Pinus Thunbergii Forests Research Articles

Detection of the Monitoring Window for Pine Wilt Disease Using Multi-Temporal UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery and Machine Learning Algorithms

Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused huge economic and environmental losses since it invaded China. Although early monitoring is an effective way to control this hazard, the monitoring window for the early stage is hard to identify, and varies in different hosts and environments. We used UAV-based multispectral images of Pinus thunbergii forest in East China to identify the change in the number of infected trees in each month of the growing season. We built classification models to detect different PWD infection stages by testing three machine learning algorithms—random forest, support vector machine, and linear discriminant analysis—and identified the best monitoring period for each infection stage (namely, green attack, early, middle, and late). From the obtained results, the early monitoring window period was determined to be in late July, whereas the monitoring window for middle and late PWD stages ranged from mid-August to early September. We also identified four important vegetation indices to monitor each infection stage. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of using machine learning algorithms to analyze multitemporal multispectral data to establish a window for early monitoring of pine wilt disease infestation. The results could provide a reference for future research and guidance for the control of pine wilt disease.

Abiotic and biotic factors controlling the dynamics of soil respiration in a coastal dune ecosystem in western Japan

In this study, we examined the abiotic and biotic factors controlling the dynamics of soil respiration (Rs) while considering the zonal distribution of plant species in a coastal dune ecosystem in western Japan, based on periodic Rs data and continuous environmental data. We set four measurement plots with different vegetation compositions: plot 1 on bare sand; plot 2 on a cluster of young Vitex rotundifolia seedlings; plot 3 on a mixture of Artemisia capillaris and V. rotundifolia; and plot 4 on the inland boundary between the coastal vegetation zone and a Pinus thunbergii forest. Rs increased exponentially along with the seasonal rise in soil temperature, but summer drought stress markedly decreased Rs in plots 3 and 4. There was a significant positive correlation between the natural logarithm of belowground plant biomass and Rs in autumn. Our findings indicate that the seasonal dynamics of Rs in this coastal dune ecosystem are controlled by abiotic factors (soil temperature and soil moisture), but the response of Rs to drought stress in summer varied among plots that differed in dominant vegetation species. Our findings also indicated that the spatial dynamics of Rs are mainly controlled by the distribution of belowground plant biomass and autotrophic respiration.

명승 부안 채석강ㆍ적벽강 일원의 경관관리를 위한 관속식물상 연구

This research was conducted to provide basic information for landscape management, natural resource 􀁆􀁒􀁑􀁖􀁈􀁕􀁙􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀁘􀁗􀁌􀁏􀁌􀁝􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁕􀁒􀁘􀁊􀁋􀀃􀁖􀁜􀁖􀁗􀁈􀁐􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁆􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁖􀁈􀁄􀁕􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁒􀁑􀀃􀃀􀁒􀁕􀁄􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁇􀁖􀁆􀁄􀁓􀁈􀀃􀁆􀁋􀁄􀁑􀁊􀁈􀁖􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀀶􀁆􀁈􀁑􀁌􀁆􀀃􀀶􀁌􀁗􀁈􀀃 (No. 13) Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang Cliffed Coasts, Buan. A total of 183 taxa of vascular plants were identified, the detail being 65 families, 138 genus, 157 species, 1 subspecies, 23 varieties, and 2 forms. There were only two ferns and two gymnosperms, but also 175 types of angiosperms were 􀁌􀁇􀁈􀁑􀁗􀁌􀂿􀁈􀁇􀀏􀀃􀁚􀁋􀁌􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁌􀁖􀀃􀀜􀀘􀀑􀀙􀀈􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁗􀁒􀁗􀁄􀁏􀀑􀀃􀀤􀁐􀁒􀁑􀁊􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁓􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁗􀁖􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁖􀁈􀁄􀁕􀁆􀁋􀁈􀁇􀀏􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁗􀁄􀁛􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁚􀁌􀁗􀁋􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁊􀁕􀁈􀁄􀁗􀁈􀁖􀁗􀀃􀁑􀁘􀁐􀁅􀁈􀁕􀀃 􀁚􀁄􀁖􀀃􀀦􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁒􀁖􀁌􀁗􀁄􀁈􀀃􀁚􀁋􀁌􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁆􀁒􀁕􀁇􀁈􀁇􀀃􀀕􀀙􀀃􀁗􀁜􀁓􀁈􀁖􀀑􀀃􀀤􀀃􀁗􀁒􀁗􀁄􀁏􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀀗􀀃􀁗􀁄􀁛􀁄􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁈􀁑􀁇􀁈􀁐􀁌􀁆􀀃􀁓􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁗􀁖􀀃􀁚􀁈􀁕􀁈􀀃􀁌􀁇􀁈􀁑􀁗􀁌􀂿􀁈􀁇􀀞􀀃􀀦􀁏􀁈􀁐􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁖􀀃 brachyura, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, and Saussurea eriophylla Nakai, while two taxa of endangered plants were identified; Koelreuteria paniculata and Glehnia littoralis. There were a total of 10 taxa in case of naturalized plants, including Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera Makino, Lepidium virginicum L., Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., and Phytolacca americana L., with the naturalization rate being 5.5%. According to the analysis of naturalized degrees of the naturalized plants, there were 7 plants with 5th degree of naturalization while there were one species for each 4th, 3rd, and 2nd degrees, and there were no 1st degree plant. The vegetation in the Gyeokpo-ri area is divided into 13 plant communities. The representative plant colonies include Pinus thunbergii colony, Pinus thumbergii-Quercus variabilis colony, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus acutissima colony, Carpinus turczaninovii Hance-Pinus thunbergii colony, Carpinus turczaninovii Hance colony, and Clerodendrum trichotomum -Euonymus japonicus colony, with Pinus thunbergii colony taking up 53.55% of the total. As the vegetation in Scenic Site Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang Cliffed Coasts, Buan mainly consist of Pinus thunbergii colony and mixed pinus thunbergii forest, the vegetation landscape does not become different throughout four seasons, and one can feel partial seasonal changes because deciduous trees, such as Quercus species and Carpinus turczaninovii Hance, are spread in parts.

Characteristics of vegetation succession on the Pinus thunbergii forests in warm temperate regions, Jeju Island, South Korea

BackgroundTo investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun-Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns.ResultsAccording to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea.ConclusionsIn the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.

Temperature changes affect multi-trophic interactions among pines, mycorrhizal fungi, and soil nematodes in a microcosm experiment

Nematodes serve a key role in soil nutrient cycling by eating bacterial cells and fungal hyphae. However, little is known about how temperature changes affect multi-trophic interactions among host trees, root-associating fungi, and nematodes. The aim of this study was to identify abiotic and/or biotic factors that affect soil nematode communities. We constructed a pot microcosm with sandy soils from a coastal Pinus thunbergii forest. The soil-filled pots were incubated for 8 months at 20, 25, or 30 °C with or without pine seedlings. In the pots with seedlings, we measured the percentages of black, white, and brown ectomycorrhizal (ECM) formations on roots. Nematodes retrieved from the soils were morphologically identified to genus and differentiated by both trophic and community structures. The occurrence of ECM formation ranged from 85.7%–91.9%. Black ECM roots were significantly dominant at 30 °C (47.0 %), whereas white ones were significantly dominant at 20 °C (43.0 %) and 25 °C (53.0 %). The number of nematodes at 25 and 30 °C was significantly greater than that at 20 °C irrespective of the presence or absence of seedlings. In terms of trophic compositions, the relative abundance of fungivorous nematodes significantly increased from 10.4 % at 20 °C to 27.5 % at 25 °C to 44.6 % at 30 °C in the presence of pine seedlings. A non-metric multidimensional scaling scatter plot showed that the nematode communities clustered significantly among temperature treatments. Structural equation modeling indicated that nematode trophic compositions were directly regulated by temperature and the presence of pine seedlings. Our findings suggest that temperature has some cascading effects on the formation of nematode communities, and pine seedlings and associating ECM fungi contributed synergistically to the formation of their communities.

Nematode communities in pine forests are shaped by environmental filtering of habitat conditions

ABSTRACTSoil nematodes are involved in nutrient cycles through feeding on microorganisms, and the extent of their functioning is affected by subtle environmental changes and by biological interactions. Considering these features, soil nematodes can serve as bio-indicators reflecting environmental changes in a given ecosystem. However, the mechanism of shaping community structures of nematodes is not well understood due to the complex biological interactions in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to clarify the nematode communities and their determinant factors in both coastal and inland Pinus thunbergii forests of central Japan under contrasting environmental conditions. For this purpose, nematodes retrieved from soil samples were morphologically identified at generic levels and discriminated into trophic groups. We also determined whether nematode community structures varied with coastal or inland locations based on non-metric multidimensional scaling. Our results showed that generic richness of nematode at inland habitats (16.2 ± 0.7, mean ± SE) was significantly greater than that at coastal habitats (12.4 ± 0.4). Moreover, the non-metric multidimensional scaling scatter-plot showed nematode communities clustered significantly within their respective coastal and inland habitats. These clusterings were further significantly influenced by surrounding environmental factors; soil water content, soil temperature, litter layer thickness, pH, total both N and C concentrations and C:N ratio. For characteristic trophic groups, microbial-feeding nematodes were represented in coastal forests while predaceous ones were dominated in inland forests. Our study provided fundamental knowledge on the formation of nematode community structures that were shaped by environmental filtering.

Distribution and community structure of soil nematodes in coastal Japanese pine forests were shaped by harsh environmental conditions

Nematode community studies have been carried out in various forests for several decades. However, in forest ecosystems, the diversity of woody plant taxa with different plant species makes it difficult to determine factors regulating nematode communities. In this respect, monoculture forests in sandy coastal areas can be model systems for characterizing nematode communities because harsh environments limit plant growth and, consequently, soil nematodes. The purpose of this study was to characterize the community structure and spatial pattern of soil nematodes molecularly in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests. Nematodes were collected from two soil layers at each of four sites and subjected to DNA sequence analysis focusing on partial SSU rRNA. In total, 398 sequences were determined from 400 nematode specimens (50 nematodes per soil layer per site). These sequences formed 36, 37, 50, and 84 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) at identity levels of 97%, 98%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. The MOTUs at a 98% identity level corresponded to genera in nematode assemblages. The bacterivorous Acrobeloides (relative abundance, 20–25%), omnivorous Aporcelaimellus (15–20%), and bacterivorous Prismatolaimus (12–22%) were the dominant taxa that collectively accounted for 60% of all genera detected in the top (0–10 cm soil depth) and bottom (10–20 cm) soil layers. The rank abundance pattern was best explained by the Mandelbrot model being a few taxa with other many minor taxa. Nematode communities formed two clusters regardless of the physical distances between study sites. Cluster 1 was characterized by higher soil water content and cluster 2 was characterized by higher pH. These results suggest that nematode community structure of the coastal pine forest is simple, and are regulated by proximate abiotic factors such as water content and soil pH.

Effects of sand burial and overstory tree age on seedling establishment in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests in the northern Shandong Peninsula, China

Coastal Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) forests in the northern Shandong Peninsula of China recently experienced widespread natural regeneration failure. This study identifies critical factors that affect natural regeneration of P. thunbergii. Seeds from trees of various ages (13–32 years) were used to investigate the effects of age and burial depth in sand on germination and seedling establishment. Results show that seed density in 2–5 cm soil decreased with increased distance from the shoreline. Sand burial decreased seed germination but did not affect the relative growth rate of seedlings at depths from 0.5 to 3 cm. Germination, leaf mass ratio, and relative growth rates were higher with seedlings originating from older trees, all of which enhanced seedling resistance to sand burial. Tree age and seed burial were found to be determining factors for natural regeneration of the coastal P. thunbergii forest. Silvicultural treatments that promote quality of seed sources and mitigation of sand burial can be used in the future to improve the regeneration of these coastal forests.

Vegetation Structure and Flora of Pinus thunbergii Forests in Western Coast of Korea1

Vegetation Structure and Flora of Pinus thunbergii Forests in Western Coast of Korea1

TWINSPAN과 CCA Ordination에 의한 서해안 곰솔림과 토양환경과의 상관 분석

Vegetation and soil conditions of four sites in west coastal forests in South Korea, were examined to analyze the relationship between Pinus thunbergii forests structure and soil conditions. The P. thunbergii forests were divided into four clusters; 1) P. thunbergii - Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, 2) P. thunbergii - Robinia pseudoacacia, 3) P. thunbergii - P. densiflora and 4) P. thunbergii - Quercus serrata. The soil of each site was poor in chemical characteristics but good enough for land plants to grow because of its low salt concentration. According to the results by CCA Ordination, certain excessive soil nutrition has influenced on vegetation and specific species distribution. Forty eight species were found in the whole sites of coastal forests and some species appeared in every site. They are P. thunbergii, R. pseudoacacia, Rhus chinensis, Idesia polycarpa and Morus alba. For the tree species importance value, P. thunbergii was followed by R. pseudoacacia, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Celtis sinensis, M. alba, I. polycarpa and Q. mongolica in order.

Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Neolitsea sericea using Illumina paired‐end draft sequencing data

AbstractSimple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and characterized for Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz. (Lauraceae). Out of 196 designed primer pairs, a total of 144 pairs showed amplification, of which 44 had clear and stable chromatograms. Polymorphism of these 44 loci was tested using 32 individuals sampled from a single population of N. sericea. The number of alleles and the polymorphism information content varied from 3 to 12 and 0.271 to 0.853, respectively. A significant departure from the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium was observed in one of the 44 loci. These SSR markers are useful for population genetic studies and parentage analysis in N. sericea, which is one of the most common evergreen species in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests in central‐western Japan.

灵山湾国家森林公园垂序商陆土壤种子库时空动态及其对防除措施的响应

Soil seed banks are potential plant communities. Their temporal and spatial distribution patterns play an important role in future plant community dynamics and structure. Characteristics of the seed bank for Phytolacca americana affect the construction and function of future ecosystems in the invaded area. The ecological balance in the coastal shelterforest ecosystems in the Lingshan Bay National Forest Park has been severely affected by Phytolacca americana. Between2009 and 2014,we studied seed density and distribution pattern of Phyolacca americana in Pinus thunbergii forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,mixed Pinus thunbergii and R. pseudoacacia forest,and Amorpha fruticosa forest. We established five transects at 15 m intervals from the forest edge to the interior,set up 40 samples in each transect,and collected soil seed banks from the litter layer,0—2 cm soil layer,and 2—5 cm soil layer. We conducted a control trial in the R. pseudoacacia forest,which was extensively invaded by Phytolacca americana in 2009. We used physical( mowing and root cutting) and chemical( spraying herbicides) methods to control the growth of Phytolacca americana and chose A. fruticosa as the control. We investigated the seed bank in the control area,counted the number of seeds,and performed a germination test in the laboratory. The seeds of Phytolacca americana were found in all four types of forests,and the content of the seed bank decreased from the forest edge to the interior of the forest in the R. pseudoacacia and Pinus thunbergii forests. All the seeds were found within the top 5 cm of the soil layer,within which the lowest number of seeds was found in the 2—5 cm layer. We found( 1174 ± 713) seeds / m2 in one month in the seed bank from the R. pseudoacacia forest in 2009; the number of seeds increased to( 3207 ± 1072) seeds / m2 in October,in 2012 and( 4691 ± 1597) seeds / m2 in January,in2014. In the mixed forest,we found( 388 ± 713),( 1074 ± 713),and( 1767 ± 713) seeds / m2 in the seed bank in 2009,2012,and 2014,respectively. Between 2009 and 2014,less than 1000 seeds / m2 were found in the seed bank from the Pinus thunbergii and A. fruticosa forests. We compared the results of the two seed bank surveys conducted during 2009-2014: in the Pinus thunbergii and A. fruticosa forests,the number of seeds decreased by 46% and 44%,respectively,whereas in the R. pseudoacacia and mixed forests,an increase by 29. 9% and 35. 5%,respectively,was noted. The seed germination rate was less than 10% and decreased from the litter layer to the 2—5cm layer. Seedling regeneration,seed yield,and seed bank in the A. fruticosa forest were significantly lower than those in the forests where physical and chemical control methods were used. Physical and chemical control methods are useful in controlling Phytolacca americana; however,their effects are temporary and the use of biological control seems more practical. Our study showed that the seed bank of Phytolacca americana had an evident spatio- temporal heterogeneity,maintained a high reproductive potential,and can be used to control the invasion of Phytolacca americana by planting A. fruticosa. Our findings can help in the sustainable management of coastal shelter forests.

Method for estimation of stem carbon fixation of Japanese black pine by combining stem analysis and soft X-ray densitometry

We derived a formula for estimating the relationship between stem carbon weight and stem volume, which was calculated from DBH and tree height using a combination of stem analysis and soft X-ray densitometry. The results indicate carbon weight in a 33-year-old coastal Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forest is approximately 68,186 kg ha−1 in Yamagata Prefecture and 38,253 kg ha−1in a 42-year-old black pine forest in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. Also, age-related changes in the stem density following oven-drying of samples of black pine trees are small: the oven-dried density (hereafter “density”) of black pine trees in the two locations mentioned above were 425.6 (kg m−3) and 523.2 (kg m−3) respectively, which is comparable to the density (converted from basic density) of black pine of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (533 kg m−3). When compared with the carbon weight by the oven-dried density of LULUCF, the carbon weights calculated from each density were 27 % lower in Yamagata and 6 % lower in Hokkaido. This difference directly affects carbon weight for large-scale estimation and thus can create an error at a regional scale. This methodology can contribute to the management of forests acting as carbon sinks.

솔껍질깍지벌레에 대한 7종류 한약재 추출물의 살충활성

Abstract The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae is one of the most serious insect pest inJapanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii forest in Korea. Insecticidal activity of 10 folds hot water extracts from7 herbal plants (Atractylodes lancea, Eugenia caryophyllata, Lonicera japonica, Melia azedarach, Quisqualisindica, Sophora flavescens and Taraxacum mongolicum) were tested against different stage of M.thunbergianae using spray method both in laboratory and field. Efficacies of herbal extracts were differentdepending on stage of M. thunbergianae. Q. indica sprayed with hand sprayer produced the highest correctedmortality of 95.7% on intermidiated nymph stage, however, A. lancea produced the highest correctedmortality (51.3%) on pupae of M. thunbergianae in laboratory. Q. indica and A. lancea were highly effectiveagainst female M. thunbergianae in laboratory, however, corrected mortality was lower than other stage(40.0%). Efficacy of Q. indica was similar to effective insecticide, fenitrothion 50% EC against M.thunbergianae in field trials. These results indicated that Q. indica could be an environmental friendly controlagent of M. thunbergianae. Key words Black pine bast scale, Environmental friendly control, Plant extracts, Quisqualis indica

北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305291220 作者: 作者单位: 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院,天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院,天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技基础性工作专项项目(2012FY112500);海洋行业性科研工作专项经费项目(201305009,201050008,201005009);国家自然科学基金项目(41206111,41206112);国家海洋局第一海洋研究所中央级科研院所基本科研业务经费项目(2011T06,2013G30,2013G27) Storage and drivers of forests carbon on the Beichangshan Island of Miaodao Archipelago Author: Affiliation: First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:人工林是庙岛群岛典型的陆地生态系统的组成部分,对维护海岛地区生态环境具有重要作用。采用现有生物量相对生长方程和样地调查数据相结合的方法,以庙岛群岛中北长山岛为研究区,对海岛黑松纯林与黑松×刺槐混交林两种林型的碳储量进行了估算,并分析了土壤质地及其理化性质对海岛乔木层碳储量的影响。结果表明:黑松乔木层平均碳储量为84.00 t/hm2,接近于世界平均水平(86.00 t/hm2);黑松×刺槐混交林乔木层平均碳储量为29.60 t/hm2,高于山东省乔木层的平均碳储量(27.62 t/hm2)。应用因子分析法研究影响乔木层碳储量的主要因子,结果表明:土壤质地、pH值、含水量及含盐量是影响海岛乔木碳储量重要的影响因子。北长山岛土壤全氮、总磷、土壤有机质、碳氮比等其他理化性质对乔木层碳储量影响不是非常明显。 Abstract:The artificial plantations is a typical terrestrial ecosystem on the island of Miaodao Archipelago, which plays a key role in regional ecological environment. The Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii×Robinia pseudoacacia are the typical trees on the Beichangshan island of Miaodao Archipelago in Shandong Province. But they are often disregarded due to their ecosystem services, particularly the carbon sequestion, which are not well understood or quantified. This paper is to estimate the trees carbon storage on the island with the biomass allometric equation and the data investigation in stand sample plot, and discuss the impact of different parameters in the island on trees carbon storage. The results showed that the average carbon storage was 84.00 t/hm2 for the Pinus thunbergii, which was close to the average level in the world (86.00 t/hm2), and the average carbon storage was 29.60 t/hm2 for the Pinus thunbergii×Robinia pseudoacacia, which was higher than that of the average carbon stock in Shandong Province (27.62 t/hm2). The average carbon storage of the Pinus thunbergii was higher than that of the Pinus thunbergii×Robinia pseudoacacia, which the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The allocation of carbon storage in their different organs for the Pinus thunbergii and mixed forest in tree layer was trunk> root> branch> leaf. The Pinus thunbergii forests is more suitalbe for carbon storage than that of Pinus thunbergii×Robinia pseudoacacia forests on the Beichangshan island. In order to investigate the impact of different parameters in the island on trees carbon storage, a correlation matrix including environmental factors and soil texture was calculated. The carbon storage in the island forests showed significant (P < 0.05) correlations with soil class, slope, aspect, elevation. However, all these parameters were interrrelated, and cannot be regarded as independent determining factors. Therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in order to extract the main factors controlling carbon storage in the island forests. The PCA extracted two factors that explained 50% of the total variance. Factor 1 was characterized by high loadings of the parameters clay soil (-0.898), silt soil (0.893), sand soil (0.922). Factor 2 was driven by slope (0.770), aspect (-0.722), elevation (0.946). A multiple linear regression model revealed factor 1 as most important factor (Beta value of 0.290) for carbon storage in the island forests followed by factor 2 (Beta value of 0.019). To gain insight into the driving factors for carbon storage in the island forests over soil physical-chemical properties, the correlations of moisture, pH, salinity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, total carbon, C/N ratios in the island soil was calculated. Factor 1 was characterized by high loadings of the parameters total nitrogen (0.842), total organic carbon (0.899), total carbon (0.990). Factor 2 was driven by total phosphorus (0.931), C/N ratios (-0.925). Factor 3 was characterized by moisture (0.694), pH (0.744), salinity (-0.666). A multiple linear regression model showed factor 3 as most important factor (Beta value of-0.694) for the carbon storage in the island forests followed by factor 1 (Beta value of-0.192) and factor 2 (Beta value of-0.106). We conclude that soil texture, pH, moisture and salinity in the island soil were primary controlling factors on the average carbon stock of the forests on the Beichangshan island. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Demographic and height growth response of native broad-leaved deciduous tree saplings to overhead canopy release in a coastal Pinus thunbergii forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan

Prevention efforts to combat pine wilt disease must be instituted to avoid destruction of coastal forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. We examine an alternative method involving the conversion of Pinus thunbergii forests to native broadleaf species through advancing their growth, but we have little knowledge about the response of advanced growth to overhead canopy release. To demonstrate the demographic and height growth response of advanced growth to the light change in a coastal Pinus thunbergii forest, canopy trees were removed and the sapling populations were monitored for 6 years. Inhibition in height growth caused by light increase was observed in Cerasus sargentii and Kalopanax septemlobus saplings. Especially in Kalopanax septemlobus, a remarkable decline was observed in the saplings growing in the darker positions which experienced light change. Therefore, large light changes should be carefully avoided for this species especially in the darker positions. In contrast, relative height growth rates of Quercus crispula and, especially, Quercus dentata increased with increasing light, and saplings tended to die in the darker positions. No dead trees of Sorbus commixta were observed during the study period. The saplings also showed good height growth even when under closed canopy. This species seems to be adaptive to a dark environment. Since Quercus dentata and Kalopanax septemlobus are the major components of the natural coastal forests in Hokkaido, gradual canopy release is available to foster advanced growth in coastal Pinus thunbergii forest, in accordance with the concept of density control in coastal forests.

The classification of biotope type and characteristics of naturalized plant habitat on the coastal sand dune ecosystem

Coastal sand dune systems are particularly fragile and threaten the environment. However, these systems provide fundamental ecosystem services to the nearby urban areas, acting, for example, as protective buffers against erosion. In this paper, we attempt to classify the biotope types of coastal sand dune ecosystems and select an index for the assessment of the conservation value. The types of biotopes are categorized based on the vegetation map; floras are examined in order to research the effects of hinterlands on coastal sand dunes. In addition, a naturalization rate and an urbanization index for each biotope type in hinterlands are analyzed. In the ecosystem of coastal sand dunes, the urbanization index and naturalization rate shows a higher value in sand dunes with areas of road, residential, and idle land in farm villages, rice fields, and fields. On the contrary, a lower value in the urbanization index and naturalization rate is present when typical biotope types, such as sand dune vegetation and natural Pinus thunbergii forests, are widely distributed. Based on these results, urbanization index and naturalization rate should be used as critical indices for the assessment of the ecosystem of costal sand dunes.

Genotypic analysis of the foliose lichen Parmotrema tinctorum using microsatellite markers: association of mycobiont and photobiont, and their reproductive modes

AbstractTo investigate the association between, and the reproductive modes of, mycobiont and photobiont in the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum, microsatellite markers (SSR markers) were developed for both bionts and genotypic analysis was performed for thalli in a Pinus thunbergii forest. In a within-thallus analysis, tissue pieces were sampled from many portions within each of five thalli. Within-thallus variation for both mycobiont and photobiont differed among the thalli investigated, suggesting that a single thallus can be derived from either a single mycobiont origin with or without occasional changes in the photobiont, or fusion of several independent thalli. In the within-tree analysis, thalli with the same genotypes were found on individual trees, suggesting the presence of short-distance isidium dispersal. In the within-stand analysis, genotypically similar photobionts tended to be associated with the same mycobiont genotype, suggesting the participation of local dispersal via isidia. The overall index of association (IA) for the mycobiont in the stand probably indicates the dominance of sexual reproduction, in contrast to that of the photobiont, where dominance of asexual reproduction is suggested. IA's of mycobiont and photobiont were also calculated for thalli collected from larger areas, where there is a signature for sexual reproduction for photobiont.

新潟市の海岸林における鳥類捕獲数の経年変化と森林遷移との関係

Chronological trends in the number of birds captured (newly released) and their relationship to forest succession were studied in a coastal forest that is used by many migratory birds near the city of Niigata, Japan. Significant chronological trends in the number of individuals captured during the period 1991–2005 were seen for seven bird species in spring and six in autumn. Particularly, higher negative correlations between the number of birds captured and the dominical year were obtained for bird species showing decreasing trends. Bird species preferring sparse woodland, forest edge, or scrub, tended to decrease in spring. Herbivorous bird species, especially seed specialists, tended to decrease in autumn. These phenomena might be attributed to the dense growth of trees and shrubs and to the decline in plant species producing food for seed specialists on the forest floor caused by succession in the coastal Pinus thunbergii forest. Ground feeders tended to increase in both spring and autumn. Carnivorous bird species feeding on insects or earthworms tended to increase in autumn. This suggests that the coastal forest succession contributes to an increase in food resources for carnivorous bird species. The chronological trends in the number of birds captured might be influenced not only by forest succession in the study area, but also by the breeding results or seasonal changes in environmental selection of the bird species and nation-wide population changes. Comparisons with other research sites as well as the consideration of plant succession are important when analyzing bird-banding data as an indicator of long-term population dynamics or environmental changes.

Stand structure and invasion of broadleaved trees in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests of Tottori Prefecture

Stand structure and invasion of broadleaved trees in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests of Tottori Prefecture