Pioneer Settlement Research Articles

ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF RELIGION IN CALIFORNIA: PART III: Protestant Sources

Research Article| December 01 1990 ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF RELIGION IN CALIFORNIA: PART III: Protestant Sources Eldon G. Ernst Eldon G. Ernst Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Southern California Quarterly (1990) 72 (4): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.2307/41171547 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Eldon G. Ernst; ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF RELIGION IN CALIFORNIA: PART III: Protestant Sources. Southern California Quarterly 1 December 1990; 72 (4): 373–391. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/41171547 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentSouthern California Quarterly Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1990 Historical Society of Southern California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A Few Good Words for Generic Places: Especially Those Here Today, Gone Tomorrow

AbstractNames of generic places are reliable indicators of the functions of those places even though they may be ephemeral and may be vaguely defined. These places have a variety of functions and bear such names as Pioneer Settlement, Disaster Site, Auction Yard, Boom Town, Borrow Pit, and Annexation Area. Certain ephemeral placenames are exemplary of the process of generic naming, such as Abandoned Area and Black Neighborhood Auto Repair Street.

Sod land versus sagebrush: early land appraisal and pioneer settlement in an arid intermountain frontier

Pioneering in North America took settlers into a succession of new and untried environments. As the frontier advanced westward into regions where forests alternated with humid prairies, pioneer settlers initially overlooked grassland habitats in favour of locations in timbered areas. When the frontier of settlement moved into the arid intermountain West, the sagebrush-covered landscapes must have appeared forlorn and barren to pioneer settlers who had migrated from more humid environments. An analysis of the relationship between land cover and early land selections in Owens Valley, California indicates that the valley's grasslands were initially favoured over sagebrushcovered habitats. Once the grasslands were taken up and settlers were forced to occupy the “sage barrens”, it quickly became apparent that sagebrush land was often equally productive and more easily worked than sod land. The process of “delayed sagebrush settlement” in the arid intermountain West parallels the “delayed prairie settlement” process documented in humid environments.

“A Church-going People are a Dress-loving People”: Clothes, Communication, and Religious Culture in Early America

When the early nineteenth-century pastor William Henry Foote reflected upon the eighteenth-century Christians who were his forebears in North Carolina and Virginia, he paused at one point to make an observation about the clothes they wore. “A church-going people are a dress-loving people”, he said; “The sanctity and decorum of the house of God are inseparably associated with a decent exterior; and the spiritual, heavenly exercises of the inner man are incompatible with a defiled and tattered, or slovenly mein. All regular Christian assemblies cultivate a taste for dress, and none more so than the hardy pioneer settlers of Upper Carolina, and the valley and mountains of Virginia” As they readied themselves for worship, Foote elaborated, the faithful “put on their best and carefully preserved dress” in preparation for “their approach to the King of Kings”.

“A Church-going People are a Dress-loving People”: Clothes, Communication, and Religious Culture in Early America

When the early nineteenth-century pastor William Henry Foote reflected upon the eighteenth-century Christians who were his forebears in North Carolina and Virginia, he paused at one point to make an observation about the clothes they wore. “A church-going people are a dress-loving people”, he said; “The sanctity and decorum of the house of God are inseparably associated with a decent exterior; and the spiritual, heavenly exercises of the inner man are incompatible with a defiled and tattered, or slovenly mein. All regular Christian assemblies cultivate a taste for dress, and none more so than the hardy pioneer settlers of Upper Carolina, and the valley and mountains of Virginia” As they readied themselves for worship, Foote elaborated, the faithful “put on their best and carefully preserved dress” in preparation for “their approach to the King of Kings”.

Mississippi's Piney Woods: A Human Perspective.

Mississippi's Piney Woods: A Human Perspective edited by Noel Polk with essays by Harold K. Steen, John H. Napier III, Terry G. Jordan, Grady McWhiney, Thomas D. Clark, Nollie W. Hickman, James C. Downey, W. Kenneth Holditch, Thomas L. McHaney, William F. Winter, Warren A. Flick, Milton B. Newton, Jr., Sidney McDaniel, and Noel Polk. For years the Mississippi Piney Woods region has gone virtually untouched by historians, though J. F. H. Claiborne and James Street have made wonderful use of its colorful and significant past. Only Nollie Hickman's Mississippi Harvest has attempted to examine in full any aspect of the area's history and culture in his study focusing on the area's important lumber industry. This book, Mississippi's Piney Woods: A Human Perspective, the papers from the first Crosby Memorial Lecture Series at the University of Southern Mississippi, is a groundbreaking volume in Mississippi studies in that it is an attempt to open the Piney Woods to historical and cultural scrutiny, and it is one of the first volumes on the subject of Mississippi history to approach any area of the state from so many diverse but complementary scholarly disciplines. Among the topics explored by first-rate scholars are the area's geography, its pioneer settlers' roots in Europe, its lumber industry, its politics, its music, its economics, and its literature. As a whole, the volume demonstrates the ways in which each of these topics and approaches intersects with and impinges upon the others, and thus suggests the ways in which the life of any region is determined not by any single force, even when that force is in some ways overwhelming, but by a complex and subtle intermingling of a variety of vital forces which exert pressures on the life of the individual from many different sources. This volume undertakes to explore these diverse forces, and thus to show how they converge and interact to shape the lives of human beings in any age and region. Noel Polk is Professor Emeritus of English at Mississippi State University and the editor of The Mississippi Quarterly.

Pioneer settlement patterns in the Onkaparinga District Council of South Australia

With the European settlement of Australia yet to reach its bi-centennial, historical archaeology in the country is young, both in what it studies and how long it has been established. A special interest, explored here, is the range of patterns of European settlement which results from the varied national traditions of the settlers.

Euro-American Pioneer Settlement Systems in the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri

Euro-American Pioneer Settlement Systems in the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri

Analysis of Historical Ceramics from the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri. Teresita Majewski and Michael J. O’Brien. Publications in Archaeology No. 2, American Archaeology Division, Department of Anthropology, University University of Missouri, Columbia, 1984. vii + 121 pp., figures, tables, appendices, biblio. $15.00 (paper). - Euro-American Pioneer Settlement Systems in the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri.

Analysis of Historical Ceramics from the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri. Teresita Majewski and Michael J. O’Brien. Publications in Archaeology No. 2, American Archaeology Division, Department of Anthropology, University University of Missouri, Columbia, 1984. vii + 121 pp., figures, tables, appendices, biblio. $15.00 (paper). - Euro-American Pioneer Settlement Systems in the Central Salt River Valley of Northeast Missouri. Roger D. Mason. Publications in Archaeology No. 2, American Archaeology Division, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1984. xi + 99 pp., figures, tables, references. $10.00 (paper). - Volume 51 Issue 4

Jacob J. Wiens: Mission Champion in Freedom and Repression

On 27 April 1979, Georgi P. Vins, secretary of the Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists and a leading religious dissident in the Soviet Union, arrived in New York City from his native land. Through the efforts of President Jimmy Carter and other officials, the American government had agreed to release two Russian spies for and four other Russian dissidents. It was an exciting event in Christian circles. Through years of suffering, Georgi P. had become for many a symbol of resistance to religious oppression.1 The religious saga of the family, however, begins many years before with Georgi's grandfather, Jacob Jacovitch Wiens (Vins). Few today remember his missionary career on three continents or his religious trials. Jacob was born in September 1874 in a German Mennonite home in Blumenau near Steinbach in Molotschna, a Mennonite colony in Taurida Province in the Ukraine in southern Russia. He was a great-grandson of Heinrich Wiensz (1774-1819), a pioneer settler in 1804 in the Molotschna. Wiens is a common Mennonite name of Dutch origin, transcribed as Vins in Russian but, in any case, pronounced as if it were Veens.2 In 1891 or 1892, at the age of seventeen or eighteen, Jacob professed faith in Christ.

Henry George and Europe

Abstract. In the eyes of European scholars, publicists and politicians who studied Henry George's work, he, as a social philosopher, had adopted the position of the natural law philosophers of the 18th century. The latter inspired the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, as well as the poiitical philosophy of Jeffersonian democracy, the ethos of the 18th and 19th century pioneer settlers. George rejected Social Darwinism. He saw natural law as the only true and reliable basis for a just social order. Like Karl Marx he mastered Ricardian economics; unlike Marx, George made two factors the basis of his system, labor and land. George saw that each person had a natural right—and a natural imperative for survival—to apply his or her productive capacity to the earth–as living space and as storehouse of nutrients and raw materials. The person‐land relationship, he discovered, lay at the basis of human culture. And so the land's rent, now monopolized by the few, had to be appropriated to meet the needs of society, most efficiently and justly by a land value tax.

Cultural Geography and the Upper Great Lakes Region

The Upper Great Lakes region often is interpreted as a cultural mosaic of ethnic groups identified with marginal farming, forestry and mining settlements. Despite its early history of a large, foreign-horn population, many of the region's pioneer settlers can be identified with an international source region, neither truly American nor truly Canadian, the upper St. Lawrence Valley. Forest-fringe agriculture, seasonal work for cash wages and employment in large-scale resource extraction were part of the way of life brought from the St. Lawrence district to the northern portions of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The southern limit of the so-called “Cutover” region coincides with a transition toward a preponderance of settlers from western New York, who brought traditions of wheat and dairy farming, compact settlements and democratic institutions to the upper Middle West.

Mot Kanadas Nordväst: Pioneer Settlement by Scandinavians in Central Alberta

There are over three times as many Scandinavians in Alberta as in Canada as a whole. The major provincial concentration occurs in central Alberta near Wetaskiwin and Camrose, some 70–100 km south-e...

Spatial Conflicts in Rural Mindanao, the Philippines

Pacific ViewpointVolume 24, Issue 1 p. 29-49 ArticleFree Access Spatial Conflicts in Rural Mindanao, the Philippines A. Van Oosterhout, A. Van OosterhoutSearch for more papers by this author A. Van Oosterhout, A. Van OosterhoutSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.241003AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Amin, S., 1976, Unequal development; an essay on the social formations of peripheral capitalism, Monthly Review Press, New York. 2Asiaweek, 1982, Preaching politics in the Philippines, 23 April, p. 16. 3 BFD (Bureau of Forest Development), 1979, 1978 Annual accomplishment report, Davao City (Region Southern Mindanao). 4 FEER (Far Eastern Economic Review), 1980, Profits and poverty in the plantations, 17 November. 53- 57. 5 FEER, 1983, Philippine armed forces, a whiff of power, 10 March, 15- 22. 6Gerlock, E., 1972, “The making of a banana province”, Solidarity, VII, 6, 49- 51. 7Hackenberg, A. and Hackenberg, B., 1969, “Secondary development and anticipatory urbanization in Davao, Mindanao”, Pacific Viewpoint, 12, 1969, 2- 20. 8 ICL Research Team, 1979-a, A report on tribal minorities in Mindanao, Manila. 9 ICL Research Team, 1979-b, The human cost of bananas, Manila. 10 IDOC (International Documentation Center), 1973, “ The Philippines; American corporations, martial law and underdevelopment”, series number 57), New York. 11Kintanar, A. (Jr.) & Luna, T. W. (Jr.), 1976, Natural resources of the Philippines, in: Encarnation, G. (Jr.) (a.o.), Philippine economic problems in perspective, Institute of economic development and research, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. 12Krinks, P., 1970, “Peasant colonisation in Mindanao”, Journal of Tropical Geography, 30, 38- 47. 13Krinks, P., 1974, “Old wine in a new bottle; land settlement and agrarian problems in the Philippines”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies V, 1, 1- 17. 14Krinks, P., 1975, “Changing land use on a Philippine Frontier”, Agricultural History, XLIV, 3, 473- 490. 15M SPC-documentation Mindanao-Sulu; a situationer for MSPC IV. Mindanao-Sulu Pastoral Conference Papers, 1980. 16 NCSO (National Censur and Statistics Offiee), 1971, Philippine Forestry Statistics, Manila. 17 NCSO, 1974, 1971 Census of Agriculture. 18 NCSO, 1975, 1972 Census of Establishments; Volume 1: Logging. 19 NCSO, 1982, Philippine Yearbook 1981. 20 NEDA (National Economic and Development Authority), 1975, Agricultural Staff, Philippine agriculture in the last twenty years, Manila. 21 NEDA, 1979, Philippine Development, VI, 16, 16. 22 NGA (National Grains Authority), “ Firms under production under the corporate farming scheme” (listed as of June 1980), Manila. 23Pacific Research, X, 1, 1979, The power of power, 14-24. 24 PDS (Provincial Development Staff), 1978, 1975-1977 Provincial Socio-economic Profile, Davao del Norte. 25Pelzer, K. J., 1945, Pioneer settlement in the Asiatic Tropics, New York. 26 Philippine Atlas (The), 1975, Vol. 1: A historical, economic and educational profile of the Philippines. Fund for assistance to private education, Manila. 27 RDC (Regional Development Council), 1976, A profile of Southeastern Mindanao region, Davao City. 28 RDC, 1977, Southern Mindanao five-year development plan. 29 RDC, 1979, Mid-year economic report of Southeastern Mindanao. 30 RDC, 1981, 1980 Annual economic report of Southern Mindanao. 31Rocamora, J., 1979-a, Agribusiness dams and counterinsurgency, Southeast Asia Chronicle, 67, 2- 10. 32Rocamora, J., 1979 b, The Political uses of Panamin, Asia Chronicle, 67, 11- 21. 33Tamesis, F. (msf), 1976, Forest plantation development, Philippine Geographical Journal, XX, 2, 55- 60. 34 Third World Studies Center, 1981, “TNC control of the banana industry”, Ampo, Japan-Asia Quarterly Review, XIII, 3, 2- 61. 35Ulack, R., 1977, “Migration to Mindanao; population control in the final stage of a pioneer frontier”, Tijidschrift voor Economische en Socials Geografie, 68, 133- 144. 36Van Den Beldt, R., 1977, Philippine forestry; corporate use versus subsistence use, Impact, XIII, 7, Manila. Volume24, Issue1May 1983Pages 29-49 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Indian Fires as an Ecological Influence in the Northern Rockies

Abstract The importance of fire as an ecological disturbance in the Northern Rockies is well accepted. Lightning is generally thought to have been the main source of ignition prior to settlement by Europeans. But writings of explorers and pioneers mention deliberate burning by Indians frequently enough to warrant an investigation of its importance. Interviews with descendants of Native Americans and of pioneer settlers in western Montana suggest that Indian burning was widespread, had many purposes, but was generally unsystematic. Fire chronologies based upon scars on old-growth trees indicate that fire intervals within similar forest types were shortest near Indian-use zones. Comparisons of presettlement fire intervals with those calculated from modern lightning-fire records suggest that Indian-caused fires substantially augmented lightning fires over large areas. As dependence on lightning fires alone may not create or perpetuate certain desirable plant communities or stand conditions, prescribed burning may be needed.

A Southern lady's legacy: The Italian ‘Terraces’ of La Grange, Georgia

Abstract In 1821, when the Creek Indian nation sold and ceded to the state of Georgia all of their lands between the Flint and Ocmulgee Rivers — the largest area surrendered up to that time — the Creek Assembly decreed in council that they would yield no additional territory in the future unless by unanimous consent of the representatives of the federated tribal communities, under pain of death. Just four years later the half-breed Chief William McIntosh, President of the Creek nation, violated this edict by negotiating with the United States government a series of treaties which relinquished the remaining Creek holdings in western Georgia and consented to the removal of the Indian population to new lands west of the Mississippi River, a betrayal for which he was ceremoniously executed by the dissenting chiefs. The state proceeded expeditiously to survey, divide into districts and lots, disperse by lottery and organize into counties the land acquired in this legally shadowed cession, but sporadic forays by hostile Creeks over the next few years troubled the pioneer settlements on Georgia's new western frontier.

Housing Types in Webster County, Nebraska 1870–1920

Editor's Note: Due to the length of the article “Housing Types in Webster County, Nebraska 1870–1920,” and the decision by the editorial committee to publish it in its entirety, the introduction and section I & II are being printed in this issue. Part III and the conclusion will be printed in Vol. 8, Number 2, Fall 1982, of JIDER. We regret any inconvenience that this decision may bring to our readers. The first settlers arrived in Webster County, Nebraska in the spring of 1870. In recent years due to the current recognition of the early writings of Willa Cather (1873–1947), Webster County has come to stand as the prototype of the pioneer settlement of the plains. However, a casual look by the traveler at other Nebraska locations indicates that housing in Webster County is typical of early housing in other parts of the state. The original study of Webster County housing was partially funded by the Nebraska State Historical Society, The Center for Great Plains Studies and the patrons of the Webster County Historical Museum.

Housing Types in Webster County, Nebraska 1870–1920

The first settlers arrived in Webster County, Nebraska in the spring of 1870. In recent years due to the current recognition of the early writings of Willa Cather (1873–1947), Webster County has come to stand as the prototype of the pioneer settlement of the plains. However, a casual look by the traveler at other Nebraska locations indicates that housing in Webster County is typical of early housing in other parts of the state. The original study of Webster County housing was partially funded by the Nebraska State Historical Society, The Center for Great Plains Studies and the patrons of the Webster County Historical Museum.

Toynbee Hall and the American Settlement Movement

Toynbee Hall and the American settlement houses had their origins in middle-class, largely college-educated men and women who were concerned with the conditions of the urban poor. They saw in the settlement house an opportunity to share their lives and culture with the poor and to allay the dangers of class struggle. Toynbee Hall, founded in 1885, served as a direct impetus to the pioneer settlement houses in the United States. Americans imitated its form and many of its practices, but the circumstances of American life led to significant changes on the English model. By 1900, the American movement dwarfed its British predecessors, and international leadership passed to American settlement-house officials.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL PATTERN OF DAIRY FARMING IN THE PIONEER SETTLEMENT AT THE FOOT OF MT. NASU, TOCHIGI PREFECTURE, AFTER WORLD WAR II

One of geographical studies of pioneer settlements after World War II is to clarify how settlers have used their land by adapting themselves to physical envioronments and how the spatial patterns have been constructed by land use, forms of settlement and landownership, and areal organization have developed with the growth of farming and stock raising. In this paper, attempts are made to describe the forming processes of the spatial patterns by synthesize ing the agricultural management, the land use, the forms of settlement and landownership and the areal organization in the pioneer settlements after World War II at the foot of Mt. Nasu and to establish a model to explain the development of spatial patterns. The foot of Mt. Nasu is situated in the northern Tochigi Prefecture and on the volcanic hilll surrounded by the Kuro river in the north, the Naka river in the south, Mt. Nasu in the west and Yamizo mountain in the east. In this paper, the former Nasu village was selected for the study area. In 1975, 17 post-war pioneer settlements were distributed at the foot of Mt. Nasu. (Fig. 1), and the settlers were practicing dairy farming. As shown in Figure 2, in nonpioneer settlements traditional rice production is a main agricultural activity, while in the post-war pioneer settlements dairy farming is a major agricultural activity. The latter settlements have become the core of dairy farming region at the foot of Mt. Nasu. In these pioneer settlements, Ohya pioneer settlement is the area where dairy farming has been developed most. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the development of dairy farming and the form ing processes of spatial patterns of dairy farming in Ohya pioneer settlement. By analyzing production changes of main cultivating crops, main raising livestock, the numbers of dairy cattles and dairy farmers in Ohya pioneer settlement, the development processes: of dairy farming in that settlement was divided into four stages; 1) the settling stage, 2) theJ spreading stage, 3) the developing stage and 4) the mature stage. The first stage (1947 54) is the period that 17 farmhouseholds began the small scale dairy farming. The second stage (1955_??_62) is the period that dairy production increased in contrast with the decrease of the cash crop production. The third stage (1963_??_72) is the period that the number of the dairy farmhouseholds and also the dairy cattle per farmhousehold increased rapidly. The fourth stage (after 1973) is the period that dairy farmers have de-creased in number and the number of dairy cattles per farmhousehold have exceeded over 15. At the first stage, the settlers selected gently-sloping land to form a agglomerated settlement and to clear the surrounding land first along the roads in cooperation with each other. During this period, the pioneer farmers carried on subsistance farming of upland field crops, and also expanded their acreage under cultivation, producing upland rice, wheat, barley, soy beans, and potatoes. Their farm work changed from cooperative farming to private farming after they had expanded their acreages enough to be self-sufficient. The pioneer farmers, however, were strongly tied up with each other in both sides of daily lives and farming activities through the community organization (Buraku) and the pioneer association (Kaitaku_Kumiai) . When they started the private farming, they began to cultivate cash crops such as radish, seed potatoes and soy beans. At the same time, the settlers tried to increase soil fertility by raising livestocks such as dairy cattle, work horses and work cattle, and by cultivating grasses. At the second stage, the pioneer settlement became a member of ‘Regional Farming And Marketing Association.’. Land was officially distributed to the settlers with the agglomerated settlement pattern unchanged. However their farmland was dispersed here and there.