Arachis Pintoi Research Articles

Productivity, utilization efficiency and sward targets for mixed pastures of marandugrass, forage peanut and tropical kudzu

This study was carried out to evaluate the productivity and utilization efficiency of a mixed marandugrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Mandobi) and tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) pasture, rotationally stocked at four daily forage allowance levels (6.6, 10.3, 14.3 and 17.9% of live weight), in order to define sward management targets for these mixtures. In each stocking cycle, dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, defoliation intensity (%), grazing depth (%) and grazed horizon (cm) were evaluated. Sward targets were defined according to the sward condition that best conciliated the grass-legume balance and the equilibrium between forage production and utilization. Pastures submitted to higher forage allowance levels showed higher productivity, but were less efficiently utilized. It was not possible to establish sward management targets for marandugrass-tropical kudzu pastures. For marandugrass-forage peanut pastures the best sward state was set with forage allowance of 10.3% of live weight. Under rotational stocking, the following sward targets were suggested for these pastures in the Western Amazon: pre-grazing height of 30-35 cm (June to September) or 45-50 cm (October to May) and post-grazing sward height of 20-25 cm (June to September) or 25-30 cm (October to May).

Roughage digestion evaluation in horses with total feces collection and mobile nylon bags

This study aimed to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of roughages in horses with total feces collection and mobile bags. Two trials were carried out simultaneously. The first trial evaluated the digestibility of nutrients of coastcross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) with total feces collection. The second trial assessed the digestibility of nutrients of alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa), peanut (Arachis pintoi) and coastcross hay with mobile bags. This trial was conducted with gastric insertions of nylon bags every 12 hours, and each bag contained 663 mg of feed samples in a proportion of 17 mg DM/cm². Feces and bags were collected directly from the stall floor immediately after excretion. There was no difference between the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrates and hydrolysable carbohydrates of coastcross hay estimated with feces collection and mobile bags. Forage peanut showed high nutrients digestibility, with values close to those observed with alfalfa, indicating potential for use in diets for horses.

Influence of drying treatments on antioxidant capacity of forage legume leaves

This study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacities of four common forage legume leaves namely, Arachis pintoi (Pintoi), Calapogonium mucunoides (Calapo), Centrosema pubescens (Centro), and Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo). Two different drying methods (oven-drying and freeze-drying) were employed and antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Freeze-dried extract showed the highest antioxidant activities by DPPH (EC50 values 1.17-2.13mg/ml), FRAP (147.08-246.42μM of Fe(2+)/g), and β-carotene bleaching (57.11-78.60%) compared to oven drying. Hence, freeze drying treatment could be considered useful in retention of antioxidant activity and phenolic content.

Compactação causada pelo manejo de plantas invasoras em latossolo vermelho-amarelo cultivado com cafeeiros

O manejo de plantas invasoras é considerado uma das principais atividades que promovem degradação da estrutura do solo em lavouras cafeeiras, devido à compactação do solo causada pelas operações de controle de plantas invasoras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga para o manejo de plantas invasoras sem capina, bem como, utilizando esse modelo, qual manejo de plantas invasoras causa menor ou maior compactação do solo. Este estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) cultivado com cafeeiros da cutivar Topázio MG 1190 desde 2006, localizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, na comunidade Farias, em Lavras-MG. Os manejos de plantas invasoras avaliados foram: na linha de tráfego da entrelinha - grade de discos, herbicida de pós-emergência, herbicida de pré-emergência, roçadora e trincha; e no centro da entrelinha, onde não houve tráfego - amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), capina manual, crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e soja (Glicine max L). A amostragem consistiu de duas etapas: uma para determinar o modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga para o manejo de plantas invasoras sem capina; e outra para avaliar a compactação promovida pelos outros manejos de plantas invasoras. A fim de determinar o modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga para o manejo sem capina, foram coletadas no centro da entrelinha 20 amostras com estrutura indeformada nas profundidades de 0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm, totalizando 60 amostras. Essas amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de compressão uniaxial para obter as pressões de pré-consolidação e as umidades volumétricas, que foram usadas para determinar o modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga. Para determinar a compactação causada pelos manejos de plantas invasoras, realizados por meio do controle mecânico, foram coletadas em janeiro de 2010, nas linhas de tráfego das entrelinhas, 180 amostras com estrutura indeformada (5 manejos x 3 profundidades x 12 amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada); para os manejos de plantas invasoras realizados com o uso de plantas de cobertura, foram coletadas em janeiro de 2010, no centro das entrelinhas, 180 amostras com estrutura indeformada (5 manejos x 3 profundidades x 12 amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada). Essas amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de compressão uniaxial, a fim de obter as pressões de pré-consolidação e as umidades volumétricas após a implantação dos manejos de plantas invasoras, e usadas nos critérios propostos por Dias Junior et al. (2005) para determinar a compactação causada por esses manejos. O uso dos modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga e das pressões de pré-consolidação determinadas após a implantação dos manejos de plantas invasoras permitiu identificar os manejos grade de discos, roçadora e trincha como os que promoveram maior compactação; os manejos braquiária, crotalária e soja foram os que causaram menor compactação nas três profundidades estudadas.

Soil microbial biomass under different management and tillage systems of permanent intercropped cover species in an orange orchard

To mitigate soil erosion and enhance soil fertility in orange plantations, the permanent protection of the inter-rows by cover species has been suggested. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in the microbial biomass, due to different soil tillage systems and intercropped cover species between rows of orange trees. The soil of the experimental area previously used as pasture (Brachiaria humidicola) was an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) originating from Caiuá sandstone in the northwestern part of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Two soil tillage systems were evaluated: conventional tillage (CT) in the entire area and strip tillage (ST) (strip width 2 m), in combination with different ground cover management systems. The citrus cultivar 'Pera' orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime rootstock was used. Soil samples were collected after five years of treatment from a depth of 0-15 cm, under the tree canopy and in the inter-row, in the following treatments: (1) CT and an annual cover crop with the leguminous species Calopogonium mucunoides; (2) CT and a perennial cover crop with the leguminous peanut Arachis pintoi; (3) CT and an evergreen cover crop with Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum; (4) CT and a cover crop with spontaneous Brachiaria humidicola grass vegetation; and (5) ST and maintenance of the remaining grass (pasture) of Brachiaria humidicola. Soil tillage and the different cover species influenced the microbial biomass, both under the tree canopy and in the inter-row. The cultivation of brachiaria increased C and N in the microbial biomass, while bahiagrass increased P in the microbial biomass. The soil microbial biomass was enriched in N and P by the presence of ground cover species and according to the soil P content. The grass species increased C, N and P in the soil microbial biomass from the inter-row more than leguminous species.

Evaluación de gramíneas y leguminosas forrajeras como coberturas y su influencia en el control de malezas en el establecimiento de cítricos en el piedemonte del Meta.

Con el propósito de desarrollar sistemas de manejo sostenible para el cultivo de cítricos en el trópico bajo, se evaluó el comportamiento de dos especies de leguminosas y cuatro gramíneas en comparación con el control mecánico y químico, en condiciones de terraza alta del Piedemonte del meta. se establecieron las especies Desmodium ovalifolium cv. Maquenque, Paspalum notatum, Brachiaria dictyoneura cv. Llanero, Arachis pintoi CIAT 18744, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Toledo y Panicum maximum CIAT 36000, y los controles herbicida, guadaña + herbicida. El área experimental se estableció en las calles de un cultivo de naranja Valencia del Centro Investigación La Libertad de Corpoica en Villavicencio. Se evaluaron las variables porcentaje de cobertura y producción de biomasa durante dos años, y resistencia a la penetración (RP) al finalizar el experimento. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la diferencia mínima significativa (DMS). Los mayores porcentajes de cobertura del suelo se obtuvieron con A. pintoi, P. maximun y B. dictyoneura, con 96,98%; 95,98% y 94,5%, respectivamente. En los 753 días después de establecido el ensayo, se encontró que P. maximum, produjo 20.053 kg ha-1 de materia seca, seguido de B. brizantha con 13.624 kg ha-1, los cuales superaron estadísticamente a otros tratamientos. Por otro lado, A. pintoi fue la especie que generó la menor RP seguida de D. ovalifolium. Los resultados obtenidos señalan ventajas en el uso de coberturas en la fase de establecimiento del cultivo de cítricos en cuanto al control de malezas, disminución de la resistencia a la penetración y protección del suelo a la erosión por escorrentía.

Grass-legume mixtures for enhanced forage production: Analysis of dry matter yield and competition indices

A six months field trial was conducted at the University Putra, Malaysia to evaluate dry matter yield and nature of competition between Panicum maximum (guinea grass) and each of the following legumes; Stylosanthes guianensis (stylo), Macroptillium bracteatum (burgundy bean), Arachis pintoi, and Centrosema pubescens (centro) in accordance with DeWit (1960) replacement principle. There were 20 treatments in all consisting of monocultures of grass, legume and grass-legume mixtures in the ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3 and 0:4. The competition indices employed were relative yield total (RYT), relative crowding coefficient (RCC) or (k) and aggresivity index (AI). Guinea-stylo, guinea-Arachis and guineaburgundy mixtures, irrespective of ratio combination, showed lower total dry matter yields than their respective grass monocultures. Guinea-centro (2:2) and guinea-centro (3:1), on the other hand, gave higher total dry matter yields (14.52 and 13.82 tons/ha), respectively than their grass monocultures. No significant differences were observed among mixtures; however, monocultures of legumes produced significantly lower yields (p < 0.05) than those of grass and mixtures. All mixtures recorded mean RYT values of greater than one (1). Guinea-stylo (GS 2:2) and guinea centro (GC 2:2) had the highest RYT values of 1.41 and 1.40 respectively. Mean k values of grasses in mixtures were higher than those of legumes except in guinea-stylo (GS 1:3) and guinea- Arachis (GA 1:3). Mean aggressivity index suggests that legumes were generally more aggressive at 1:3 grass-legume mixture combination, while grass gained the upper hand at 2:2 and 3:1 grass-legume proportion. Guinea-centro (GC 2:2) was recommended as the most compatible combination.

Área foliar específica e anatomia foliar quantitativa do capim-braquiária e do amendoim-forrageiro submetidos a sombreamento

A área foliar específica e as características anatômicas foliares da braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) e do amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) foram avaliadas em resposta a níveis de sombreamento artificial (0, 50 e 70%), com o objetivo de se determinar a aclimatação destas forrageiras às modificações no ambiente luminoso. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completamente casualizados, com três repetições. Foram realizados três e dois cortes, respectivamente, para avaliação das plantas de braquiária e amendoim-forrageiro. A área foliar específica das duas espécies aumentou linearmente em função do incremento nos níveis de sombra. Na braquiária, o aumento da área foliar específica foi acompanhado por redução linear na espessura da folha, com os níveis crescentes de sombra. Já a espessura das folhas de amendoim-forrageiro não sofreu alteração significativa com o sombreamento crescente. A densidade estomática nas faces adaxial e abaxial das folhas do amendoim-forrageiro e da braquiária diminuiu linearmente com o incremento nos níveis de sombra. Apesar do aumento na proporção de espaços intercelulares nas folhas de amendoim-forrageiro, a área ocupada pelos diferentes tecidos não foi afetada significativamente pelos níveis de sombra. As folhas de braquiária apresentaram aumento quadrático na área ocupada pela bainha do feixe vascular, no primeiro corte. A área ocupada pelos feixes vasculares e pelas células buliformes foi reduzida no segundo e terceiro cortes, respectivamente, com o sombreamento crescente. As espécies estudadas apresentaram boa aclimatação às variações na intensidade luminosa, e são boas alternativas para utilização em ambientes com baixos níveis de irradiância.

Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization under different tillage systems and Permanent Groundcover cultivation between Orange trees

The objective of this work was to evaluate the alterations in carbon and nitrogen mineralization due to different soil tillage systems and groundcover species for intercropped orange trees. The experiment was established in an Ultisol soil (Typic Paleudults) originated from Caiuá sandstone in northwestern of the state of Paraná, Brazil, in an area previously cultivated with pasture (Brachiaria humidicola). Two soil tillage systems were evaluated: conventional tillage (CT) in the entire area and strip tillage (ST) with a 2-m width, each with different groundcover vegetation management systems. The citrus cultivar utilized was the 'Pera' orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted onto a 'Rangpur' lime rootstock. The soil samples were collected at a 0-15-cm depth after five years of experiment development. Samples were collected from under the tree canopy and from the inter-row space after the following treatments: (1) CT and annual cover crop with the leguminous Calopogonium mucunoides; (2) CT and perennial cover crop with the leguminous peanut Arachis pintoi; (3) CT and evergreen cover crop with Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum; (4) CT and cover crop with spontaneous B. humidicola grass vegetation; and (5) ST and maintenance of the remaining grass (pasture) of B. humidicola. The soil tillage systems and different groundcover vegetation influenced the C and N mineralization, both under the tree canopy and in the inter-row space. The cultivation of B. humidicola under strip tillage provided higher potential mineralization than the other treatments in the inter-row space. Strip tillage increased the C and N mineralization compared to conventional tillage. The grass cultivation increased the C and N mineralization when compared to the others treatments cultivated in the inter-row space.

Leguminosas herbáceas perenes para utilização como coberturas permanentes de solo na Caatinga Mineira

The study objective was to evaluate the performance and potential of perennial herbaceous legumes for use as permanent soil cover in the Caatinga Mineira region MG, Brazil, for the introduction of these cover crops in agricultural areas. The experimental design was in a randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted on the leguminous: Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides, Arachis pintoi, Glycine wightii e Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala and the control (without the presence of leguminous). Were evaluated: seedling emergence and rate of soil cover, promotion of moisture retention and soil temperature, ability to inhibit the spontaneous vegetation, deposition potential of leaves and intake of macronutrients by senescence of leaves, dry matter production and accumulation of nutrients in the shoot. The full coverage of the soil was reached for Calopogonium mucunoides, Arachis pintoi and Pueraria phaseoloides. The Calopogonium mucunoides created greater capacity to retain moisture and inhibiting weeds. In all the treatments with leguminous, the soil temperature was lower than in control, from the 120 day cicle. In the region of Caatinga Mineira, the perennial leguminous Calopogonium mucunoides and Pueraria phaseoloides, could contribute significantly to the increase of the nitrogen and other macronutrients (K, P, Ca and Mg) and the increase of organic matter under the soil.

Calibration of the century, apsim and ndicea models of decomposition and n mineralization of plant residues in the humid tropics

The aim of this study was to calibrate the CENTURY, APSIM and NDICEA simulation models for estimating decomposition and N mineralization rates of plant organic materials (Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Stizolobium aterrimum, Stylosanthes guyanensis) for 360 days in the Atlantic rainforest bioma of Brazil. The models´ default settings overestimated the decomposition and N-mineralization of plant residues, underlining the fact that the models must be calibrated for use under tropical conditions. For example, the APSIM model simulated the decomposition of the Stizolobium aterrimum and Calopogonium mucunoides residues with an error rate of 37.62 and 48.23 %, respectively, by comparison with the observed data, and was the least accurate model in the absence of calibration. At the default settings, the NDICEA model produced an error rate of 10.46 and 14.46 % and the CENTURY model, 21.42 and 31.84 %, respectively, for Stizolobium aterrimum and Calopogonium mucunoides residue decomposition. After calibration, the models showed a high level of accuracy in estimating decomposition and N- mineralization, with an error rate of less than 20 %. The calibrated NDICEA model showed the highest level of accuracy, followed by the APSIM and CENTURY. All models performed poorly in the first few months of decomposition and N-mineralization, indicating the need of an additional parameter for initial microorganism growth on the residues that would take the effect of leaching due to rainfall into account.

EFIKASI TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM DENGAN BERBAGAI BAHAN ORGANIK DALAM PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG PADA LADA

The objective of this research was to determine the influence of the kinds of organic matter on the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai to control foot rot of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Trichoderma spp. were isolated from suppressive and non-suppressive soils taken from black pepper fields with high disease incidence. Screening of Trichoderma spp. isolates was conducted through antagonistic test with dual culture technique. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with six replications. Treatments were rice husk, rice straw, wood dust, Arachis pintoi, mixture of the four organic matters, the mixture without T. harzianum, and without organic matter. The test was conducted in greenhouse with media consisted of soil, organic matter, and sand (2 : 2 : 1, v/v). After being otoclaved, the medium was infested with T. harzianum and P. capsici each with five mycelium plugs of 1-cm diameter. Black pepper seedlings were planted 5 days after fungal infestation. After planting the seedlings, five leaf cuts were partly inserted into the soil on each pot. The variables observed were disease incidence on the leaf cuts inserted into the soil and disease severity on the stems and roots. The results show that all 16 Trichoderma isolates inhibited P. capsici colonies and some isolates showed stronger inhibition than the others. T. harzianum reduced disease severity, but there was no effect of the kinds of organic matter on the ability of T. harzianum to control foot rot.

Potential Phytoextraction and Phytostabilization of Perennial Peanut on Copper-Contaminated Vineyard Soils and Copper Mining Waste

This study sought to evaluate the potential of perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi) for copper phytoremediation in vineyard soils (Inceptisol and Mollisol) contaminated with copper and copper mining waste. Our results showed high phytomass production of perennial peanut in both vineyard soils. Macronutrient uptakes were not negatively affected by perennial peanut cultivated in all contaminated soils. Plants cultivated in Mollisol showed high copper concentrations in the roots and shoots of 475 and 52mgkg(-1), respectively. Perennial peanut plants showed low translocation factor values for Cu, although these plants showed high bioaccumulation factor (BCF) for both vineyard soils, Inceptisol and Mollisol, with BCF values of 3.83 and 3.24, respectively, being characterized as a copper hyperaccumulator plant in these soils. Copper phytoextraction from Inceptisol soil was the highest for both roots and entire plant biomass, with more than 800mgkg(-1) of copper in whole plant. The highest potential copper phytoextraction by perennial peanut was in Inceptisol soil with copper removal of 2,500gha(-1). Also, perennial peanut showed high potential for copper phytoremoval in copper mining waste and Mollisol with 1,700 and 1,500g of copper per hectare, respectively. In addition, perennial peanuts characterized high potential for phytoextraction and phytostabilization of copper in vineyard soils and copper mining waste.

Decomposition and nutrient release of leguminous plants in coffee agroforestry systems

Leguminous plants used as green manure are an important nutrient source for coffee plantations, especially for soils with low nutrient levels. Field experiments were conducted in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Brazil to evaluate the decomposition and nutrient release rates of four leguminous species used as green manures (Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Stizolobium aterrimum and Stylosanthes guianensis) in a coffee agroforestry system under two different climate conditions. The initial N contents in plant residues varied from 25.7 to 37.0 g kg-1 and P from 2.4 to 3.0 g kg-1. The lignin/N, lignin/polyphenol and (lignin+polyphenol)/N ratios were low in all residues studied. Mass loss rates were highest in the first 15 days, when 25 % of the residues were decomposed. From 15 to 30 days, the decomposition rate decreased on both farms. On the farm in Pedra Dourada (PD), the decomposition constant k increased in the order C. mucunoides &lt; S. aterrimum &lt; S. guianensis &lt; A. pintoi. On the farm in Araponga (ARA), there was no difference in the decomposition rate among leguminous plants. The N release rates varied from 0.0036 to 0.0096 d-1. Around 32 % of the total N content in the plant material was released in the first 15 days. In ARA, the N concentration in the S. aterrimum residues was always significantly higher than in the other residues. At the end of 360 days, the N released was 78 % in ARA and 89 % in PD of the initial content. Phosphorus was the most rapidly released nutrient (k values from 0.0165 to 0.0394 d-1). Residue decomposition and nutrient release did not correlate with initial residue chemistry and biochemistry, but differences in climatic conditions between the two study sites modified the decomposition rate constants.

Origin of triploid Arachis pintoi (Leguminosae) by autopolyploidy evidenced by FISH and meiotic behaviour.

Polyploidy is a dominant feature of flowering-plant genomes, including those of many important crop species. Arachis is a largely diploid genus with just four polyploid species. Two of them are economically important: the cultivated peanut and A. glabrata, a tropical forage crop. Even though it is usually accepted that polyploids within papilionoid legumes have arisen via hybridization and further chromosome doubling, it has been recently suggested that peanut arose through bilateral sexual polyploidization. In this paper, the polyploid nature of the recent, spontaneously originated triploid cytotype of the tropical lucerne, A. pintoi, was analysed, and thereby the mechanism by which polyploids may arise in the genus. Chromosome morphology of 2x and 3x A. pintoi was determined by the Feulgeńs technique and the rDNA sites were mapped by FISH. To investigate whether polyploidization occurred by means of unreduced gametes, a detailed analysis of the microsporogenesis and pollen grains was made. The 2x and 3x plants presented 9m + 1sm and a satellited chromosome type 2 in each haploid genome. Physical mapping revealed a cluster of 18S-26S rDNA, proximally located on chromosome 6, and two 5S rDNA loci on chromosomes 3 and 5. Diploid plants presented 10II in meiosis while trivalents were observed in all triploids, with a maximum of 10III by cell. Diploid A. pintoi produced normal tetrads, but also triads, dyads and monads. Two types of pollen grains were detected: (1) normal-sized with a prolate shape and (2) large ones with a tetrahedral morphology. Karyotype and meiotic analysis demonstrate that the 3x clone of A. pintoi arose by autopolyploidy. The occurrence of unreduced gametes strongly supports unilateral sexual polyploidization as the most probable mechanism that could have led to the origin of the triploid cytotype. This mechanism of polyploidization would probably be one of the most important mechanisms involved in the origin of economically important species of Arachis, either by triploid bridge or bilateral sexual polyploidization.

Comparative assessment of variation in the USA Arachis pintoi (Krap. and Greg.) germplasm collection using RAPD profiling and tissue culture regeneration ability

Arachis pintoi accessions were used to study genetic diversity using RAPD markers. Concurrently, two tissue culture protocols were evaluated for organogenesis and the capacity to generate somaclonal variation. Data were collected on callus growth, callus weight gain, and number of regenerated plants. Robust RAPD profiles were obtained and eight primers amplified 100 different bands with 98% polymorphisms. The proportion of polymorphic RAPD loci was 89%. Average genetic distance was 0.36 and indicated that a large amount of genetic diversity exists within the germplasm evaluated. Genetic distances were used to prepare a dendogram for the A. pintoi accessions that separated them into four groups. A large degree of variability for callus induction and callus weight gain was observed among the accessions. Shoot regeneration was achieved for several accessions on both media with no structures indicative of somatic embryogenesis detected. Root induction was difficult to obtain, and many shoots died during this process. RAPD band profiles of regenerated tissue culture plants were similar to their parent plants, and therefore no somaclonal variation was evident using these methods.

Least limiting water range and physical quality of soil under groundcover management systems in citrus

Machinery-based farming operations used for perennial fruit crops often damage soils, particularly if the soil is wet and prone to compaction. We hypothesized that perennial vegetation growing in the interrows of orange orchards can mitigate the soil physical degradation from machinery traffic. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different groundcover management systems on the soil physical quality indicators including the least limiting water range (LLWR). An experiment was started in 1993 in a Typic Paleudult to evaluate three groundcover management systems: Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) with mowing, perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi), and natural regrowth in which weeds were controlled by herbicide. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. In May 2003, 216 undisturbed soil samples were collected at 0-0.15-m depths under and between wheel tracks in the orchard interrows. The soil bulk density, soil organic carbon content, resistance to penetration, soil water retention curve and soil resistance to penetration curve were determined in order to estimate the LLWR. The higher LLWR under wheel tracks in Bahia grass compared to perennial peanut or natural regrowth suggest that a better soil physical quality was achieved with Bahia grass.

Cover crops alter phosphorus soil fractions and organic matter accumulation in a Peruvian cacao agroforestry system

In many tropical soils, excessive weath- ering of primary minerals confounded by intense agricultural production has resulted in the depletion of organic matter and plant available forms of phosphorus (P). Long-term growth of cover crops in tropical agroforestry systems have been shown to influence nutrient cycling, and soil organic matter pools. The objective of this experiment was to assess the affect of 2 years of cover-crop cultivation on organic matter accumulation and P bioavailability using Mehlich I and sequential fractionation methods. The experiment included six treatments in the understory of a cacao-plantain agroforestry system adjacent to lower montane tropical forests of the San Martin district of Eastern Peru. Cacao and plantain formed the primary canopy on otherwise abandoned agricultural land. The treatments consisted of four perennial leguminous cover crops (Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Canavalia ensiformis, and Centrosema macrocarpum), a non-legume cover crop (Callisia repens), and a control treatment (no cover crop). After only 2 years of cultivation, results suggest that all cover crop species accessed residual P pools in 0-5 cm soil depths as indicated by a decrease in the 0.5 M HCl extractable P pools when compared to control. Additional use of residual P pools by A. pintoi and C. macrocarpum were indicated by significant reduction in the 6.0 M HCl extractable P pool. Relative to control, there was no treatment effect on soil organic matter content; however significant differences occurred between treatments. The C. ensiformis, C. mucunoides and C. repens treatments in 5-15 cm soil depths contained significantly more organic matter than the A. pintoi treatment. In 15-30 cm soil depths the C. ensiformis treatment contains significantly more organic matter than the A. pintoi treatment. Continued research should focus on monitoring the long-term effects of cover crop cultivation on the bioavailability of soil P pools in surface soil horizons, development of organic matter pools and the productivity of the agroforestry species.

Determinación de la fijación biológica de N2 usando la técnica de abundancia natural del N15 en tres ecotipos de cacahuate forrajero

The percentage of nitrogen derived from N2 fixation was measured by the N natural abundance method, in three Arachis pintoi (Ap) ecotypes: CIAT 17434, 18744 and 18748, using an improved Bradyrhizobium strain CIAT 3101 (BS), and a mixing of native strains (NS). As reference plants, a non-nodulating Arachis hypogaea, Brachiaria arrecta, B. brizantha and Cynodon nlemfuensis were used.

In situ caecal degradation of roughages in horses

The present study was carried out to evaluate the in situ degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in roughages by the in situ caecal digestion technique in horses. The roughages evaluated were: Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa), peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo), desmodio(Desmodium ovalifolium), stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), lime-yellow pea (Macrotyloma axillare) and coastcross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross). The assay was conducted in a complete randomized design with seven roughages and three replications. One mare with a cannula fitted in the caecum was used, fed diet consisting of coastcross hay (80%) and concentrate (20%) at 2.0% BW, four times a day. Nylon 6.5 × 20 cm bags were used with 45 μ/pore, containing 5.2 g DM/bag, inserting 3 or 4 bags in the caecum at the times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours incubation. The caecum in situ degradability parameters of nutrients were obtained by Ørskov model. The DM degradability parameters of all the roughages were significant. There was no fit to the model for pigeon pea for CP and NDF and desmodio. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented larger potentially degradable DM with values of 53, 46.5 and 40%, respectively, and higher values for the soluble fraction of 20, 21, 28.6%, with high degradability rates of 10.36, 20.26 and 14.8% h-1. Higher NDF degradation rates were observed in these foodstuffs with values of 9.1 and 11.3, 11.2% h-1, high potentially degradable fraction with values of 55, 51.8 and 47.2%, and greater CP degradation at 48 hours with values of 87, 95, and 94.8%. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented potential for use in horses diets.