's edge, but unique habitat effects at sampling locations may significantly affect detection rates or usage.

CALCULATION ALGORITHM SCHEME OF PLACEMENT FOR PIPE PRODUCTS OF VARIOUS VARIETY IN THE BODY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

The article deals with topical issues of rational placement of cargo on rolling stock in the system of car transportation of pipe rolled products. The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm for calculating the layout of pipe products of various sizes in the bodywork of vehicles, taking into account the properties of the cargo, rolling stock parameters and traffic conditions. Given the detailed characteristics of the cargo carried by range, weight, dimensions of packages. The analysis of the parameters of the rolling stock and transport conditions.The development is based on individual methods and methods of standards, guidelines, codes, rules of transportation, rules for securing cargoes operating in European countries. It has been established that in the countries of the European Union there is still no uniform methodology for placing and securing goods in the backs of vehicles. Issues of placement and mounting of pipe products of various sizes and sizes on the cargo platforms of vehicles in the literature are not considered.The developed algorithm is a set of actions for the selection, calculation and verification of various parameters of the pipe placement (loading) scheme. The algorithm includes several blocks, each of which corresponds to a separate operation or group of operations. The main stages of development are: formation of a package of pipe products, determination of the size of the cargo cross section according to the criterion of maximum load capacity, calculations of axial loads, inertial forces acting on the vehicle, friction forces, pretension forces, selection and calculation of the number of funds fasteners and props. During the development, a number of verification calculations are also performed for axial loads and stresses.The scientific novelty should include the lack of methods, models and algorithms in the selection and development of rational schemes for the placement of tubular products on cargo platforms of motor vehicles. The practical significance lies in the fact that the introduction of more rational schemes for the placement of pipe products will increase the productivity of rolling stock by 6-12% and almost completely eliminate the damage to the commercial appearance of pipe products.

Designing a smart risk analysis method for gas chlorination units of water treatment plants with combination of Failure Mode Effects Analysis, Shannon Entropy, and Petri Net Modeling

Today, all modern industrial units acknowledge the necessity of efficient and effective safety, health, and environment (HSE) systems. To become practical, these systems must be localized and customized to serve the exact needs of the industry. Nevertheless, most HSE plans are developed upon a set of common presumptions. In the water industry, gas chlorination units require strong HSE plans to mitigate the possibility of chlorine explosion and leak. This study aimed to provide an efficient HSE system for gas chlorination process within water treatment plants. This goal was achieved through a case study performed on a water treatment plant in Razavi-Khorasan province, Iran. In the first stage of this study, the researchers made combined use brainstorming sessions and modified Delphi technique to identify the risk factors of gas chlorination units and classify them into six groups in terms of association with chlorination unit building, gas cylinder storage, technical details of gas cylinders, gas cylinder transport, chlorinator connections, and chlorination unit management. In the second stage, the extracted factors were analyzed by Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Shannon Entropy approaches using two different panels of experts, and the results were compared for validation. Finally, the analysis results were structured by Petri Net modeling. The results showed that, according to FMEA, the risk factors with risk priority number (RPN) of over 46 are of highest importance for the studied unit. Once observed, these factors necessitate shutting down the operation until a risk mitigation solution is reached. Among the analyzed factors, (i) the presence of compounds such as NH3, O2, gas and liquid hydrocarbons and oil in gas chlorine cylinders and (ii) non-vertical and non-mechanized handling of full and empty cylinders during loading and unloading, with RPNs of respectively 160 and 120, were found to be significantly more important than others. In the SE analysis, in addition to the above factors, poor implementation of airflow control mechanism inside the chlorination chamber (W = 0.359), storage of chlorine cylinders near electrical and mechanical installations such as elevators or power panels (W = 0.327), poor pipe placement for connecting the injector to the water inlet and the possibility of air suction (W = 0.433), and failure to provide scientific and practical training to the chlorination staff (W = 0.342) were found to be of highest importance.

TO A QUESTION OF DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A BACKFILL FLOW FOR THE EXCENTRATIVE PLACEMENT OF PIPES IN DRILLING BORE

The processes of displacement of drilling clay backfill flow from the intertubular space formed by internal surface of external and external surfaces of inner tubes are considered. In case of eccentric placement of pipes it is proposed in the form of a cross-section of the flow of a backfill to take the area limited from the outside by the Pascal's snail, and from the inside - the outer surface of the inner pipe at the first time.
 The formulas for determining areas of the cross section of the flow and the stagnant zone, the perimeter and the hydraulic radius of the section ofthe flow for the eccentric placement of the pipes in the bore are proposed. The dimensionless parameter α is introduced as the ratio of the centripetal distance to difference between internal radius of outer pipe and outer radius of inner tube. It was found that with increasing of α cross-sectional area and their hydraulic radii are increasing, and the area of stagnant zones decreases according to parabolic laws.It is established that with the growth of α velocity of the backfill flow decreases according to parabolic laws and their values are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Algorithmic Design and Resilience Assessment of Energy Efficient High-Rise Water Supply Systems

High-rise water supply systems provide water flow and suitable pressure in all levels of tall buildings. To design such state-of-the-art systems, the consideration of energy efficiency and the anticipation of component failures are mandatory. In this paper, we use Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming to compute an optimal placement of pipes and pumps, as well as an optimal control strategy.Moreover, we consider the resilience of the system to pump failures. A resilient system is able to fulfill a predefined minimum functionality even though components fail or are restricted in their normal usage. We present models to measure and optimize the resilience. To demonstrate our approach, we design and analyze an optimal resilient decentralized water supply system inspired by a real-life hotel building.

Impact of a Single Spoiler on Scouring Depth Status Beneath a River Crossing Inclined Pipeline

Deep river crossing pipelines utilized to carry fluids are often placed upon the sand bed. Placement of pipe on the non-smooth bed would result in the production of some local gaps beneath the pipe. Asymmetric scouring is one of the main reasons for pipe underwater failures which are significant in pipeline management. So, in designing pipelines, knowing the interaction between pipelines and bed, and predicting the scour depth with respect to the pipe distance from the bed is significant to ensure that the pipe will finally deposit on the bed. Numerical models have been developed for predicting the balance depth of scouring beneath the pipelines. In this paper, the impact of pipe orientation on maximum scour depth beneath the pipelines is investigated. To do this, a pipe is modeled with various angles with the flow. To manage the local scouring, some spoilers are placed and modeled upon some pipes too. Also, in order to know the effects of placement of a pipe at various distances from the bed, the impact of placement of each pipe at a distance of 0.2D, 0.4D and 0.6D is investigated as well. To model the pipe with and without a spoiler, the finite element model Flow-3D is utilized and the results show good accordance with previous experimental studies and proof the current model’s precision in predicting the scour depth. Results show that in the placement of the pipe in angles not investigated before and also with the installing of a spoiler, the scour process has a reverse ratio with the distance which would result in full deposition of the pipe on the bed. The least scour depth belongs to the condition in which the pipe has a 130° angle with the side wall.

Чисельне моделювання теплообмінного апарата для різних систем вентиляції

The purpose of the research is to develop and numerical modeling of the shell-tube heat exchanger of a new design as an element of the microclimate maintenance system for various types of ventilation systems in the summer season. Materials and methods of research. As mentioned above, two types of ventilation systems are considered - tunnel and lateral. For these ventilation systems TA is projected. The poultry house is a traditional type. At the side walls there are openings with jackets in the total number of 80 pieces. with dimensions 0,3×0,85 m. And also on the front end walls are located evacuation cooling tapes with dimensions of 5,1×1,1 m. In place of the cassettes and louver we fit the HE. Consider the shell and tube heat exchanger with a shell of a rectangular cross section in the transverse flow of pipe beams. The geometry of the pipes with diameters d = 10 mm is peculiar, which differs from the traditional chess, corridor and compact beams. Neighboring pipes in such close beams are displaced one relative to the other at a distance of 1 mm. Moreover, we consider two types of beam construction, in which there is a displacement of pipes in a transverse direction along the entire length of the tube beam by 15 mm. All calculations are performed at a volume flow of air 1036 thousand m3/h. As a coolant air is selected with a temperature of +40 o С at the inlet, which flows in the channels for cooling the external heated air in the poultry house in the summer period of the year, where as the cooler is used water underground wells. In the soybean, cold water moving inside the pipes, which has an inlet temperature of +10 o C. The layout of the heat carrier movement is cross-linked. Research results and their discussion. The temperature change for different ventilation systems. For tunnel ventilation, the temperature in the TA decreases from +40 to +22.5 o C (Fig. 2), and for the side - from +40 to +19,7 o С. Conclusions and perspectives. 1. A new design of a shell-tube heat exchanger with a compact arrangement of pipes in tubular beams is proposed and developed. 2. Computer-aided mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer processes in bundles of pipes of different geometries with compact placement of pipes using the software ANSYS Fluent. The fields of velocities, temperatures, and pressure in the studied channels are obtained. The conditions of the hydrodynamic flow in the channels were analyzed and estimates of the heat transfer intensity between the hot and cold coolant through the wall separating them. 3. It was determined that the tunnel ventilation system would be most effective and TA was designed for it.