Pinnata Leaf Research Articles

Green synthesis of undoped and yttrium, bismuth co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Bryophyllum pinnatum for photocatalytic application

In this research, a non-toxic, inexpensive, and environment-friendly green synthesis route was investigated to synthesize undoped and Y, Bi co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by using Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract. Precursor material titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) was utilized for both undoped and co-doped TiO2 and Yttrium and Bismuth were added to 1, 2, and 3 percent as co-dopants. The obtained undoped and Y, Bi co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques, which include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV–Visible spectroscopy for the evaluation of the structural, morphological, and photocatalytic activity. Anatase phase formation was observed from the XRD analysis for both undoped and Y, Bi co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The average particle size for undoped TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 15.92 nm which raised to 21.70 nm for 3 % co-doping. UV–Vis Spectroscopy analysis revealed a reduction on band gap energy (Eg) for Y, Bi co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Methylene blue (MB) photodegradation demonstrates co-doping with Y, Bi significantly increases the photocatalytic activity. Overall, green synthesis using Bryophyllum pinnatum was found to be an economical method to fabricate TiO2 NPs that shows great improvement in photo-degradation characteristics.

Reproductive Analysis of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf extract against Cadmium Induced Testicular Damage

The purpose of this study is to explore if treatment with aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was effective in minimising cadmium induced testicular damage on the testes of male wistar rats. Twenty (20) mature male wistar rats was collected from Animal House of the Faculty of Basic medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Four subgroups, each consisting of four rats, were created from them. Group I was the control group and was given unlimited access to food and water for a period of two weeks. Group II was given a two-week treatmet of B. pinnatum together with CdcT + lovv. Group III had B. pinnatum at a medium dosage together with Cdcl for a fortnight. For two weeks, group IV received a high dosage of B. pinnatum along with Cdcl. Upon completion of the final dosage, the rats were sedated, and a blood sample was taken from each one via ocular puncture using a micro capillary tube for biochemical analysis and an epididymis dissection for semen analysis. All particulate parameters were analysed according to standard protocols. The results indicated a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the rats’ final body weights in groups B and D in comparison to the control group. When the test groups’ testicular weight was compared to the control group, it dropped considerably (p<0.05). Comparing all test groups to control, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in both FSH and testosterone. When comparing the test groups to the control, there was a substantial (p<0.05) decrease in the motility of active sperm, but there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the motility of sluggish and non-motile sperm. This study shown that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract cannot reverse the reproductive harm caused by cadmium in rats. Keywords: Testes, Cadmium, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Reproductive Analysis, Cadmium and Testicular Damage

Novel drug delivery materials: Chitosan polymers conjugated with Spondias pinnata phytocompounds for enhanced anti‐microbial and anti‐cancer properties

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate the drug delivery potential of chitosan‐conjugated Spondias pinnata phytocompounds for anticancer and antibacterial applications. The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extract of S. pinnata plant leaves revealed seven major compounds, including stearic acid, 2H‐Indol‐2‐one, beta amyrin, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 7‐hexadecenoic acid, and phytol. Additionally, five minor compounds were identified through GC–MS analysis. SEM analysis of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds revealed amorphous particles. This demonstrates the attainment of optimized larger crystallites, which differ in size and shape extensively. The antioxidant potential of both the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds and S. pinnata leaf extracts was evaluated via DPPH and ABTS assays, and the results revealed that the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds exhibited significant scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 18.20 and 33.15 μg/mL, respectively. Chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds also demonstrated antibacterial activity against four clinically significant infections, with zones of inhibition ranging from 16 ± 0.07, 19 ± 0.10, 17 ± 0.09, and 19 ± 0.11 mm against Escherichia coli (MTCC 452), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 39), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds was assessed against A549 lung cancer cells, and the results revealed a significant reduction in cell viability (33.85) at higher concentrations of 150 μg/mL. The IC50 values of S. pinnata leaf extract (149.2 mg/mL) and chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata (126.4 mg/mL) toward A549 lung cancer cells were recorded. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the therapeutic applications of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds, particularly in the context of their anticancer and antibacterial activities.

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Africa Never Die) leaf extract on bacterial organisms isolated from urine of pregnant women attending a tertiary health facility in Enugu, Nigeria

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Africa Never Die) leaf extract on bacterial organisms isolated from urine of pregnant women attending a tertiary health facility in Enugu, Nigeria

Eco-friendly synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles using Millettia pinnata towards increased anti-oxidant, anti-biofilm and cytocompatibility properties against biofilm producing bacteria and human pulmonary alveolar basal cells

Biofilm architecture is an emerging threat worldwide due to enhanced antibiotic resistance against existing antibiotics, thus heightening the need to discover the alternative therapies that can eradicate the biofilm colonization. Current study highlights the eco-friendly, non-toxic nature of Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using Millettia pinnata (M. pinnata) leaves extract and their application in anti-oxidants, anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm and cytocompatibilities. The GC-MS and FT-IR spectral data suggested that phytochemical derivatives of M. pinnata leaf extract simultaneously contributed in bio-reduction process and capping agent of Co3O4 NPs, which might be reason for anti-oxidant activities. Further, XRD analysis confirms the polycrystalline behaviour of Co3O4 NPs having hexagonal crystal system. FESEM, HRTEM, EDAX and elemental mapping revealed the formation of agglomerated granular shape along with nanorods on the surface of Co3O4 NPs, which confirms the presence of carbon and oxygen. Additionally, the characteristic band and thermal decomposition of Raman and TGA spectral data confirmed the molecular structure of Co3O4 NPs. Subsequently, both the M. pinnata leaves extract and Co3O4 NPs were found to be excellent source of antioxidants and produced significant DPPH and hydroxyl scavenging activities. Furthermore, the sub-biofilm inhibitory concentration of biosynthesized Co3O4 NPs reduced the biofilm growth in S. aureus and K. pneumoniae by crystal violet assay at increasing concentration. In addition, the membrane integrity of biofilm damages and architecture destruction was evidently proved due to the biosynthesized Co3O4 NPs by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observation. Finally, the cytotoxicity experiment results indicated, biosynthesized Co3O4 NPs has no toxicity against human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells at maximum concentration. Accordingly, findings of this study supported the utility of safety and efficiency of biosynthesized Co3O4 NPs against biofilm producing bacteria, and deserve as promising future drug discovery target for various bacterial infections.

MoO3 Nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalysis, antioxidant activity and some selected biomedical applications: Perioria pinnatum leaf extract assisted with green synthesis and Characterization

Molybdenum oxide nanoparticles were prepared in a single step by a solution combustion reaction using ammonia molybdenum powder as precursor and Perioria pinnatum leaf powder as a novel fuel. Crystalline phase and morphology of the products were studied systematically characterized by PXRD, FESEM-EDS, UV-Visible, FESEM and FT-IR analysis techniques. Results show a variety of MoO3 nanoparticles within the size range of 10–80 nm. Furthermore, micro rods and micro sheets were also obtained through this method whose length varied in the order of microns. The synthesized MoO3 nanoparticles as versatile biological agents.

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Leaf ethanolic extract exerts selective anticancer activity through ROS-induced apoptotic cell death in human cancer cell lines

BackgroundThe leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (K. pinnata), a succulent plant native to tropical regions, are used as a medicinal alternative against cancer in several countries worldwide; however, its therapeutic potential to fight cancer has been little addressed. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and selectivity of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract against different human cancer cell lines in vitro.MethodologyThis study subjected the ethanolic extract to enzymatic assays to quantify the phytochemical content (phenolics, flavonoids, and anthraquinones) and its radical scavenging and iron-reducing capacities. Also, the phytoconstituents and major phenolic compounds present in the extract’s subfractions were identified by GC-MS, HPLC, and NMR. Human cancer (MCF-7, PC-3, HT-29) and normal colon (CoN) cell lines were treated with different concentrations of K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract, and the changes in cell proliferation (sulforhodamine B assay), caspases activity (FITC-VAD-FMK reporter), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, rhodamine 123 assay), chromatin condensation/fragmentation (Hoechst 33342 stain), and ROS generation (DCFH2 probe assay) were assessed.ResultsThe results showed that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract is rich in phytoconstituents with therapeutic potential, including phenols (quercetin and kaempferol), flavonoids, fatty acid esters (34.6% of the total composition), 1- triacontanol and sterols (ergosterol and stigmasterol, 15.4% of the total composition); however, it presents a poor content of antioxidant molecules (IC50 = 27.6 mg/mL for H2O2 scavenging activity vs. 2.86 mg/mL in the case of Trolox). Notably, the extract inhibited cell proliferation and reduced MMP in all human cell lines tested but showed selectivity for HT-29 colon cancer cells compared to CoN normal cells (SI = 8.4). Furthermore, ROS generation, caspase activity, and chromatin condensation/fragmentation were augmented significantly in cancer-derived cell lines, indicating a selective cytotoxic effect.ConclusionThese findings reveal that the K. pinnata leaf ethanolic extract contains several bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential, capable of displaying selective cytotoxicity in different human cancer cell lines.

Impact of extraction techniques and process optimization on antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract

ABSTRACT Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. is an ethnomedicinal plant known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and therapeutic potential. The current study was an effort to explore the impact of extraction technique on the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial profile of the plant extracts. K. pinnata leaf extracts were prepared using conventional solvent extraction (100% methanol; 50% methanol: 50% water; 100% water), microwave-assisted extraction at 700-W power (3 min; 6 min; 9 min), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (3500 psi; 4500 psi; 5500 psi). Best results were attained from SFE in terms of total phenolic content (240 ± 3 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (165.2 ± 0.4 mg QE/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging potential (91.9 ± 0.4%), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay value (8.04 ± 0.03 mMol TE/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay value (471.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL). K. pinnata leaf extracts have been found to be most effective against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (22.20 ± 0.95 mm) and least effective againstProteus vulgaris (0 ± 0 mm). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of K. pinnata extract showed that it contains flavanol quercetin (2.0 ± 0.1 mg/g). It is evident from the findings of current study that K. pinnata extract can effectively treat bacterial infections and can cure metabolic disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Application of advance extraction techniques enhances the biological activity of plant extracts.

Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaf extract mediated MoS2/ZnO nanocomposite for robust photocatalysis applications

One of the primary problems of the twenty-first century is the removal or degradation of organic dyes and antibiotics from water systems since they both contribute significantly to water pollution. To address this issue, molybdenum disulfide and zinc oxide nanocomposite (MoS2/ZnO) were produced by simple, eco-friendly and low cost process using Bryophyllum pinnatum (leaf) phytoextract (BPP) as a reducing as well as capping agent. The prepared BPP-mediated MoS2/ZnO nanocomposite (BP-MoS2/ZnO NC) samples were characterized through various techniques including powder XRD, Rietveld refinement, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FESEM, DLS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The BP-MoS2/ZnO samples were further tested for their use in the sunlight-powered photocatalytic breakdown of methylene blue (MB) and their efficiency to break MB molecules was contrasted with the BPP-mediated ZnO (BP-ZnO), Chemical ZnO (Ch-ZnO) and pure MoS2. The photocatalytic investigation reveals a remarkable enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of pristine ZnO when sensitized with MoS2. These results underscore the synergistic effect achieved by combining ZnO and MoS2. Notably, we found that the optimal catalytic performance is achieved at a Mo atomic percentage of 2 % relative to Zn, emphasizing the importance of precise control for maximizing efficacy. Under sun exposure, 0.5 g/L of BP-MoS2/ZnO resulted in 89.35 % photodegradation of a 20 mg/L MB solution with a rate constant of 0.07537 min-1, which was around 10.42 %, 28.51 %, and 51.86 % greater than BP-ZnO, Ch-ZnO, and pure MoS2, respectively. Further, the efficacy of the BP-MoS2/ZnO NC as solar-driven photocatalysts for removal of pharmaceutical drugs (Amoxicillin & Metronidazole) and textile dyes (Methyl orange) pollutants in sunlight was also investigated. These results show that Bryophyllum extract-mediated MoS2/ZnO is a promising material for solar-based photocatalytic applications.

Bryophyllum pinnatum mediated eco-friendly synthesized porous microstructures of self-assembled Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles for methylene blue removal

Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Co-ZnO NPs) were synthesized using a phytoextract mediated technique with varying concentrations of Co (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 at.%), employing Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract as the stabilizing/capping agent. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized Co-ZnO crystallize in a wurtzite crystalline phase with P63mc space group. FE-SEM imaging depicted the self-assembly of nanoparticles, forming porous microstructures. UV–Visible spectra analysis indicated a gradual decrease in the bandgap energy of the ZnO lattice with increasing Co concentration. Additionally, by examining the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB), the photocatalytic activity of the Co-ZnO NPs was assessed. Results showed that Co-ZnO NPs with 5 % Co exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, suggesting an optimal Co dopant concentration that minimizes the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers compared to other samples. Under sunlight exposure, Co-ZnO NPs with 5 % Co demonstrated effective photocatalytic activity, achieving the degradation of 98.08 % of a 10 mg/L MB solution within 60 min using a 1.2 g/L dosage, with a rate constant of 0.0582 min−1.

Comparison of photocatalytic vs conventional transesterification for biodiesel preparation from fish waste oil using green TiO2/SiO2 catalyst

This work has focused on various aspects that include environmental beingness, conservation of energy, and compatibility of TiO2 over the porous material SiO2. The current work describes the single pot green synthesis of TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst using pongamia pinnata leaf extract. Core shell formation of TiO2 over SiO2 was displayed in SEM pictures confirming the uniform coating of TiO2 on SiO2. Fish waste oil was employed as the bioresource for the FAME preparation through phototransesterification and conventional transesterification methodologies using the composite catalyst. At the fixed reaction conditions (catalyst weight = 30 mg, and oil: methanol = 1:5), TiO2/SiO2 catalyst showed good catalytic activity in both photoinduced and conventional transesterification methods (97.5% and 98.6% respectively into 94.5% and 95.65% FAME respectively). The resulting biodiesel was tested according to ASTM standards which showed the viscosity of the photocatalytic biodiesel (5.6 mm2/S) and transesterification biodiesel (4.5 mm2/S) was higher and calorific value (<45 MJ/kg) was also marginally less compared to fossil diesel. The future scope of the work would be to increase the HHV and studies on automobile parameters of the prepared biodiesel.

An Assessment of the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Cobalt Nanoparticles Synthesized From Millettia pinnata, Butea monosperma, and Madhuca indica Extracts: A Comparative Study.

Objective This study aimed to synthesize cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) via the green synthesis method using Millettia pinnata(M. pinnata), leaf (MPL), Butea monosperma(B. monosperma)flower (BMF), and Madhuca indica(M. indica)flower (MIF) as eco-friendly reducing agents. It further aimed to compare the effectiveness of these plant extracts in CoNPs production and evaluate the antioxidant activities of the synthesized nanoparticles (NPs), establishing a link between the phytochemical constituents of the extracts and the antioxidant capacity of CoNPs for potential applications in drug development and environmental sustainability. Materials and methods CoNPs were synthesized using aqueous extracts of MPL, BMF, and MIF. These extracts act as stabilizing and self-reducing agents. Initially, the presence of CoNPs was detected visually by observing a color change. To confirm this observation, UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed. UV-visible spectroscopy helps in analyzing the absorption of light by the CoNPs, while FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional groups present in the NPs. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of the synthesized CoNPs was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay. This assay measures the ability of antioxidants to neutralize free radicals by determining the reduction in the DPPH radical's absorption. To ensure the reliability of the results, the experiments were conducted in triplicate. Statistical analysis was then performedto compare the antioxidant effectiveness of the different plant extracts used in synthesizing the CoNPs. This analysis helps in determining any significant differences in antioxidant activity among the extracts. Results UV-visible spectral analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of CoNPs, revealing characteristic absorption peaks. For M. pinnata leaf extract (MPLE), the maximum peak was observed at ~272 nm, while B. monosperma flower extract (BMFE) exhibited a peak at ~276 nm, and M. indica flower extract (MIFE) revealed a maximum peak at ~320 nm. FTIR analysis further validated the presence of organic molecules from plant components on the outer layer of CoNPs, indicating successful capping and stabilization by phytochemicals from the extracts. The spectra displayed various peaks at different wavenumbers: MPLE showed prominent peaks at 3335 cm-1, BMFE showed distinct peaks at 3314 cm-1, and MIFE exhibited significant peaks at 3261 cm-1. Among the three types of CoNPs tested, those synthesized using MIFEexhibited the highest inhibition of 87.67% at a concentration of 60 µL. This higher inhibition was compared to those synthesized using BMFEand MPLE. This study suggests that the CoNPs synthesized on MIFEcan serve as an antioxidant agent because of their remarkable free radical-scavenging activity. Conclusions The study highlights the potential of CoNPs synthesized using MIFE as they exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to those synthesized with BMFE and MPLE. Therefore, the study underscoresthe promise of MIFE as a valuable natural resource for producing CoNPs abundant in antioxidants. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of implementing environmentallyfriendly synthesis techniques to produce nanomaterials that are both safe for the environment and biologically effective.

Comparative Antioxidant Efficacy of Green-Synthesised Selenium Nanoparticles From Pongamia pinnata, Citrus sinensis, and Acacia auriculiformis: An In Vitro Analysis.

Aim This study aims to synthesise selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using extracts from Citrus sinensis peel (CSP), Millettia pinnata Leaf (MPL), and Acacia auriculiformis bark (AAB) as eco-friendly reducing agents. It seeks to compare the effectiveness of these plant extracts in the production of SeNPsand evaluate the antioxidant activities of the synthesised nanoparticles, establishing a link between the phytochemical constituents of the extracts and the antioxidant capacity of SeNPs for their potential applications in drug development and environmental sustainability. Introduction Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions in various fields, including medicine, environmental science, and materials engineering. SeNPs are of particular interest due to their unique properties and potential applications. The methods for synthesizing nanoparticles often involve hazardous chemicals, posing risks to the environment and human health. In response, green synthesis methods utilizing plant extracts have emerged as a sustainable alternative. This study focuses on utilizing CSP, MPL, and AAB extracts, rich in natural reducing agents such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, for the eco-friendly synthesis of SeNPs. These plant sources are chosen based on their known phytochemical profiles and potential antioxidant activities, and we aim to explore the correlation between the extracts' phytochemical composition and the antioxidant capabilities of the synthesised SeNPs. Methods SeNPs were synthesised using aqueous extracts of CSP, MPL, and AAB through a reduction process, in which selenium ions (Se4+) are reduced to elemental selenium. The presence of SeNPs was first visually monitored by colour change and then confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. The antioxidant activity of the synthesised SeNPs was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the efficacy of SeNPs synthesised from different plant extracts was compared. Results The UV-Vis spectral analysis indicated a successful synthesis of SeNPs, as evidenced by the characteristic absorption peaks. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of organic molecules derived from the plant components on the outer layer of SeNPs, suggesting successful capping and stabilization of nanoparticles by phytochemicals in the extracts. Among the three types of SeNPs, those synthesised using Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, indicating superior antioxidant properties compared to SeNPs synthesised from Millettia pinnata leaf extract (MPLE) and Acacia auriculiformis bark extract (AABE). This suggests that the antioxidant capacity of SeNPs is significantly influenced by the phytochemical composition of the plant extract used for synthesis. Conclusion The study highlights the potential of CSPE as an effective natural source for synthesising antioxidant-rich SeNPs and underscores the importance of green synthesis approaches in producing environmentally friendly and biologically active nanomaterials.

Antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract on the in-vitro growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Background: Infectious diseases caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria infection continue to be a significant cause of health problems. Over the past decades, there has been a growing interest in Spondias pinnata research. It has also been demonstrated that the essential oil and leaf extract of Spondias pinnata has strong antibacterial properties. This study aims to assess and analyze the antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. Methods: The design of this research is an experimental study with a post-test-only control group design at the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Warmadewa, and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana. The samples in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium bacteria in which antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract was tested by using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: The active compounds contained in the extract of Spondias pinnata leaf include saponins, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Antibacterial activity of 60% extract concentration on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans) had a strong inhibitory effect. Antibacterial activity of 40% and 60% extract concentrations on Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium) had moderate inhibitory effects. Conclusion: Spondias pinnata leaf extract had antibacterial activity potential on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, aligning with its increased concentration.

Thermal, Physical, and Electrical Characterization of Millettia Pinnata Leaf Powder, Alumina, Glass Sheet, Boron Nitride Reinforced Epoxybased Hybrid Composites: An Experimental Scrutiny

Aims and objectives:: The aim of this study was to fabricate epoxy resin-based hybrid composites reinforced with biodegradable Millettia pinnata leaf powder in conjunction with glass sheets, boron nitride, and alumina for the production of printed circuit boards. Method:: For this application, various thermal, physical, and electrical tests were conducted by the authors. The thermal test results showed that the alumina-based epoxy hybrid composite has more thermal stability than the neat epoxy. Moreover, upon adding BN/Alumina, the flame retarding properties of the epoxy hybrid composites improved. We also observed that with the increase in the content of BN and alumina, the thermal conductivity of the hybrid composite was enhanced. From the water absorption tests, the hybrid composite with 6g BN showed the least amount of water consumption. Particularly, adding BN and leaf powder from 2 to 6 g gave better results for the decrease in water absorption, as compared to adding alumina in the epoxy-based hybrid composite. Result:: Lastly, from the electric tests, we observed that with the increase in frequencies, the dielectric constant of the hybrid composite decreases. At a lower frequency range, the hybrid composite having 2g of BN and millettia pinnata leaf powder shows the lowest dielectric constant, whereas, at a higher frequency range, 2g of alumina and millettia pinnata leaf powder shows the lowest dielectric constant. Conclusion:: We predict that the results reported in this investigation will aid in accelerating the engineering applications of epoxy resin-based hybrid composite materials and help patent the material compositions for specific purposes.

Activity of Paullinia pinnata leaf fractions on bacterial isolates associated with treatment-failure wounds

The current surge of multidrug resistant infections has led to many cases of treatment failure in clinical practices. This has necessitated the search for new drugs from natural sources which could be used to curb this menace. Paullinia pinnata (Linn.) leaves are deployed traditionally for the treatment of various ailments such as malaria and the treatment of wounds. The essence of this study is to assess the antibacterial potential of P. pinnata leaf fractions on four antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from treatment failed wounds. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were obtained from the methanol extract of the leaves of P. pinnata by the one-solvent system fractionation. The antibacterial capacity of the fractions was determined by the agar well diffusion method and gentamicin (30 µg/mL) was the control. Clinical isolates of two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria were used. The fractions showed no activity to moderate activity at lower concentrations. The ethyl acetate fraction showed bacteriostatic activity in a dose-dependent manner and was better than that of n-hexane, and could therefore be a good drug target for antimicrobial therapies, especially for wound treatment.

Phenolic-rich extract from Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf cultivated under drought stress conditions modulates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers (Crassulaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. There is preclinical and clinical evidence that proves its anti-inflammatory effect. This species is a good source of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, being quercetin 3-O-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (Bp1), the main compound. However, to ensure the reproducibility of raw material as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, it is necessary to standardize the production chain from cultivation to the final product. The aim of this study was to understand whether water stress increases the phenolic content in B. pinnatum leaves and its effect on the modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. B. pinnatum was submitted to drought stress, with daily watering suspended for specified periods: 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days, along with a cyclic regimen involving 10 days of water deprivation followed by 10 days of regular watering for recovery (denoted as T0, T5t, T10t, T20t, T30t, and T10tcyc, respectively). For each water stress treatment (n = 10), there were control plants (n = 10) that received daily watering. After treatment, dry leaf extracts from each sample were prepared. Subsequently, the total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolics (TPC) content were performed using spectrophotometric tests. Ultrafast liquid chromatography was used to quantify the main compound (Bp1) in the extracts. Extracts under different stress conditions showed no signs of cytotoxicity (RAW 264.7 cells) and were able to donate electrons in in vitro assays (CAT, reducing power, and DPPH). Extracts with high TPC (T20t and T30t) in the ear edema model induced by croton oil at a dose of 200 mg/kg orally showed an anti-inflammatory effect when compared to positive control, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, orally). Regarding the Bp1 content, no major differences between the groups were observed. The results demonstrate that water stress is a promising and sustainable strategy for cultivating B. pinnatum to increase the phenolic content and positively modulate its pharmacological effects. Therefore, phenolic-rich extract of B. pinnatum can be obtained with low water resource consumption and it is a good source to use as an active ingredient in herbal medicines or supplements.

Comparative Bioactivity Analysis of Green-Synthesized Metal (Cobalt, Copper, and Selenium) Nanoparticles.

Aim This study involves synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) via the green synthesis method using Millettia pinnata leaf, Acacia auriculiformis bark, and Citrus sinensis peel and comparatively evaluating their antibacterial activity in vitro through the analysis of cobalt oxide NPs (CoNPs), copper NPs (CuNPs), and selenium NPs (SeNPs). This research contributes to eco-friendly approaches for producing functional nanomaterials with potential applications in medicine and environmental remediation. Materials and methods The metal NPs were synthesized using M. pinnata leaf, A. auriculiformis bark, and C. sinensis peel. These leaf extracts act as self-reducing and stabilizing agents. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well diffusion method. Cultures of pathogenic bacteria species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were prepared. NPs were applied to the culture, and zones of inhibition (ZOIs) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of the different NPs. Results The successfully synthesized CoNPs, CuNPs, and SeNPs showed distinctive phytochemical properties. CoNPs exhibited the highest ZOI against most bacterial strains, with CuNPs and SeNPs following. CoNPs consistently showed superior performance compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. Conclusion Our study analyzed the bioactivity of metal NPs produced using green synthesis with plant extracts. CoNPs have shown superior antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. This may be due to their larger surface area, smaller size, unique electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, as well as their improved contact with the bacterial cell wall and membrane.

Karanjin, A Promising Bioactive Compound Possessing Anti-cancer Activity against Experimental Model of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells.

The aim of this study is to isolate the Millettia pinnata (Karanj) leaf extract for pure compound with anticancer properties and to study the molecular target of the isolates in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. In our earlier research Millettia pinnata leaf extract has demonstrated potential anticancer activities. Thus, in pursuit of the bioactive compounds, the most potential active extract from our previous study was purified. Furthermore, the anticancer properties of the isolated compound karanjin was studied and aimed for apoptosis and restraining growth. A novel method was developed through column chromatography for isolation and purification of the compound karanjin from leaf chloroform extract. The purified component was then characterised using FTIR, mass spectrometry, and NMR. An MTT-based cytotoxicity assay was used to analyse cell cytotoxicity, whereas fluorescence staining was used for apoptosis and reactive oxygen species inhibition quantification. Furthermore, the real-time PCR assay was used to determine the molecular mechanism of action in cells causing cytotoxicity induced by karanjin dosing. The anticancer activity of karanjin in A549 cell line exhibited prominent activity revealing IC50 value of 4.85 μM. Conferring the predicted molecular pathway study, karanjin restrains the proliferation of cancer cells through apoptosis, which is controlled by extrinsic pathway proteins FAS/FADD/Caspases 8/3/9. Downregulation of KRAS and dependent gene expression also stopped cell proliferation. Karanjin has been identified as a compound with potential effect in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Molecular mechanism for apoptosis and inhibition of reactive oxygen species induced through H2O2 were observed, concluding karanjin have medicinal and antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of the antidiabetic activity and toxicological properties of Jaundea pinnata (P. Beauv.)

BackgroundJaundea pinnata (JP), is a new plant native to North Africa, East Africa, Southern Nigeria, and Guinea. It is traditionally used as an anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antidiabetic herb, thus making it a potential source for modern antidiabetic medications. ObjectiveThis investigation aimed to assess the toxicological profile and the antidiabetic potentials of the methanol extract of the Jaundea pinnata (JP) leaf in mice and rats. MethodsPreliminary phytochemical screening of JP leaf was conducted using standard procedures. The plant extract's acute and sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated using a modified OECD recommendation. In normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, its anti-diabetic action was tested over 28 days at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and distilled water serving as the positive and negative controls, respectively. Relevant organs' histopathological analysis was also assessed. ResultsAccording to the preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract, JP contains flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, deoxy-sugars, and anthraquinones. The extract demonstrated an LD50 of above 2000 mg/kg in mice. On days 14, 21, and 28 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the extract showed a dose-dependent antidiabetic effect; nevertheless, the activity of the extract at 400 mg/kg on day 28 was barely comparable to that of glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). At 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg, respectively, the extract was appreciably non-toxic to the liver and kidney, while inducing a significant change in haematological indicators. ConclusionThe study found that JP presented antihyperglycemic properties and was relatively safe at normal dosages (< 2000 mg/kg).