Pinus Oocarpa Schiede Research Articles

Trypanocidal Activity of Oleoresin and Terpenoids Isolated from Pinus oocarpa

Fractionation with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) by open column chromatography of the oleoresin from Pinus oocarpa Schiede yielded two diterpenes, pimaric acid (1) and dehydroabietic acid (5), the sesquiterpene longifolene (3) and a diterpenic mixture containing pimaric acid (1), isopimaric acid (4) and dehydroabietic acid (5). Subsequently, the isolated compounds, the mixture of 1, 4 and 5, the oleoresin and the dehydroabietic acid methyl ester (2), were tested in vitro against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The most active compounds were 1, 3 and the oleoresin, being as active as nifurtimox, a drug effective in the treatment of acute infection by American trypanosomiasis and used in this work as positive control.

Growth impacts of Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt on Pinus oocarpa Schiede in Honduras

The mistletoe Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt (Loranthaceae) severely parasitizes Pinus oocarpa Schiede in southern Mexico and Central America causing growth loss and increased mortality of severely infected trees. The objectives of this study were to use stem analysis to evaluate the impacts of P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa in terms of height and volume growth of individual trees in Honduras and to evaluate a five-class mistletoe rating system for predicting the effects of this mistletoe on the growth of P. oocarpa. Two study sites in Honduras were selected based on incidence and severity of mistletoe infection. Thirteen dominant or codominant trees from each of three true mistletoe rating (TMR) classes: 0, no infection; 2, moderate infection; and 4, severe infection were selected. Stem analysis was conducted on the 78 selected trees to determine their height increment, volume increment, and specific volume increment. To evaluate growth reductions, each infected tree was paired with a healthy tree from the same site by height at time of infection for periodic height increment, age for periodic specific volume increment, and by volume at time of infection for periodic volume increment. To evaluate the mistletoe rating system 95% confidence intervals were constructed to compare means for height and volume increments between mistletoe infection classes for the last year of growth. Growth losses of over 50% were observed in terms of periodic volume increment and periodic specific volume increment during the last 3-year period prior to sampling for trees in TMR class 4 from both sites. Analysis of the effectiveness of the mistletoe rating system for predicting growth losses produced inconsistent results between sites because duration of infection, which was not a component of the rating system, influenced growth losses.

Changes in structure and cover of a common property pine forest in Guatemala, 1954–1996

Concern about increasing rates of deforestation of tropical forests has resulted in investigations into the viability of local land-use practices and communal forms of governance. The majority of people in Guatemala live in regions where primary forests are absent. Several secondary forests in the highly populated highlands of Guatemala are communally managed forests, and people depend on forest products from these secondary forests for their livelihood. This study examines changes in forest structure and coverage of a native Pinus oocarpa Schiede communally managed forest in San Jose La Arada, Chiquimula in eastern Guatemala from 1954–1996. The pine forest is a municipal-communal property. The municipality has title to the land, however the forests are communal property. Neither forest committees in the villages nor municipal government regulations establish communal management of the pine forest; instead there are customary rules in the villages that guide forest extraction. People from the surrounding villages extract fuelwood, ocote (resin-rich wood harvested from the tree trunk and used for kindling) and timber from the pine forest. The P. oocarpa forest is situated in a seasonally dry region with nutrient-poor and highly eroded soils. Aerial photographs from 1954 and 1987 were compared to estimated changes in forest cover. Changes in forest structure are based on data collected from stand inventories conducted in 1987 and 1996. The pine forest was reduced in area by 14.4%, from 12.39 km2 in 1954 to 10.61 km2 in 1987. Additionally, stand density and basal area were reduced by 12% and 41%, respectively, from 1987–1996. Fuelwood and timber for domestic use were not extracted at a sustainable rate between 1954 and 1996 from the communally managed pine forest in this study. A sustainable-use management plan, in which all villages surrounding the forest participate, is recommended to provide future forest products for the villages.

Hibridación natural entre Pinus oocarpa y P. pringeli

Se determinó la existencia de hibridación natural entre P. oocarpa Schiede ex Schlechtendal y P. pringlei Shaw analizando una muestra de 30 árboles que habitan naturalmente en simpatría y que incluyó individuos catalogados como híbridos putativos. El área de hibridación se localiza en el municipio de Ario de Rosales, Michoacán. Se utilizó un análisis discriminante de variables canónicas con 19 características morfológicas y anatómicas de acículas, conos y semillas. Los árboles inicialmente catalogados como híbridos putativos resultaron con valores intermedios en la mayoría de las características estudiadas. De éstas las que mayormente contribuyeron en las funciones de discriminación canónica y en la separación de las especies progenitoras de los árboles híbridos en estudio, resultaron ser el número de acículas por fascículo, el de hileras de estomas en la cara dorsal, el de canales resiníferos internos y septales, así como la longitud del pedúnculo y el diámetro del cono. Un segundo análisis discriminante fue realizado con muestras de diez árboles de P. oocarpa y siete de P. pringlei de rodales puros habitando alopátricamente y los de los 30 árboles del rodal en simpatría. El análisis gráfico indicó que los árboles de cada especie se aglomeraron opuestamente unos de otros, aunque los individuos de los rodales puros lo hicieron ligeramente hacia los extremos, lo que puede indicar un posible proceso de infiltración genética en el área de hibridación en estudio.

First Report of Arceuthobium hondurense on Pinus tecunumannii.

Honduran dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium hondurense Hawksw. & Wiens) is a rare dwarf mistletoe found only in Honduras (1,2). Thus far, it has been reported to parasitize only Pinus oocarpa Schiede (2). In October 1999, we observed infection by A. hondurense on P. tecunumannii (Schw.) Eguiluz et Perry along the trail to the summit of Montana del Celaque (elevation 1,750 to 1,800 m) on the east side of Celaque National Park, ≈5 km west of Gracias (Department Lempira), Honduras. Infected pines had witches' brooms, and mistletoe shoot production was common on infected branches. This is the first report of A. hondurense on P. tecunumannii. Specimens of A. hondurense from P. tecunumannii were collected and have been deposited at the Herbario, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales, Siguatepeque, Honduras, and at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.

First Report of Psittacanthus angustifolius on Pinus oocarpa and Pinus maximinoi.

The mistletoe Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt (Loranthaceae) was first described in 1987 on Pinus from Nicaragua near the Honduran border, but the species of pine was not designated (1). Kuijt (1) speculated that this mistletoe probably also occurs in Honduras. During March and October 1999 we observed P. angustifolius parasitizing Pinus oocarpa Schiede in the departments of Choluteca, Francisco Morazan, El Paraiso, Intibuca, Lempira, and Olancho in Honduras. This mistletoe appears to be a very common parasitic plant on pines in Honduras and is associated with host mortality. We also observed P. angustifolius parasitizing Pinus maximinoi H.E. Moore at two locations in the department of Lempira: one infection on a single tree 1.5 km east of El Matazano (elevation 1,400 m) and six and eight infections on two trees 0.5 km west of the main entrance to Celaque National Park east of Gracias (elevation 1,200 m). This is the first report of P. angustifolius in Honduras and the first report of this mistletoe on Pinus oocarpa and Pinus maximinoi. Specimens of P. angustifolius from Pinus oocarpa and Pinus maximinoi have been deposited at the Herbario, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales, Siguatepeque, Honduras, and at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. Reference: (1) J. Kuijt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 74:511, 1987.

Chemical composition of the essential oils of exudates fromPinus oocarpa Schiede

Essential oil of exudates from Pinus oocarpa Schiede, grown in the Andes of Venezuela, was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. A GC-MS analysis showed that α-pinene and β-pinene were the main constituents, but the turpentine was also high in heptanes.

First Report of Golden Dwarf Mistletoe on Pinus maximinoi

Golden dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium aureum subsp. aureum Hawksw. & Wiens) is endemic to east-central Guatemala (Departments Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, and Quiche) (1,2). Its principal hosts are Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., P. montezumae Lamb., and P. oaxacana Mirov (1). In May 1999, A. aureum subsp. aureum was observed infecting Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore at four locations: 1.0 km south (altitude 1,580 m) and 5.4 km north (altitude >1,630 m) of La Cumbre, Baja Verapaz on Route CA-14, 8 km west (altitude 1,670 m) of Chilasco, Baja Verapaz, and 5 km west (altitude 1,490 m) of San Cristobal Verapaz, Alta Verapaz on Route 7-W. Although previous reports (1,2) indicated that golden dwarf mistletoe does not induce witches'-brooms on its hosts, older (>50 years), severely affected P. maximinoi were observed to have formed large witches'-brooms as a result of dwarf mistletoe infection. Although it has been suggested that Pinus oocarpa Schiede is susceptible to golden dwarf mistletoe (1), several large trees of this species were observed growing within 5 m of infected P. maximinoi at three of the four locations, but none were infected. This is the first report of golden dwarf mistletoe on P. maximinoi.

Attraction of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Different Tropical Pine Species in Brazil

Ambrosia beetles are the predominant Scolytidae in Brazil. Little is known about the attractiveness of exotic conifer tree volatiles to native scolytids. Objectives were to compare the attractiveness of logs with and without bark of Pinus oocarpa Schiede, P. caribaea variety bahamensis Barrett & Golfari, P. car, variety caribaea Barrett & Golfari and P. car, variety hondurensis Barrett & Golfari over time to native scolytids in different pine stands, to compare the relative attractiveness of logs relative to ethanol traps, to determine how long it takes for logs to become attractive to ambrosia beetles and when attraction peaks occur, and to determine if volatiles released by live standing trees would mask volatiles released by logs of the same species. In young stands, Hypothenemus was the predominant insect genus, whereas in older stands Xyleborus predominated. Debarked logs trapped more beetles than logs with bark. Pine log species attractiveness was not influenced by volatiles present in the stand. Beetles were divided into the following 3 groups, based on response to log volatiles and ethanol: (1) species attracted to ethanol and not responding to pine terpenes Ambrosiodmus hagedorni (Iglesia). A. retusus (Eichhoff), X. spinulosus Blandford, Corthylus schaufussi Schiede, Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn), H. obscurus (F.), (2) species attracted to ethanol but responding to pine terpenes Xyleborinus gracilis (Eichhoff), X. affinis Eichhoff, H. eruditus Westwood, Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff, and (3) species more attracted to pine terpenes and less responsive to ethanol, A. obliquus (Le Conte). X. ferrugineus F., X. catulus Blandford. Pinus car. variety bahamensis was the least attractive pine, P. oocarpa the most attractive. The attraction peak varied according to the season; logs were not attractive to beetles 10 wk after cutting.

Changes in soil properties related to conversion of savannah woodland into pine and eucalyptus plantations, Northern Nigeria

Soil properties associated with six age-grade plantations of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., respectively, including nearby natural vegetation, were compared in the savannah zone of Nigeria. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable nutrients first show declining values with the increasing age of the plantation, then an increase and finally steady or declining values in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Usually the differences between the two youngest plantations and the oldest plantations, and the natural vegetation, were significant. In the 20–30 cm soil depth the properties showed a decrease or steady values over time, with the three oldest plantations showing significant differences from the natural vegetation. The soil pH showed an increased acidity over time. There was little difference in the soil properties between the two tree species. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to sustaining productivity and soil fertility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Genetic parameters for F<SUB>1</SUB> hybrids of <I>Pinus caribaea</I> var. <I>hondurensis</I> with both

Genetic parameters were estimated from 5-year data collected in two 11 x 6 factorial matings, one between Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. (PCH) and Pinus oocarpa Schiede (Pooc) and the other between PCH and Pinus tecunumanii (Schw.) Eguiluz et Ferry (PTEC), that were planted on two sites in Queensland, Australia. The data were also used to predict the general hybridizing ability (GHA) of the 11 PCH parents common to the POOC and PTEC factorials. Genetic parameter estimates obtained from an across-sites analysis were generally of similar magnitude in the two different hybrids. Unbiased heritability estimates from the across-sites analysis were usually intermediate between those obtained from the analysis of the data from the single sites, and estimates from the female (PCH) and male (POOC or PTEC) parents were often substantially different. Type B genetic correlations (r(gB)) between the same trait measured in the two tests were high (ranging from 0.76 to 0.95) for all traits except DBH of the Pea x PTEC hybrids (r(gB)=0.36). Estimates of r(gB) for DBH from the female parents were generally higher than estimates for PCH between pairs of tests in these same locations, while estimates for DBH of the PCH x PTEC hybrids are similar to estimates for height in pairs of PTEC tests grown in different countries. The ratio of additive to dominance variance was 1.4 for diameter, but all other traits showed relatively little dominance variance. The ranking of the 11 PCH parents based on the GHA predictions was very similar in both the Pooc and PTEC hybrid crosses for traits that were controlled primarily by additive variance (i.e., straightness and wind-firmness, where correlations between the two sets of breeding values exceeded 0.92); however, for diameter the correlation was low (r=0.45) and not significant(at the p=0.05 level). The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the genetic improvement of hybrids.

Genetic Parameters and Provenance Productivity ofPinus oocarpaandPinus patulassp.tecunumanii

SYNOPSIS Results are presented of a provenance-progeny test of six populations of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and two of P. patula Schiede & Deppe in Schlecht. & Cham. ssp. tecunumanii (Equiluz & Perry) Styles; each population was represented by 8 or 16 families. Significant differences between provenances and between families within provenances were detected for height, diameter at breast height and stem straightness at two, five and eight years. Family heritability estimates were consistently highest for the Siquatepeque provenance of P. oocarpa with estimates of 0,73 for diameter and 0,86 for stem straightness at five years. For other provenances, however, estimates ranged down to 0,00 and 0,05 for diameter and height at eight years in Angeles (P. oocarpa) and San Rafael (P. patula ssp. tecunumanii) provenances respectively. Single tree heritabilities were also high for all traits in Siquatepeque provenance, ranging from 0,22 for eight-year diameter to 0,51 for five-year height. Standard errors were generally small except for a few cases where they exceeded the estimate itself. Genetic correlations between height and diameter in and between years were mostly large and positive for the P. oocarpa provenances but stem breakage in P. patula ssp. tecunumanii provenances after five years resulted in low correlations of five-year height with height and diameter at eight. Correlations between growth traits and stem straightness varied greatly in sign and magnitude with provenance but overall indications were that these were not unfavourable. The most productive provenances were Yucul and San Rafael (both P. patula ssp. tecunumanii); Dipilto and Mal Paso were the most productive P. oocarpa provenances.

Chloroplast DNA variation among and within taxonomic varieties of Pinuscaribaea and Pinuselliottii

Chloroplast DNA BamHI restriction fragments were studied in Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii (11 trees), P. elliottii var. densa (2 trees), the three taxonomic varieties of Pinuscaribaea Morelet (39 trees), and Pinusoocarpa Schiede (9 trees). Polymorphism was detected within both P. elliottii varieties, but not within P. oocarpa. Each of the P. caribaea varieties was monomorphic, but the Cuban variety, P. caribaea var. caribaea, differed clearly from the Bahamian (P. caribaea var.bahamensis) and Honduran (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) varieties. Variety caribaea shared the most frequent chloroplast genotype of P. elliottii var. elliottii, while varieties bahamensis and hondurensis shared the second most frequent genotype of P. elliottii var. elliottii. The P. oocarpa chloroplast genotype was not found in other taxa of the present study, but was found previously in Pinusechinata Mill, and Pinuspalustris Mill. The results of this study, taken together with other chloroplast data from subsection Australes, suggest a close relationship between P. caribaea and P. elliottii. This confirms previous morphological and biochemical evidence, but several discrepancies were apparent and are discussed.

Results of provenance and family within provenance trials of Pinus tecunumanii in Colombia, South America

A total of 13 trials comprised of 24 provenances and more than 520 families have been planted to date with CAMCORE (Central America and Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative) collections of Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz and Perry in the Andes region of Colombia. Provenances and families differed significantly ( P<0.01) for volume per tree and gravimetric ddensity in 8-year-old trials, for volume per tree in 5-year-old trials and for total height in 3-year-old trials. Provenances of Pinus tecunumanii produced significantly ( P<0.05) more volume per tree than provenances of Pinus oocarpa Schiede. For four trials measured at 8 years of age, correlations of family ranking were statistically significant ( P<0.001) for volume per tree at Ages 8 and 5 years.

Variation among Pinus oocarpa provenances tested in the Savanna region of Nigeria

Variation in height, diameter at breast height (dbh), stem form, branch thickness and branch angle of 12-year-old provenances of Pinus oocarpa Schiede tested at three different locations (Afaka, Nimbia and Miango) in the Savanna region of Nigeria was studied. The five provenances tested were San Fernando (Nicaragua), Sebaco (Nicaragua), El Zapotillo (Honduras), San Marcos (Honduras) and Gualan (Guatemala). Significant provenance differences existed in all the characteristics except branch angle. The San Fernando, Nicaragua, provenance had the fastest growth and best stem form among the provenances. Its other characteristics compared well with those of the other provenances. This provenance is therefore the most suitable among the P. oocarpa provenances tested for plantation development in the Savanna region of Nigeria. Growth rate of P. oocarpa in the test locations was observed to be higher than that of Pinus caribaea Morelet at these locations. The former species was also observed to exhibit better stem form than the latter.

A Variable-Form Taper Function for Pinus Oocarpa Schiede in Central Honduras

Abstract A variable-form taper equation was developed for Pinus oocarpa Schiede in central Honduras. The model predicts tree profile as a function of total height, diameter at breast height, and relative height with a continuous function using a changing exponent to compensate for the form of different tree sections. The proposed five parameter model predicts underbark diameters with a standard error of 1.4 cm. The point where the taper curve changes from neiloid to paraboloid form, the inflection point, was assumed to occur at 25% of total height. For the data used, no changes in the predictive ability of the model were observed with different locations of the inflection point. For. Sci. 36(1):186-191.

Multiple-Set Canonical Analysis: An Application to Forestry Genetics

SUMMARY A multiple-set canonical analysis was applied to investigate the existence of natural hybrids between Pinus caribaea Morelet and Pinus oocarpa Schiede trees sharing the same geographical area. The analysis strongly supported the view that hybridization is occurring at the sampled location. Two pine species, P. caribaea Morelet and P. oocarpa Schiede, were investigated in a natural forest at Pinalejo, Honduras (1 5?24'N, 88?25'W), where they occur sympatrically. They have economic importance for wood timber, pulp, chemical yields, and energy (Burley and Styles, 1976). It had been suggested that these two species could hybridize and previous results on morphological characters have suggested that possible hybrid trees do exist naturally (Styles, Stead, and Rolph, 1982). This paper presents a unified approach to the hybridization problem from a statistical viewpoint, considering together needle, cone, and chemical traits, and results from multipleset canonical analyses as described in Section 2. The sampling procedure was a transect laid down in Pinalejo, Honduras, where ten sampling stations (sites) were defined. Sites were not equally spaced due to availability of trees. Ten trees were sampled in each site, among those mature, dominant, and aged 20 years or more. Three sets of measurements were considered on a single-tree basis. Needle variates were length (NLNG), width (NWD), their number per fascicle (NNDL), length of the sheath (SHEZ), number of stomata on the dorsal and ventral sides (STD, STV), number of stomata rows per 5 mm section (ST5MM), and the number of resin canals in crosssection of the needle (RESN). Cone variates were length (CLNG), diameter (DIAM), width at midpoint of the cone (WMD), distance to widest point (DSWP), width of the umbo

Provenance Variation in Stem Volume and Wood Density ofPinus oocarpaandP. patulassp.tecunumaniiGrowing at Two Elevations in South Africa

SYNOPSIS Provenance trials of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and P. patula Schiede and Deppe ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz and Perry) Styles of the international series coordinated by the Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, were established in South Africa at the Wilgeboom State forest (945 m) and the KwaMbonambi State forest (65 m) in 1973. The trials were assessed in 1980 for volume under bark and wood density and these two traits plus the derived indices of within sample density variation and dry matter index were analysed. Statistically, there were highly significant differences (p<0,001) between provenances for the four traits at both locations with the exception of density at the KwaMbonambi State forest (p<0,25). The five provenances common to both locations produced 92% more volume under bark and were 12% higher in density at the Wilgeboom State forest indicating that sites in the Eastern Transvaal are more suitable for P. oocarpa/P. patula ssp. tecunumanii plantations than sites in Zululand. In contrast to the P. oocarpa/P. patula ssp. tecunumanii provenances, the P. elliottii Engelm. seed source had a higher density at lower altitude and this is similar to the results normally encountered for P. caribaea Morelet.

Prescribed burning of Pinus oocarpa in Honduras II. Effects on nutrient cycling

The effects of prescribed burning on nutrient cycling were studied in a stand of oocarpa pine ( Pinus oocarpa Schiede) in central Honduras. Small paired runoff plots were subjected to a low-intensity prescribed burn in one of two seasons and nutrient losses in runoff water and sediment were monitored together with nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation. Burning increased the loss of nutrients and net losses of calcium, potassium and magnesium were recorded during the first 16 1 2 months after burning. Increased rates of sediment loss rather than increased losses in surface runoff were responsible for the greater part of the increase in total nutrient losses from the burned plots. Greater quantities of nutrients were lost from the plots burned just prior to the dry season than from those burned after the start of the wet season because of slow recovery of the ground vegetation during the dry season and exposure to the intense rains of May and early June. Recovery from burning was rapid and runoff and sediment loss from the burned plots approached the levels of controls 2 years after burning. As nutrient losses are a reflection of total runoff and sediment losses, it is probable that no net nutrient losses would have been detected during the 2nd year after burning had sampling been continued. The net nutrient losses recorded were small and this is attributed to the low initial fuel loadings, low fire intensities and the rapid rate of recovery of the ground vegetation. The significance of other potential sources of losses and gains of nutrients is discussed and it is concluded that low-intensity prescribed burning for hazard reduction, with burning cycles ranging from three to seven or more years, will reduce the rate of nutrient accumulation on the site rather than deplete the nutrient capital.

Prescribed burning of Pinus oocarpa in Honduras I. Effects on surface runoff and sediment loss

The effects of low-intensity prescribed burning on surface runoff and sediment loss were studied in a stand of oocarpa pine ( Pinus oocarpa Schiede) in central Honduras. The effects of burning in two seasons were compared on small paired plots on 10°, 25° and 40° slopes. Over a period of almost 2 years, mean percent runoff was 1.73% on the control plots and 5.03% on the burned plots. Mean sediment loss during the same period was 80 kg ha −1 on the control plots and 1732 kg ha −1 on the burned plots. The relationship between slope and surface runoff and sediment loss was negative; the effect of slope being masked by variation of other site factors. Recovery from burning was rapid and is attributed to the rapid rate of recovery of the ground vegetation of grasses and forbs which are adapted to frequent burning. Surface runoff and sediment loss on control plots were very low and the increases caused by burning are considered an acceptable alternative to the exposure of the overstory and site to the high risk of wildfires in accumulated fuels. Greater runoff and sediment loss were recorded on the plots burned in February than on those burned in June. As the period November to mid-February offers the greatest number of days with weather conditions suitable for low-intensity prescribed burning, it is concluded that burning for hazard reduction should be conducted as early as possible in this period, in November and December, to permit greater recovery of the ground vegetation before the heavy rains of May and early June.