Pipe Dimensions Research Articles

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on the Damping Phenomenon Occurring at the Movement of a Permanent Magnet inside of a Conductive Pipe

In this work, an experimental and theoretical investigation on the damping phenomenon, occurring at movement of a permanent magnet inside a conductive pipe, is presented. Concretely, a neodymium magnet falling inside of a copper tube is experimentally investigated, and the falling time was measured for various dimensions (diameter and height) of the cylindrical magnet and various dimensions (inner and outer diameters) of the cylindrical pipe. A method to compute the electromagnetic damping coefficient, which does not require the value of the flux density of the magnet, is proposed. Influence of the dimensions of the magnet and pipe, and especially influence of the clearance between the magnet and pipe on the falling time and damping coefficient, is illustrated. During the performed tests, unexpectedly was observed that for certain combinations of the magnet and pipe, the magnet stopped inside the tube, being unable to continue its falling and finally exit the pipe. Such phenomenon, similar to the well-known sticky drawer effect is discussed, and a geometrical condition, to predict its occurrence is proposed.

Design and development of water-immersible two-channel high-voltage spike pulser for under-water inspection and gauging of pipes.

A water-immersible two-channel high-voltage (HV) spike pulser has been designed, developed, and mounted inside the IP 67 (Ingress Protection 67) grade enclosure, and it is suitable for the ultrasonic Pipe Inspection and Gauging (PIG) system utilized in the petrochemical industry. Such a critical and strategic application requires a portable, miniaturized, and water-immersible water-tight pulser module, which resides inside the pipe carrying water or liquid petrochemicals. The developed spike pulser printed circuit board (PCB) generates a HV negative spike pulse up to -300V and 100ns half-amplitude pulse width, required for the energization of ultrasonic immersion transducers of 5-10MHz frequency. The water-immersible pulser is mounted inside the water-tight IP 67 grade enclosure, and it is operated through an external DC power supply/lithium batteries. The evaluation of the module was carried out using a two-channel water-immersible HV spike pulser, in-house developed preamplifier, and inspection head supported by four sets of spring-loaded Teflon balls for centering, and the inspection head carries two ultrasonic immersion transducers placed 180° apart and a sample SS pipe with a length of 400mm, Inner Diameter of 200mm, and Wall Thickness of 9mm. The two-channel pulser module was evaluated in water to measure the dimensions of the sample SS pipe. This two-channel water-immersible novel spike pulser has dedicated circuitry, and each channel is a standalone PCB and it operates through external LV and HV DC supplies. The module can be scaled up to 256 channels for dimension measurement and flaw detection of long length pipes. In the absence of any literature available on the water-immersible pulser for PIG systems, the present two-channel pulser module has been designed and developed, and the module was evaluated by gauging of the SS pipe from inside. This paper provides the details of the water-immersible HV spike pulser module suitable for the gauging of metallic pipes.

Windings Indirect Liquid Cooling Method for a Compact Outer-Rotor PM Starter/Generator With Concentrated Windings

Due to the larger diameter of effective air-gap for torque production, outer-rotor permanent magnet (PM) machines exhibit the distinctive advantages, such as high torque density and large rotor inertia. This article presents a compact outer-rotor permanent magnet starter/generator (OR-PM S/G) to match diesel engine for extended-range hybrid electric vehicle. In order to solve the serious temperature rise problem resulting from the copper losses under constrained slot space in the inner stator, a new winding indirect liquid cooling technique by inserting heat pipes in the center of slots is proposed. It facilitates a path from the center of the coils to the cooling medium with a higher thermal conductivity, thus increasing the tolerable current density of coils. By optimizing the geometry and dimensions of heat pipe and coil, the temperature rise in slots are achieved within an acceptable limit according to the computed results of FEA and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In order to validate the cooling design, a 30kW OR-PM S/G prototype with rectangular-shaped PM and the proposed indirect liquid cooling windings is manufactured and experimented. The power capability and efficiency of the proposed OR-PMS/G are validated by the measured results with calculation results. A good agreement between the predicted and measured temperatures indicates the validity of indirect cooling method for concentrated winding with heat pipe.

Forced convection enhancement of air flowing inside circular pipe with varying the pitch (P) of wire-mesh porous media

The forced convective heat transfers on a circular pipe with varying the pitch (P) of stainless wire-mesh porous media for the constant case of surface temperature have been investigated experimentally. The examined parameters were Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). The circular test pipe’s wall temperature was maintained at a constant 25 °C. The porous inserts were made of SUS 304 stainless wire mesh with a pore per inch (PPI) of 8, and the working fluid was airflow rate expressed as Reynolds number (Re) changing from 6000 to 55,000. Five pitch distances (P) were examined: 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mm. The test section consisted of two horizontal concentric pipes through which heated air flowed in one direction (a test pipe or inner pipe) and cold water flowed in the opposite direction through the annulus. The dimension of the circular test pipe yielded 100 mm long, 25.4 mm inner diameter (Di), and 3 mm thick were adopted. From the experiment, the Nu increased with Re, but the result was reversed by raising P. As decreasing Re and P, the f decreased. It was described by a higher material volume of the solid skeleton of porous media leading to gain more energy absorption from hot air due to the higher effective thermal conductivity (ETC) and, then, to generate higher pressure drop with many the obstruction. The maximum PEC was given at P=75 mm because this may be a proper condition for enhancing forced convective heat transfers on a circular test pipe with stainless wire-mesh porous media placed for the constant situation of surface temperature.

Truck Impact on Buried Water Pipes in Interdependent Water and Road Infrastructures

In the development of sustainable and resilient infrastructures to adapt to the rapidly changing natural and social environment, the complexity of the dependencies and interdependencies within critical infrastructure systems need to be fully understood, as they affect various components of risk and lead to cascading failures. Water and road infrastructures are highly co-located but often managed and maintained separately. One important aspect of their interdependence is the impact of vehicle loading on a road on underlying water pipes. The existing studies lack a comprehensive evaluation of this subject and do not consider possible critical failure scenarios. This study constructed finite element models to analyze the responses of buried water pipes to vehicle loads under an array of scenarios, including various loads, pipe materials, pipe dimensions, and possible extreme conditions, such as corrosion in pipes and a sinkhole under the pipe. The results showed negligible impact of heavy trucks on buried water pipes. The pipe deflection under a maximum allowable truck load in the worst condition was still within the allowable range specified in standards such as those from the American Water Works Association. This implies that the impact of heavy vehicles on water pipes may not need to be considered in the context of the interdependency between water and road infrastructures, which leads to a more unidirectional dependency between these two infrastructures.

Elastic-plastic buckling of pipes with asymmetric dual corrosion defects subject to external pressure

In the deep-sea environment, pipelines are prone to buckling instability under the coupling effect of hydrostatic pressure and corrosion defects. This instability phenomenon is affected by the pipe dimensions, material parameters and corrosion defects. Based on the shell buckling theory, a semi-analytical method is proposed to analyze the elastoplastic buckling response of the pipe with dual corrosion defects. The buckling pressure of the pipe can be solved by the characteristic equation numerically. Then, the results of semi-analytical approach are in good agreement with those of experimental tests and FE analysis, which verifies the accuracy of the approach. The effects of geometric dimensions, material parameters, corrosion defect depth and angle on the buckling pressure of the pipe are analyzed in details. In addition, based on the FE model, the collapse mode and the post-buckling response of the pipe with asymmetric dual corrosion defects are considered. The application scope of the semi-analytical approach for pipes with different defect lengths and initial ovality is analyzed. Finally, the semi-analytical approach is extended for pipes with multiple corrosion defects.

PERENCANAAN JARINGAN PIPA AIR BERSIH DAN AIR KOTOR PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG GUEST HOUSE EXINDO GRUP

In the construction of a building, a plan is needed in terms of structure, architecture and Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) so that the functions and objectives of building construction run according to plans and needs. The purpose of this thesis is to meet the needs of clean water and plumbing installation needs in building construction. Guest House Exindo Group. In this plan, it takes data on planning drawings for plumbing installation projects as well as a list of unit prices for building materials and labor in the East Java region in 2020. The planning stages carried out for clean water and dirty water pipelines are determining the water installation scheme used, calculating the number of building occupants. , calculating the amount of water demand, calculating the capacity of ground water tanks and roof tanks, calculating IPAL and septic tanks and calculating the dimensions of the pipes used. From the results of this planning is obtained the number of room occupants as much as 401 people with clean water needs of 69.109 m3/ day, the volume of black water generated at 45.72 m3/ day, and the volume of grey water by 16.32 m3/ day. The dimensions of the clean water pipe are ½ inch – 2 inch, the dimensions of the hot water pipe are ½ inch – 1 ¼ inch, the dimensions of the dirty water pipe are 2 inch – 4 inch, and the dimensions of the hydrant pipe are 3 inch – 6 inch. The capacity of ground water tank is 25 m3, the capacity of roof tank is 12 m3, the capacity of hot water tank is 4 m3, the capacity of septic tank is 50 m3 and the IPAL’s capacity is 20 m3. Then the cost required for all installation work of clean water and black water systems for the construction of the Exindo Group Guest House Building is Rp 2.403.791.328.

Integrated CO2-H2S corrosion-erosion modeling in gas production tubing and pipeline by considering passive layer activity

Corrosion and erosion are the common pipe-integrity issues that occur when carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and sand exist in the gas stream at the same time. Corrosion is developed by the reaction among carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and iron, while erosion by the physical damage through flowing sand. When it comes to the prediction model which could accommodate both events, complex phenomena related to physics, chemistry and metallurgy should be put into account. In this paper, we develop a new-integrated corrosion-erosion model which can calculate the corrosion-erosion rate by considering the interactions among type of passive layer (mackinawite and siderite), formation and removal rate of passive layer, and surface reaction rate. The integrated model consists of fluid flow in pipes equation, kinetics of reaction, fundamental diffusion law, empirical erosion equation and fundamental Faraday’s law. Corrosion-erosion rate is obtained through iteration scenario after establishing pressure and temperature from fluid flow in pipes equation. Pipe dimension used in the simulation has tubing ID 2.992 in for vertical pipe and flowline ID 2.992 in for horizontal pipe. Simulations were conducted using hypothetic gas field data with variation of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide composition. In constant erosion rate, when the hydrogen sulfide percentage is significantly greater than carbon dioxide, corrosion is more dominant than passive layer formation. However, when the carbon dioxide percentage is greater than that of hydrogen sulfide, the passive layer tends to form, resulting in scaling. These results can be explained by the faster formation rate of siderite than mackinawite. Finally, the proposed model can explain clearly the phenomena of corrosion-erosion and scaling by simplifying the complex phenomena occurred.

Numerical and experimental investigations on the temperature field in local post weld heat treatment of 9 % Cr heat resistant steel welded pipes

Local post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is usually employed in the field fabrication of large-sized 9% Cr heat resistant steel welded components, such as power plant boilers. Temperature field in local PWHT plays critical roles in both achieving PWHT purposes and avoiding detrimental effects of local heating. The objective of this research is to quantify the effects of local PWHT parameters and pipe dimensions on the temperature field in local PWHT of 9% Cr heat resistant steel pipes and finding the optimal process window to engineer desired weld properties. Finite element (FE) models were developed to simulate the temperature field of local PWHT and carefully verified by eight experiments using four 9% Cr heat resistant steel pipes with typical dimensions employed in ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers. The results show that the through-thickness temperature gradient is severely aggravated with the increase of pipe diameter and wall thickness, which will lead to inadequate tempering in the weld metal close to the inside surface of the pipe. To enlarge heated band (HB) width is an efficient way to mitigate the through-thickness temperature gradient, and the axial temperature gradient can be effectively relieved by augmenting gradient control band (GCB) width. The through-thickness temperature gradient is the major factor in implementing successful local PWHT for 9% Cr heat resistant steel pipes. A much smaller process window is found in 9% Cr heat resistant steel pipes due to their higher PWHT temperatures and narrower range of permissible PWHT temperatures.

Hypothesis of the nature of cross-sectional shape distortion of the cold-pilgering mill die groove during dry pipe rolling

The paper provides results on the further development of a method for calculating heat emissions during plastic strain in its instantaneous deformation zone in the course of cold pilgering of pipes, such as the ones that affect the working tool deflection in coldpilgering mills and mechanical properties of wrought pipe metal. It was determined that a decrease in the cross-sectional depth of the coldpilgering mill die groove due to thermal distortions (thermal effect) caused by plastic strain of a pipe in the instantaneous deformation zone is in direct proportion to the distance of the die groove longitudinal section considered to the roll barrel edge. It was found that sections located closer to the roll barrel receive thermal distortion of a lesser degree. A method is proposed for thermal distortion compensation in roll-pass design calculation. Experiments on applying marks on the roll barrel surface near the groove taper showed that the maximum galling of marks takes place directly near tapers. This indicates the local nature of thermal expansion. Dependencies are presented to determine the value of tool geometry variation depending on the heating temperature. The presented dependencies were tested experimentally and were introduced as a basis for developing the method of calculating the transversal die groove parameters for the cold-pilgering mill taking into account local thermal expansion in the instantaneous deformation zone. The inferred law allows taking into account the influence of cold pilgering peculiarities on the variation of the die groove cross-section geometry in the cold-pilgering mill, pipe dimensions and performance parameters.

Reliability analysis of intact and defected pipes for internal pressure related limit states specified in CSA Z622:19

The importance of reliability-based design and assessment has been widely recognized by the pipeline industry. Thus, this paper aims at providing comprehensive reliability assessment of intact and defected pipes subjected to internal pressure based on the CSA Z662:19. Various limit states related the pipe design, pre-commission hydrostatic testing, and operation are studied. Specifically, both corrosion and crack defects are considered for pipeline integrity assessment based on different defect scenarios. Reliability results, or probabilities of failure, are reported with respect to design factors, hydrostatic test pressure factors, and safety factors, which can be used in designing new pipes, determining the applied pressure in hydrostatic tests, and operation pressure control of defected pipes, respectively. The effects of pipe grade, pipe dimensions (i.e., diameter and wall thickness), corrosion or crack defect sizes (e.g., length and depth), and internal pressure on POFs for different limit states are also investigated.

Seamless Pipes Manufacturing Process Improvement Using Mandreling

The paper discusses the specific aspects of hot rolled seamless pipes manufacture using pipe rolling plants including screw-rolling mills. The method of accuracy enhancement of pipe dimensions, as well as external and internal surface quality improvement, is proposed. The article specifies the results of computer and physical modeling of the pipes mandreling process. The application of the mandreling process within the cage using different diameter mandrels is shown. We managed to decrease the typical mark caused by the metal deformation, due to the screw-rolling mill and to manufacture pipes with more accurate dimensions, as a result of the mandreling process modeling. The results of the physical experiment on mandreling the shell pierced at the screw-rolling mill showed a positive effect from the process of hollow billet cold treatment using the mandrel.

Investigation of the temperature distribution in seamless low-alloy steel pipes during the hot rolling process

In the production of seamless steel pipes, the pipes must have good mechanical material properties so that they meet quality standards. To achieve these properties, the temperature inside the entire pipe should not fall below the limit of normalization immediately after rolling. It is difficult to monitor the quality during the production process by taking measurements, because the measured outer surface temperature does not indicate the temperature inside the pipe. A fast and accurate mathematical model was developed for this purpose. This model can be applied to predict the temperature distribution within the pipe cross section, depending on time required for the production. The section is viewed at points in the production process as the hot tubes are finished by rolling them and cooling them down with air. The predicted time-dependent cooling process must be known to determine the steel pipe microstructure and its mechanical material properties in advance. The results are verified by comparing them with pyrometric and thermographic measurement data as well as with results calculated by using commercially available software. Good agreement is also shown for the calculation of various pipe dimensions.

Stress-deformed state of the coil of the pyrolysis furnace at deviation of the shape of pipes

A distinctive feature of the pyrolysis furnaces of hydrocarbon raw materials from other types of furnaces operated at the facilities of oil and gas chemical enterprises is the strict operating conditions necessary for the implementation of this process. At the same time, the temperature of the radiant coil in operating conditions can reach 1050 ° C. In this regard, the probability of failure of coils of pyrolysis furnaces due to defects and damages during operation is extremely high. In addition, variations in coil shape and dimensions that occur during manufacturing or operation can negatively affect the overall stress-strain state of the coil during operational loads. In this work, the influence of permissible deviations in the shape and dimensions of pipes used in the welding of the coil on its stress-strain state in working conditions is investigated.

Modeling of explosion dynamics in vessel-pipe systems to evaluate the performance of explosion isolation systems

Explosion isolation systems provide critical protection for interconnected vessels and work areas, preventing the spread of explosions through interconnecting pipes and ducts. These systems not only prevent propagating events, but also mitigate the elevated explosion hazards of interconnected vessels, related to pressure piling and enhanced turbulence. Explosion isolation systems can, however, fail catastrophically when they are not properly designed for a use case.Evaluating the performance of explosion isolation systems includes assessing their pressure resistance, flame-barrier efficacy, and determining appropriate installation distances, which typically requires extensive testing. To predict the performance of a system for use cases outside the tested conditions, models are needed to reliably predict both the explosion dynamics and the isolation system response.In this study, a physics-based model for explosion dynamics in vented vessel-pipe systems is developed and validated. An extensive series of large-scale validation experiments were conducted, including tests using an 8 m3 vessel with attached pipes, varying the pipe dimensions, ignition location, and mixture reactivity. The model accurately captures the effects of experimental parameters and predicts the time available for isolation systems to form a flame barrier. This model can help to predict installation distances and reduce the number of tests needed to comprehensively evaluate explosion isolation systems and their use cases.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI AIR BERSIH DAN AIR LIMBAH PADA GEDUNG CONTINUING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

Human activity in a building is closely related to the use of clean water. Planning for clean water and wastewater installations at the Continuing Program Development Program Building State University of Surabaya is carried out in order to meet water needs and the disposal process, as well as to estimate the budget. The method used is hydraulic analysis with SNI 03-7065-2005 as standard. The data required are technical specifications, design drawings, designed planning facilities and the Surabaya City HSPK in 2019. The need for clean water is determined using the number of users on each floor of the building. The planning of clean water pipe dimensions uses the Hazen-William method, while the dimensional planning of wastewater pipes and ventilation pipes uses the unit load plumbing method. The results of the calculation of large clean water needs 222.64 m3 / hour; clean water pipe dimensions range ¾ "- 5"; black water pipe diameter 4 "and grey water pipe diameter range 1" - 2 "; vent pipe diameter 2 "and 4"; Plumbing installation planning costs Rp. 2,481,776,832.00.

Seismic performance evaluation of steel building frames with modified dual-pipe damper

Building performance against resistance to earthquake depends on selection of right building material with right properties. Steel frame structures are widely accepted due to its flexibility and seismic resistance property. However the practice of seismic retrofitting techniques in steel structures helps in the betterment of seismic performance of the building. A number of researches on simple and cost effective Metallic Yielding Device (MYD) are being conducted to evolve the best equipment. Dual-Pipe Damper (DPD) is one of the MYDs, which works on the principle of passive energy dissipation. A recent study brings the effective dimensions of pipes in DPD which can be implemented in a steel building frame conforming to IS 800:2007. This paper aims to study the effect of number of pipes in DPD by conducting parametric study using push over analysis. Three different configurations of optimized DPD installation in the multi-storey building frame are also studied. The Modal and Time-History analyses are performed on multi-storey frame with optimized DPD fixed at three configurations of steel frame conforming to IS 800:2007 to optimize the configuration.

Pipe sizing of district cooling distribution network including in energy transfer station

A district cooling system (DCS) distributes chilled water to different buildings connected to the main plant. The benefits of a DCS include greatly increasing energy efficiency and decreasing life cycle operation costs. The installation, maintenance, and design of a DCS can be expensive, however. Therefore, means of decreasing costs without cutting quality is necessary. Given this, a hypothetical DCS is presented with a constant temperature difference set-point of 9°C. The DCS was set to have a system diversity of about 80%. Hydraulic calculation will be used in the study in order to determine the smallest possible pipe sizes that would permit normal operation below allowable limits. The network is divided into 3 parts; namely the main line (ML), the plot take-off (PTO), and the plate-type heat exchangers (PHEs). The DCS will have a piping network connected to 12 energy transfer stations, each with 3 sets of PHEs. Initial guess values of pipe dimensions and friction factors will first be calculated using continuity and the Von Karman equation. A single-variable Newton-Raphson method is then used on the implicit Colebrook-White equation to estimate the actual friction factor for each pipe. Then, the calibrated pipe sizes will be determined by cross-referencing theoretical values with industry-standard sizes as specified in ASHRAE. In calculating the friction factor, it was found that the values increase as the given tonnage decreases, thus implying a decrease in pipe size as the chilled water flows toward the last building. The entire study was conducted on MATLAB. It must be noted that the study is only limited to the selection and design of a simple DCS.

The Impact of the Future Fluctuating Energy Consumption on a District Heating System: Case Study of Omsk and Krasnoyarsk Cities

Abstract Temperature difference between supply and return distribution medium (water) is a vital factor when assessing the efficiency of a district heating (DH) substation. An accounting for fluctuations and differences of the heat consumption/generation is the key problem in planning DH system operation. The influence of the fluctuating energy consumption on a DH system was studied with actual data, using the DH systems of the Russian cities Krasnoyarsk and Omsk as a case study. Information is visualized in the form of graphs and charts, orderly and clearly comparing certain points. The data includes supply and return temperatures, and heat demand. Clearly visible state of high return temperatures induces more bottleneck problems as the flow increases. At the same time, in 2019, the total heat demand was 21 008 MW. This is more than 5 % than in 2020, assuming 100 % of consumers connected. The reasons for this trend are: decreasing total housing area, no incentive for the buildings in newly built-up areas to be connected to the DH system, poor service motivating business facilities to disconnect from the system. When the primary energy consumption related to the warmer climate and behaviour of business sector decreases, the DH system requires renovation. It is possible to reduce network return temperature during some months of the year. The reason is that, a high temperature difference is essential to maintain high efficiency and minimize fuel and pumping cost, it also enables more customers to be connected to a DH system without increasing pipe dimensions of a network.

Optimization and Experimentation of Modified Throttling Calorimeter

Steam plays a vital role in the industrial revolution and is a major source of power generation in steam engines or steam turbine. Thus, it becomes necessary to maintain steam as dry as possible and it is necessary to monitor steam quality on a regular basis. The most commonly used method in determining steam quality is Throttling calorimeter. Here existing throttling calorimeter is designed for determining steam quality within a pressure range of 20 – 25 bar. This existing calorimeter is optimized for monitoring steam quality within a range of 4 – 12 bar gauge pressure. Pipe and orifice dimension of the calorimeter is calculated for a given flow rate of steam by using ISO norms and Bernoulli’s principle. After conducting multiple trials on newly designed model test rig it is found that the 4 mm orifice diameter model gives the greater consistency of results and it is considered to be an optimized model.