Pinning Control Strategy Research Articles

Mixed traffic group-based pinning control strategy and stability analysis: a cyber-physical perspective

In mixed traffic scenarios, vehicle interactions are more complex than in homogeneous traffic. To improve traffic efficiency, a group-based pinning strategy for mixed traffic is proposed. Initially, vehicles are divided into subgroups, and a longitudinal control algorithm for connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is implemented. Strategies for group-based control, including the splitting and formation of groups, are introduced. The string stability of subgroups with vehicle dynamics is analyzed, and two sufficient conditions for ensuring stability are derived. The proposed method is validated, demonstrating significant advantages in reducing travel time.

Synchronization on complex dynamical networks via intermittently sampled-data pinning control

Each specific control strategy has a unique advantage, and combining multiple control strategies can harness the advantages of these strategies. Designing new control strategies by integrating different control strategies is an interesting and challenging topic. This paper introduces an intermittently sampled-data pinning (ISP) control strategy, which merges intermittent control, sampled-data control and pinning control, to study synchronization on complex dynamical networks. The ISP control strategy is proposed to solve three difficulties: first, the controllers transmitting feedback signals may be discontinuous; second, the controllers often cannot operate continuously in practical applications; third, it is usually hard to control all nodes in a dynamical network as the network size is huge. Sufficient conditions are obtained for realizing synchronization on dynamical networks. Furthermore, time delays are incorporated into the proposed control strategy to address the untimely reception of feedback signals and achieve the synchronization conditions on dynamical networks. Finally, two numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Pinning synchronization of a complex network: Nodes, edges and higher-order edges

Abstract In recent years, the interdisciplinary study of complex networks has become increasingly important in fields ranging from biology and physics to sociology and mathematics. This paper focuses on pinning control, an approach essential for achieving coordinated behavior in dynamic networks. We explore recent advancements in pinning control strategies, explaining theoretical frameworks and simulation techniques. Additionally, we discuss the significance of certain structures within networks across different orders. Finally, We conclude with a summary of key insights and propose our outlook on future research.

Cluster synchronization of fractional-order coupled genetic regulatory networks via pinning control

Cell-to-cell interaction and quorum sensing are universal in real life and have an extremely important biological significance. Besides, fractional-order calculus has tremendous advantages in describing the memory of neurons and the inheritance of genes. In this article, the cluster synchronization of fractional-order coupled genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) is explored by applying pinning control technique. First of all, a type of coupled fractional-order models about GRNs is proposed based on the quorum sensing and cluster expression characteristics of genes. Secondly, by designing pinning control strategies and fractional-order inequalities, several sufficient criteria are constructed to reach cluster synchronization. Furthermore, the selection rule of pining nodes is provided to conduct what nodes can be selected to be pinned and how many nodes are pinned to achieve cluster synchronization. In addition, the fractional-order adaptive control strategy is designed to regulate control gains. Several numerical results are provided lastly to confirm the theoretical analysis.

Output tracking of coupled stochastic strict-feedback higher-order nonlinear systems under pinning control

This paper focuses on the tracking problem for a class of coupled stochastic strict-feedback higher-order nonlinear systems under pinning control. Compared with existing stochastic nonlinear tracking designs, our approach stands out by simultaneously considering coupling and higher-order characteristics for the first time. By utilizing the backstepping technique and designing virtual controllers, we obtain actual controllers that ensure the closed-loop system has an almost surely unique solution and is bounded in probability. Additionally, the fourth-moment of the output tracking error can be rendered arbitrarily small in the long run. Notably, to address the cost implications of imposing a controller on each node, we employ a pinning control strategy to selectively control a portion of the nodes. Moreover, a global Lyapunov function is derived combining Lyapunov method with graph theory. Eventually, a numerical simulation is shown to verify the theoretical results.

Reinforcement learning-based pinning control for synchronization suppression in complex networks

Synchronization in complex networks is a ubiquitous and important phenomenon with implications in various fields. Excessive synchronization may lead to undesired consequences, making desynchronization techniques essential. Exploiting the Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm, this work studies reinforcement learning-based pinning control strategies for synchronization suppression in global coupling networks and two types of irregular coupling networks: the Watts-Strogatz small-world networks and the Barabási-Albert scale-free networks. We investigate the impact of the ratio of controlled nodes and the role of key nodes selected by the LeaderRank algorithm on the performance of synchronization suppression. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reinforcement learning-based pinning control strategy in different coupling schemes of the complex networks, revealing a critical ratio of the pinned nodes and the superior performance of a newly proposed hybrid pinning strategy. The results provide valuable insights for suppressing and optimizing network synchronization behavior efficiently.

Optimizing platoon safety through key node selection in pinning control strategy

The advent of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and vehicular platooning has ignited high expectations for improving the safety performance of future transportation systems. Present control strategies for CAV platoons primarily concentrate on regulating each vehicle within the platoon. Although theoretically equipped to optimize a variety of performance metrics, this method is heavily dependent on communication and computational resources, which may lead to exorbitant costs. This study proposes a pinning control strategy that focuses on the selection of pivotal nodes, thereby facilitating the optimization of safety indexes for the entire platoon through the control of a select group of vehicles. The strategy encompasses two critical aspects: the identification of key control nodes and the application of node-based control. Initially, a feature matrix that includes both the intrinsic dynamics of the vehicles and the dynamics relative to other vehicles is developed. Spectral clustering is then utilized to identify these pivotal nodes. Subsequently, specialized control mechanisms for these nodes are devised, based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, with the objective of improving platoon safety. The efficacy of this strategy is corroborated through numerical simulations. To assess the safety performance, four categories of Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs), which consider distance and acceleration, are applied. The findings confirm that the pinning control strategy significantly enhances performance across various SSMs, considerably reducing the risk of collisions during platoon operations. Moreover, it improves operational efficiency and platoon stability, establishing its value as an effective method for safety enhancement.

Pinning intra-layer synchronization in multiplex networks of nonidentical layers

In this paper, we investigate intra-layer synchronization in multiplex networks via pinning control strategies. All layers have different topologies and different intrinsic node dynamics. Novel sufficient criteria are derived for pinning intra-layer synchronization of multiplex networks, which indicates that the pinned node set can stabilize the multiplex network if, for each layer, the pinned node(s) can access all unpinned nodes. A distributed adaptive algorithm and finite-time pinning algorithm for intra-layer synchronization of multiplex networks are also proposed. Finally, we give some numerical examples to validate the effectiveness of these theoretical results.

Stochastic synchronization of Kuramoto-oscillator network with pinning control

The issue of time cost for the Kuramoto-oscillator network synchronization has received widespread attention. However, there is no relevant research on the stochastic synchronization of the Kuramoto-oscillator network with partial uncontrollable oscillators. This article investigates the synchronization problem of the Kuramoto-oscillator network in noisy environments using the pinning control strategy and multilayer distributed control. Previous research requires control of all oscillators, which implies a great control cost. To reduce the control cost, the finite/fixed time pinning controllers are designed to provide the conditions for synchronization in noisy environments, and then the upper bounds on the convergence time of the network are estimated. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to justify the theoretical conclusions.

Clustering Component Synchronization of Nonlinearly Coupled Complex Networks via Pinning Control

In this paper, the problem of clustering component synchronization of nonlinearly coupled complex networks with nonidentical nodes and asymmetric couplings is investigated. A pinning control strategy is designed to achieve the clustering component synchronization with respect to the specified components. Based on matrix analysis and stability theory, clustering component synchronization criteria are established. Two numerical simulations are also provided to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Fixed-Time Pinning Synchronization of Intermittently Coupled Complex Network via Economical Controller

In this paper, the fixed-time pinning synchronization problem of an intermittently coupled complex network is investigated. An intermittently coupled complex network with delay is presented for the first time. A new fixed-time stability lemma is developed, which is less conservative than the existing results. A more economical controller is designed under intermittent pinning control strategy. Sufficient conditions are developed to realize fixed-time synchronization. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the obtained results.

Pinning Synchronization for Stochastic Complex Networks With Randomly Occurring Nonlinearities: Tackling Bit Rate Constraints and Allocations.

In this article, the ultimately bounded synchronization problem is investigated for a class of discrete-time stochastic complex networks under the pinning control strategy. Communication between system nodes and the remote controller is facilitated via wireless networks subject to bit rate constraints. The system model is distinguished by the inclusion of randomly occurring nonlinearities. A coding-decoding transmission mechanism under constrained bit rates is introduced to characterize the digital transmission process. To achieve synchronization of the network nodes with the unforced target node, a pinning controller is specifically devised based on the information from partially selected nodes. Through the application of the stochastic analysis method, a sufficient condition is derived for ensuring the mean-square boundedness of the synchronization error system. In addition, an optimization algorithm is introduced to address bit rate allocation and the design of desired controller gains. Within the presented theoretical framework, the correlation between the mean-square synchronization performance and bit rate allocation is further elucidated. To conclude, a simulation example is provided to substantiate the efficacy of the recommended pinning control approach.

Pinning-Based Neural Control for Multiagent Systems With Self-Regulation Intermediate Event-Triggered Method.

A pinning-based self-regulation intermediate event-triggered (ET) funnel tracking control strategy is proposed for uncertain nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs). Based on the backstepping framework, a pinning control strategy is designed to achieve the tracking control objective, which only uses the communication weight between the agents without additional feedback parameters. Moreover, by designing a self-regulation triggered condition based on the tracking error, the intermediate triggered signal is calculated to replace the continuous signal in the controller, so as to achieve the goal of discontinuous update of the controller signal, and this mechanism does not need to add additional compensation function to the controller signal. At the same time, the funnel method is adopted to restrict the error of step n and avoid the possible negative impact caused by control signal. Furthermore, the nonlinear noncontinuous faults are compensated by the disturbance observer. Then, the Lyapunov stability theorem is used to prove that all signals of the closed-loop system are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). Finally, some simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Adaptive Intermittent Pinning Control for Synchronization of Delayed Nonlinear Memristive Neural Networks With Reaction-Diffusion Items.

In this article, the global exponential synchronization problem is investigated for a class of delayed nonlinear memristive neural networks (MNNs) with reaction-diffusion items. First, using the Green formula, Lyapunov theory, and proposing a new fuzzy adaptive pinning control scheme, some novel algebraic criteria are obtained to ensure the exponential synchronization of the concerned networks. Furthermore, the corresponding control gains can be promptly adjusted based on the current states of partial nodes of the networks. Besides, a fuzzy adaptive aperiodically intermittent pinning control law is also designed to synchronize the fuzzy MNNs (FMNNs). The controller with intermittent mechanism can obtain appropriate rest time and save energy consumption. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the results in this article.

Design of Pinning Control Strategies of Different Neural Population Networks for Neuromodulation Research

Design of Pinning Control Strategies of Different Neural Population Networks for Neuromodulation Research

Adaptive pinning cluster synchronization of a stochastic reaction–diffusion complex network

This work aims to achieve cluster synchronization of a complex network by some pinning control strategies. Firstly, the network not only is affected by the reaction–diffusion and the directed coupling phenomena, but also is disturbed by the stochastic noise and Markovian switching. Secondly, switched constant gain pinning, centralized and decentralized adaptive pinning are proposed respectively to realize the cluster synchronization of the considered network. In these adaptive pinning controllers, the control gain and coupling strength can been adjusted automatically while only a part of the nodes are controlled. Thirdly, the target state of cluster synchronization is taken as the average state related to the directed topology of all nodes in the same cluster, and does not need to be given separately as an isolated node. Finally, to verify the theoretical results, some simulations of directed coupled reaction–diffusion neural networks with stochastic noise and Markovian switching are given.

Closed-loop control of higher-order complex networks: Finite-time and pinning strategies

Increasing evidences have demonstrated the essentiality of many-body interactions in modeling various systems in physics, biology, and social sciences. Control strategies are useful tools to steer real-world complex systems to desired targets. Existing works focus on open-loop control, which relies on predefined control signals, and closed-loop control, which requires an infinite-time duration, on conventional networks expressed by graphs. This work designs closed-loop controllers for higher-order complex networks characterized by simplicial complexes. Protocols including the linear feedback controller and a switching controller, which is a combination of a linear controller and a finite-time controller, are first adapted to higher-order networks to realize successful control tasks, with the rigorous upper bound of the control time theoretically derived and compared. Extensive numerical simulations on benchmark and real-world higher-order complex networks demonstrate the effectiveness of the control protocols and further provide insights on pinning control strategy to higher-order networks. These results shed light on a comprehensive discovery of controlling higher-order complex networks and have also applied values.

Research on Urban Road Traffic Network Pinning Control Based on Feedback Control

The development and application of pinning control methods create conditions for traffic area control, and the objective of possessing global control of the road network is achieved by controlling a small number of intersections in the road network. Based on this, an urban road network pinning control strategy is designed in this paper. Firstly, this paper establishes the state equation of the urban road traffic network according to the characteristics of traffic flow, and proposes an associated state equation for road sections and key intersections. Secondly, by adjusting the signal timing scheme of key intersections as the target of pinning control, it can restrain the road network to achieve the state with the minimum difference between the actual flow and the desired flow on each road section. At the same time, considering the dynamic nature of traffic flow and the fact that the flow rate on the road section changes continuously, a feedback control mechanism is established in order to determine the threshold value at which each road section enters the congestion state. In addition, when the flow rate of a road section exceeds its threshold value to reach the congestion state, the signal timing scheme of the key intersection needs to be adjusted again to ensure that the flow rate on the road section is always lower than the threshold value at which it enters the congestion state. The results show that the average delay time and average stopping time of the road network are reduced by 35.03s and 18.37s, respectively, compared with the original control scheme, proving that the control strategy can effectively reduce congestion and improve the operational efficiency of the road network.

Secure synchronization control for a class of complex time-Delay dynamic networks against denial-of-service attacks

In this paper, the secure synchronization control problem of a class of complex time-delay dynamic networks (CTDDNs) under denial of service (DoS) attacks is studied. Based on the pinning control strategy, a non-fragile sampling controller is designed for a small number of nodes in the complex network. It can effectively solve the problem of limited communication resources and has good anti-interference performance. In order to resist the influence of DoS attacks, an improved comparator algorithm is designed to obtain the specific information of DoS attacks, including the upper and lower bounds of the DoS attacks duration, the DoS attacks frequency and the specific active/sleeping interval of DoS attacks. Based on Lyapunov stability theory and by designing the pinning non-fragile sampling controller, new security synchronization criteria are established for CTDDNs. Finally, two numerical examples are given to verify the validity of the theories.

Finite/Prescribed-Time Cluster Synchronization of Complex Dynamical Networks With Multiproportional Delays and Asynchronous Switching

This article focuses on the finite-time and prescribed-time cluster synchronization problems of switched complex networks with proportional delays. Considering that the matched controller often switches behind the switched systems, asynchronous switching law and switching parameters have been introduced to the complex dynamical networks. By applying the stability theory of dynamical systems and the average dwell time approach, some sufficient criteria in form of linear matrix inequalities have been developed to guarantee such networks finite/prescribed-time cluster synchronization under the pinning control scheme. Finally, one numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results.