Pinus Caribaea Morelet Research Articles

Above-ground biomass production and nutrient accumulation in an age sequence of Pinus caribaea stands

The biomass and nutrient content of five stands of Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barr. and Golf. aged 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 years were estimated. Allometric equations relating dry weights of stemwood, bark, branches and needles to stem diameter were developmed to predict tree biomass. The proportions of tree components changed with tree size and stand age. Total biomass increased with plantation age and stood at 161.24 t h −1 in the 15-year-old stand. The mean annual biomass production was 10.75 t ha year −1 over the 15-year period. The data on mean periodic increment and net primary production showed that the rate of biomass accumulation was highest between 5 and 7 years, during which a peak of 19.18 t ha −1 year −1 in net primary production was attained. Stand nutrient contents increased with plantation age and were largely in the order nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > magnesium (Mg) > phosphorus (P). Average rates of nutrient accumulation increased rapidly in the early stages of stand development but changes in nutrient content were less marked as the stand age increased. With increasing stand age, biomass increment was more towards the bole, but nutrients were preferentially accumulated in the needles. The concentrations of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) decreased in the following order: needles> branches>stembark>stemwood.

Gibberellin A4/7 enhanced flowering in Pinuscaribaea var. hondurensis

Gibberellin A4/7 was applied to field-grown grafts of sexually mature poor and good flowering clones of Pinuscaribaea Morelet var. hondurensis. Barr. & Golf. Continuous applications of gibberellin A4/7 over a 6-week period significantly enhanced seed-cone production in poor flowering clones but had no effect on good flowering clones. Poor flowering clones also showed slight decreases in pollen-cone production with gibberellin A4/7, while clones that normally flowered well did not. Gibberellin A4/7 increased final shoot lengths in the lower (male) and upper (female) crown region of both poor and good flowering clones. A series of timed gibberellin A4/7 applications suggested that a single treatment near the onset of reproductive bud development may be used to enhance seed-cone production.

Effect of stocking rate on predominant height of young Caribbean pine plantations in coastal Queensland

Summary The effect of stocking (stems/ha) on growth in predominant height of young Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet var hondurensis Barr, and Golf.) in coastal Queensland was examined. A strong negative relationship was found in most cases from about five to eleven years. The potential implications for management are discussed.

Effects of waterlogging on the growth and water relations of three Pinus taxa

The response of Caribbean pine ( Pinus caribaea Morelet. var. hondurensis Barr. and Golf.), slash pine ( Pinus elliottii Englem. var. elliottii) and their F 1 hybrid to soil waterlogging was studied under glasshouse conditions. Plants were grown in either a lateritic or gleyed podzolic soil and pots were flooded in both autumn and summer treatments. Plant responses were influenced by both season and duration of flooding, and by soil type. All the Caribbean pine seedlings survived the autumn flooding, but showed very slow growth and had very low needle conductances. Summer-flooded plants exhibited rapid stomatal closure and low needle water-potentials accompanied by needle dehydration. All of the summer-flooded Caribbean pine seedlings died. Slash pine was much more flood-tolerant than was Caribbean pine, whilst the F 1 hybrid was intermediate between the two parents. All slash pine and F 1 hybrid seedlings survived autumn flooding and continued to grow, but survival was reduced with summer flooding, particularly in the short-term flooding treatment. Slash pine and F 1 hybrid seedlings showed morphological features of flood tolerance with production of adventitious roots and formation of lenticels in association with stem hypertrophy. Although stomatal opening was evident during autumn flooding, needle conductance was very much reduced in summer-flooded plants of these two taxa. Needle water-potential and relative water content were maintained near the control value in flooded slash pine grown in both soil types, but only for the F 1 hybrid in the flooded lateritic podzolic soil.

Somatic embryogenesis in immature embryos and protoplasts of Pinus caribaea

Somatic enbryogenesis was obtained from cultured immature embryos of Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis on media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), N 6-benzyladenine (BA) and/or kinetin. The stage of zygotic embryo development for optimal somatic embryogenesis was found to be the early stage of polyembryony. Embryogenic calli have been subcultured for more than ten months and have retained their embryogenic ability. Different callus lines (different genotypes) expressed distinct nutritional requirements for growth. Embryos bearing well differentiated cotyledons were recovered after transfer of calli on a modified Hakman and von Arnold (J. Plant Physiol., 121 (1985) 149–158) medium supplemented with abscisic acid and devoid of organic nitrogen. Rooted plantlets were obtained after transfer to an hormone-free medium. Protoplasts were isolated from embryogenic cells suspensions. Sustained divisions of protoplast-derived cells and regeneration of somatic proembryos were achieved using first the medium disigned for the culture of cotyledon protoplasts of the same species (E. Lainé et al., Physiol. Plant., 72 (1988) 374–379) and then dilution with the cell suspension medium. The appearance and nutritional requirements of the established protoplast-derived cell suspension were similar to those of the original cell suspension. Cell aggregates were transferred to solid medium for callus development. Fully differentiated embryos with cotyledons and hypocotyl were obtained 5 months after protoplast isolation.

Multiple-Set Canonical Analysis: An Application to Forestry Genetics

SUMMARY A multiple-set canonical analysis was applied to investigate the existence of natural hybrids between Pinus caribaea Morelet and Pinus oocarpa Schiede trees sharing the same geographical area. The analysis strongly supported the view that hybridization is occurring at the sampled location. Two pine species, P. caribaea Morelet and P. oocarpa Schiede, were investigated in a natural forest at Pinalejo, Honduras (1 5?24'N, 88?25'W), where they occur sympatrically. They have economic importance for wood timber, pulp, chemical yields, and energy (Burley and Styles, 1976). It had been suggested that these two species could hybridize and previous results on morphological characters have suggested that possible hybrid trees do exist naturally (Styles, Stead, and Rolph, 1982). This paper presents a unified approach to the hybridization problem from a statistical viewpoint, considering together needle, cone, and chemical traits, and results from multipleset canonical analyses as described in Section 2. The sampling procedure was a transect laid down in Pinalejo, Honduras, where ten sampling stations (sites) were defined. Sites were not equally spaced due to availability of trees. Ten trees were sampled in each site, among those mature, dominant, and aged 20 years or more. Three sets of measurements were considered on a single-tree basis. Needle variates were length (NLNG), width (NWD), their number per fascicle (NNDL), length of the sheath (SHEZ), number of stomata on the dorsal and ventral sides (STD, STV), number of stomata rows per 5 mm section (ST5MM), and the number of resin canals in crosssection of the needle (RESN). Cone variates were length (CLNG), diameter (DIAM), width at midpoint of the cone (WMD), distance to widest point (DSWP), width of the umbo

Fluoride‐induced enhancement and inhibition of photosynthesis in four taxa of Pinus

summary Pinus elliottii Englem. var. elliottii (PEE) and three varities of Pinus caribaea Morelet [var. caribaea Barr, et Golf. (PCC), var. bahamensis Barr. et Golf. (PCB) and var. hondurensis Bafr. et Golf (PCH)] were grown for a total of 125 days under gaseous hydrogen fluoride at 0.0, 1.2, 1.8.and 4.3 μg F m−3. Apparent photosynthesis was measured on 10–12 plants in each taxon and treatment during the last 10 days of the experiment, using needles free from visible injury that had matured before (old) or during the experiment (young). Rates of apparent photosynthesis were significantly greater in young needles of PCB and PCH exposed to 1.2 than to 4.3 μg F m−3, and in old needles of PCH exposed to 1.2 than to 0.0, 1.8 and 4.3 μg F m−3. Chlorophyll concentrations in old needles were consistently lower than those in young needles, but varied less with changes in ambient fluoride concentration, differences in photosynthetic rates of PCB, PCC and PCH corresponded generally with differences in concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a+b). Ambient fluoride concentrations less than about 1 μg F m3 appear unlikely to have deleterious short‐term effects on chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthesis in these taxa.

In vitro culture of shoots of Pinus caribaea on a liquid medium

Shoot apices of a clone of Pinus caribaea Morelet were cultured and multiplied in vitro by supporting them with their basal cut ends immersed in a liquid nutrient medium.

Provenance Variation in Stem Volume and Wood Density ofPinus caribaeaGrowing at Two Elevations in South Africa

SYNOPSIS Provenance trials of Pinus caribaea Morelet of the international series coordinated by the Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, were established at the Mariti State forest (1000 m) in 1974 and the KwaMbonambi State forest (65 m) in 1973. The trials were assessed in 1980 for volume under bark (VUB) and wood density (DEN) and these two traits plus the derived indices of within sample density variation (VAR) and dry matter index (DMI) were analysed. Statistically, there were highly significant differences (p<0,001) between provenances for the four traits at both locations with the exception of DEN at the Mariti State forest (p<0,025). The 10 provenances common to both locations produced 67% more VUB at the KwaMbonambi State forest and had a DEN that was 11% higher. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated for the assessed traits for the 10 provenances common to both locations. Provenance means between locations were significantly (p<0,01) correlated for the traits VAR, VUB and DMI but not for DEN. The P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett and Golfari provenance Guanaja was above average for DEN, VUB and DMI and was among the lowest for VAR at both locations while provenances of P. caribaea var. caribaea Barrett and Golfari were almost always below the trial mean for VUB and DMI at both locations.

Magnitude of Nutrient Influxes from Atmospheric Sources to a Central American Pinus caribaea Woodland

The lowland pine savannas of Central America are the native habitat of Pinus caribaea Morelet, var. hondurensis, a softwood species of extreme importance in tropical forestry (Lamb 1973). The pine savannas characteristically occur upon soils of very low fertility that are derived from quartz-rich coastal alluvial deposits or deeply weathered granites (Parsons 1955; Romney 1959; Taylor 1962). Despite this low fertility, suppression of fires in these savannas for several decades has precipitated the development of a woodland of P. cariba-ea (Munro 1966; Kellman 1976), and atmospheric influxes have been identified as the most likely source of nutrients driving this woodland development (Kellman & Hudson 1982). However, there are as yet no estimates available of the magnitude of atmospheric influxes to these ecosystems, although scattered data exist for influxes elsewhere in the tropics (Kellman, Hudson & Sanmugadas 1982). Moreover, all estimates of atmospheric influx in the tropics have so far comprised only estimates of bulk precipitation (sensu Whitehead & Feth 1964) despite there being reason to suppose that filtration of aerosols by tree canopies may augment this considerably. Estimates of tree-canopy filtration in several other areas have suggested a significant augmentation from this source (White & Turner 1970; Art et al. 1974; Mayer & Ulrich 1974; Miller & Miller 1980; Lovett, Reiners & Olson 1982; Lovett & Lindberg 1984).

Forest Seedling Establishment in Neotropical Savannas: Observations and Experiments in the Mountain Pine Ridge Savanna, Belize

Field observations, seed planting, and a growth chamber experiment have been used to test the hypothesis that forest invasion of savanna takes place at the enriched soil micro-sites provided by savanna trees. Field observations indicate that preferential establishment of woody seedlings is taking place beneath savanna trees but that most seedlings are of species already present, but infrequent, in savanna. Field seedling experiments indicate better establishment of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings beneath savanna trees but low survivorship at all sites. However, Xylopia frutescens, a tree characteristic of savanna edge thickets, is surviving well at all sites sown. Growth chamber experiments with Swietenia confirm both the better establishment on soil from beneath savanna trees and the ultimate failure on these soils due to potassium deficiency. Taken together the data indicate that forest invasion of savanna is likely to be a diffuse and multi-staged process. The successful intermediate species are likely to be those capable of prolonged slow growth fuelled by increments of nutrients from atmospheric sources. Introduction The accumulation of evidence pointing to periodic widespread reciprocal transgressions of forest and savanna in the Neotropics during the Quaternary has posed several fundamental problems about biogeographical processes. Among these, the mechanism of savanna invasion by forest taxa is particularly enigmatic. In an earlier paper (Keilman, 1979) one of us demonstrated that several trees native to Neotropical savannas can preferentially enrich the soil beneath them by capturing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, and postulated that these sites may provide nuclei for the invasion of infertile savanna soils by rainforest trees. This paper explores this hypothesis using data of three sorts: observations on spontaneous seedling establishment beneath savanna trees; planting of seed in the field; and a growth chamber experiment on seedling establishment on savanna soils. Observations and field experiments were conducted in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize (lat. 170 N, long. 890 W) near the settlement of Augustine. The area lies at an elevation of 500m and receives a total annual rainfall of 1560 mm with a pronounced dry season from February to April (Walker, 1973). The study sites, which were used in earlier work (Kellman, 1979), have been free of wildfire for at least 25 years and are covered by a mosaic of open savanna, scattered dicot. trees and shrubs, and developing groves of Pinus caribaea Morelet. Soils are coarse textured and exceptionally infertile Ultisols derived from granite. Surface soil beneath open savanna is acid (pH 5.0), of low cation exchang6 capacity (, 21 meq/ 100 g), low base saturation (, 2.5%) and low in available phosphorus (; 2.4 ppm PO43+) and total nitrogen (, 0.05%). Further details of the soils are provided in Kellman (1979). 0305-0270/82/0500-0193$02.00 ?1982BlackwellScientificPublications 193 13 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.27 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 04:57:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 194 Martin Kellman and Kiyoko Miyanishi

A new species of Pestalosphaeria on pine with comments on the generic placement of the anamorph

Pestalosphaeria hansenii n.sp. is described fom Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barrett and Golfari needles from Papua New Guinea. Isolations from single ascospores produced a Pestalotiopsis in culture that matched cultures derived from a Pestalotiopsis associated with the teleomorph on the pine needles. The new species is contrasted with Pestalosphaeria concentrica, P. austroamericana, and P. elaeidis. Discussion of the generic placement of the anamorph involves the names Pestalotiopsis, Pestalotia, Truncatella, Monochaetia, Lennisia, Coryneum, Seiridium, and Hyalocera (or Hyaloceras).

Oligonychus milleri on Pinus caribaea in Jamaica

Oligonychus milleri (McGregor) is recorded for the first time from Jamaica and from the caribbean pine, Pinus caribaea Morelet. Injury, biological control, and chemical control are discussed.

Essential oil constituents of needles, dry needles, inflorescences and resins of &lt;i&gt;Pinus caribaea&lt;/i&gt; Morelet growing in Bangladesh

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from needles, dry needles, inflorescences and resin of Pinus caribaea Morelet were analyzed by GC-MS. Seven chemical constituents in oil of needles, 13 in dry needles, 4 in inflorescences and 6 in resin were identified. The major constituents found in the needle oil are limonene, caryophyllene and germacrene D in the dry needle oil limonene, caryophyllene oxide and caryophyllene in the inflorescences oil caryophyllene oxide, limonene and crypton and in the resin oil bicyclo[3.1.1]hept -2-ene, 2,6,6- trimethyl- (52.82%), longifolen, crypton and β-pinene. Key words: Pinus caribaea, Chemical composition, Essential oil, GC-MS doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i2.1735 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(2): 211-212, 2008 (December)

A preliminary phytochemical investigation of the tannin obtained from Pinus caribaea Morelet*

A new and simple technique was developed in order to remove the water soluble substances from the tannin found in Pinus caribaea. This tannin exhibited all the chemical and physical properties usually attributed to phlobatannins. The so-called “phlobaphene test” when applied to certain derivatives gave a red color which indicated die development of a chromophoric group whose visible absorption spectrum was in die range of that exhibited by the anthocyanins. The colored compounds could be smoothly reduced to a colorless or nearly colorless compound which in appearance was much like the original compound. Analyses of several derivatives indicated that C15H14O6 residues might be present in the tannin molecule. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the original tannin and its derivatives was at about 2775 Å. which is in the region exhibited by several other naturally occurring phlobatannins and some anthocyanins.