Pine Sawdust Research Articles

Study on Soda–Ethanol Delignification of Pine Sawdust for a Biorefinery

The soda–ethanol process was conceived as a sulfur-free pulping process, which may also be an alternative to conventional alkaline pulping, such as kraft or soda–AQ in the biorefinery context. An in-depth study using two experimental designs was conducted to establish the viability of soda–ethanol delignification of pine sawdust. At first, a simple factorial design involving the ethanol–water ratio (ethanol:water) and the alkaline load (AL, % over dry wood, odw) was applied to define the levels of these variables and their eventual interaction. Then, a 32 experimental design was performed to evaluate the ability of the process concerning the pulping of pine sawdust. The tested conditions were carefully selected to screen a broad range of cooking times (60, 100, and 140 min) and alkaline loads (19.0, 23.3, and 27.6 %odw) to obtain pulps with different extents of delignification (residual lignin contents). Finally, the kraft, soda–AQ, and soda–ethanol treatments were compared. Soda–ethanol pulping was shown to be a suitable delignification stage for a biorefinery scheme of Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda sawdust. It has many advantages over traditional processes regarding its environmental impact, harmless chemicals, and selectivity. The tested conditions were similar to those frequently used in conventional pulping at an industrial scale, suggesting the technical feasibility of the soda–ethanol process for pine sawdust processing.

Investigating Biochar-Derived Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Components Extracted Using a Sequential Extraction Protocol

Biochar-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as the most important component of biochar, can be released on farmland, improving fertility and playing a role in soil amendment and remediation. The complexity of molecular structures and diversity of DOC compounds have influenced these functions to some extent. A sequential extract protocol consisting of water (25 °C), hot water (80 °C), and NaOH solution (0.05 M) was used to fully extract DOC compounds and gain a thorough understanding of the possible DOC components released from biochar. Rape straw (RS), apple tree branches (ATB), and pine sawdust (PS) were pyrolyzed at 300, 500, and 700 °C, respectively, to make nine distinct biochars. A TOC analyser, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and excitation–emission fluorescence (EEM) spectrophotometer were used in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to determine the distribution of DOC content, the diversity of aromaticity, molecular weight characteristics and components of biochar-derived DOC. The results show that the relative distribution of water-extractable fractions ranged from 3.21 to 35.57%, with a low-aromaticity and extremely hydrophilic fulvic-acid-like compounds being found in the highest amounts (C2 and C3). The smallest amount of hot water-extractable components was produced from the release of small-molecule aliphatic compounds adsorbed on biochar and susceptible to migration loss once in a soil solution. More than half of the biochar-derived DOC was released in a NaOH solution, which primarily consisted of humic-acid-like compounds (C1), with higher molecular weights, more aromaticity, and lower bioavailability, according to the distribution of DOC in various extractants. In addition, the pyrolysis temperature and biomass type had a significant impact on the DOC properties released by biochar. As a result, the findings of this study showed that using a sequential extract protocol of water, hot water, and NaOH solution in combination with spectroscopic methods could successfully reveal the diversity of biochar-derived components, which could lead to new insights for the accurate assessment of potential environmental impacts and new directions for biochar applications.

Co-gasification of coal gangue and pine sawdust on a self-made two-stage fixed bed: Effect of mixing ratio

In this paper, the synergistic effect of co-gasification for coal gangue and pine sawdust was studied on a self-made two-stage gasification fixed bed experimental device. The results indicated that there was synergistic effect between coal gangue and pine sawdust. With the gasification temperature was 850 °C, the catalytic reforming temperature was 900 °C, the steam flow was 2 ml/min and the mixing ratio of coal gangue and pine sawdust was 1:1. The co-gasification synergistic effect yields the best results, the H2 volume fraction reached its highest value of 37.2%, with a synergistic coefficient of 0.22. Under this condition, the number of mesopores in co-gasification char was the largest and the absorbance of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group was the smallest. The alkali metal (K, Ca) content reached a maximum of 22.18%, which was conducive to the formation of hydrogen.

Improving the Physical, Mechanical and Energetic Characteristics of Pine Sawdust by the Addition of up to 40% Agave durangensis Gentry Pellets

Agave durangensis Gentry biomass, as a residue from the mezcal production process, may be an interesting bioenergy alternative; however, its high ash content limits its application. In this study, pellets were generated with agave fiber mixed with Pinus species sawdust in the following six proportions (%): 100–0 (control), 80–20, 60–40, 40–60, 20–80 and 0–100 (control). The physical, chemical and energetic properties of the pellets were evaluated according to the UNE-EN ISO 17225-6, UNE EN ISO 17827-2, UNE-EN ISO 17828, UNE-EN ISO 18122, UNE-EN ISO 18123, UNE-EN ISO 18125, and UNE-EN ISO 18134-1 standards. The results showed significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) among the treatments tested. The percentage of volatile material and fixed carbon ranged from 86.53 to 89.96% and 4.17 to 8.16%, respectively; the ash content ranged from 0.27 to 10.06%, and the calorific value ranged from 17.33 to 18.03 MJ/kg. Bulk density ranged from 725.76 to 737.37 kg/m3 and the impact-strength index was in the range of 69.33 to 126.66. The mechanical hardness and compressive strength were found to be in the ranges of 50.5 to 68.4% and 0.90 to 36.65 N/mm, respectively. Pellets generated with Agave residue mixture ≤ 40% were identified as promising biobased resources for the sustainable production of renewable energy.

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Residue from Gasification of Biomass Wastes

Thermochemical conversion of biomass waste is a high potential option for increasing usage of renewable energy sources and transferring wastes into the circular economy. This work focuses on the evaluation of the energetic and adsorption properties of solid residue (char) of the gasification process. Gasification experiments of biomass wastes (wheat straw, hay and pine sawdust) were carried out in a vertical fixed bed reactor, under a CO2 atmosphere and at various temperatures (800, 900 and 1000 °C). The analysis of the energy properties of the obtained chars included elemental and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. TGA results indicated that the chars have properties similar to those of coal; subjected data were used to calculate key combustion parameters. As part of the analysis of adsorption properties, BET, SEM, FTIR and dynamic methanol vapor sorption tests were conducted. The specific surface area has risen from 0.42–1.91 m2/g (biomass) to 419–891 m2/g (char). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the influence of gasification on the decomposition of characteristic chemical compounds for biomass. Methanol sorption has revealed for the 900 °C chars of pine sawdust the highest sorption capacity and its mass change was 24.15% at P/P0 = 90%. Selected chars might be an appropriate material for volatile organic compounds sorption.

Gasificación de aserrín de pino: efecto de temperatura, tasa de oxígeno y vapor

The study of biomass gasification has gained great interest in recent decades, representing an attractive process for the production of energy and heat and the production of hydrogen and second-generation biofuels. The objective of this work is to characterize the composition of the producer gas, as well as its energy potential. Experiments are carried out in a fixed bed gasifier on a pilot plant scale, and bulk sawdust from pine wood is used as gasification raw material. The influence of process temperature (650-900 oC), oxygen rate (0.3-0.6) and steam / sawdust ratio on the gasification of pine sawdust are investigated. Results of this study show that the hydrogen content, both hydrogen and carbon conversion, the calorific value and the efficiency of the cold gas increase by increasing temperature and decreasing oxygen rate. The use of steam in the gasification process increases thermal efficiency and hydrogen content of the producer gas.

Comparison of yield and metabolites according to the types of hilling materials utilized during Glehnia littoralis sprout vegetable cultivation.

Various hilling materials (rice hulls, pine sawdust, and perlite) were compared to produce sprout vegetables using beach silvertop (Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schm. ex Miq.). We have investigated the yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS), phenolic compounds, and volatile compounds of G. littoralis sprout vegetables. Comparing the yield and phenolic compounds according to the hilling materials, the rice hulls treatment was the most and followed by sawdust and perlite. The leaves and stems of G. littoralis sprout vegetable contain approximately 27 volatile compounds. The sawdust treatment had a pine scent even during the hilling process, and these scent components were entirely absorbed by the stem. The result suggested that sawdust treatment, like rice hulls, had a high yield and high content of beneficial compounds, but the stem of G. littoralis had a pine tree scent, reducing the inherent scent of G. littoralis.

Renewable biochar derived from mixed sewage sludge and pine sawdust for carbon dioxide capture

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. In this study, a series of KOH-modified biochars derived from feedstock mixtures (i.e., S3W7 biomass consisting of 70% pine sawdust and 30% sewage sludge; S5W5 biomass consisting of 50% pine sawdust and 50% sewage sludge) at different temperature (i.e., 600–800 °C) were prepared for evaluating CO2 adsorption performance. The KOH-activated biochars prepared with S3W7 biomass displayed larger surface areas and micropore volumes compared to those of S5W5 biochars. In particular, the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (177.1 mg/g) was observed on S3W7 biomass at 700 °C (S3W7–700K), due to the largest surface area (2623 m2/g) and the highest micropore volume (0.68 cm3/g). Furthermore, surface functional groups, hydrophobicity, and aromaticity of biochar and presence of hetero atoms (N) also were actively involved in CO2 adsorption of biochar. In addition, in situ DRIFTS analysis advanced current understanding for the chemical sorption mechanisms by identifying the transformation composites of CO2 on biochars, and characterizing the weakly adsorbed and newly formed mineral species (e.g., carbonates) during the CO2 sorption process. This study may provide an insight into the research of CO2 capture by identifying physical and chemical adsorption, and expand the effective utilization of natural biomass-based biochar for mitigation greenhouse gas emission.

Emerging potential of spent coffee ground valorization for fuel pellet production in a biorefinery.

The global market for fuel pellets (FPs) has been steadily growing because of a shift to coal substitutes. However, sustainability and the availability of biomass are the main issues. Various kinds of bio-wastes can be valorized through cutting-edge technologies. In the coffee industry, a valuable organic waste called spent coffee grounds (SCGs) is generated in bulk. SCG can be divided into two components, namely spent coffee ground oil and defatted spent coffee grounds (DSCG). SCG and DSCG can be used to produce FPs with excellent higher heating values. This review highlights that burning FPs composed of 100% SCG is not feasible due to the high emission of NOx. Moreover, the combustion is accompanied by a rapid temperature drop due to incomplete combustion which leads to lower boiler combustion efficiencies and increased carbon monoxide emissions. This was because of the low pellet strength and bulk density of the FP. Mixing SCG with other biomass offers improved boiler efficiency and emissions. Some of the reported optimized FPs include 75% SCG + 20% coffee silverskin, 30% SCG + 70% pine sawdust, 90% SCG + 10% crude glycerol, 32% SCG + 23% coal fines + 11% sawdust + 18% mielie husks + 10% waste paper + 6% paper pulp, and 50% SCG + 50% pine sawdust. This review noted the absence of combustion and emissions analyses of DSCG and the need for their future assessment. Valorization of DSCG offers a good pathway to improve the economics of an SCG-based biorefinery where the extracted SCGO can be valorized in other applications. The combustion and emissions of DSCG were not previously reported in detail. Therefore, future investigation of DSCG in boilers is essential to assess the potential of this industry and improve its economics.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-022-02361-z.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF EFFICIENCY OF CARBON SORBENTS BASED ON PINE SAWDUST FOR REMOVING OIL PRODUCTS

As shown in the work shows that due to the rapid growth of the number of machines, mechanisms, vehicles, the use of fuels and lubricants is constantly increasing. Despite all precautions, spills and flows of oil products occur in significant volumes, it has a negative impact on the ecological state of the environment. It has been proven how oil products pollute the soil and water environment when get into. Their cleaning depends on the choice of methods, means, measures, technologies and techniques. The method of sorption (absorption) is now becoming especially widespread. With the help of sorption, at relatively low costs, it is possible to provide effective cleaning of soil and water from oil products. The efficiency of carbon sorbents produced by carbonization from by-products of the wood industry, that is, pine sawdust, has been substantiated. The essence, processes, technologies, transformations in the production of carbon sorbents based on pine sawdust are shown. The physicochemical, structural and sorption properties of the pine sawdust, its fractions and carbon sorbents produced on it are presented. It has been revealed the ecological and economic advantages of carbon sorbents based on pine sawdust for cleaning from petroleum products in comparison with other cleaning methods.

Gasification of pine sawdust via synergetic conversion using iron ore as a catalyst

A method of syngas production via a synergetic conversion of pine sawdust and iron ore was proposed. The roles of conversion temperature, iron ore dosage and calcination time in pine sawdust gasification conversion were investigated. The pyrolysis sequence of groups in pine sawdust was analysed as O–H, C–H, C=O → aromatic ring → C-O-C. A syngas yield of 74.2% with CO proportion of 54.0% was obtained as pine sawdust converted with iron ore dosage of mol(C/Fe) = 0.6 at 1000 °C for 20 min. Iron ore can be used as not only a catalyst to promote the pyrolysis of pine sawdust, generating more combustible gases (increased by 53.1%), but also an oxygen donator to convert carbon in pine sawdust into CO (increased by 89.4%). Meanwhile, iron ore was reduced into pre-reduced product which can be used in blast furnace.

Investigation on the pyrolysis process, products characteristics and BP neural network modelling of pine sawdust, cattle dung, kidney bean stalk and bamboo

To realize resource utilization of waste and alleviate associated environmental pollution, the pyrolysis behaviour of pine sawdust (PS), cattle dung (CD), kidney bean stalk (KS) and bamboo (BA) was investigated. The mass loss, gaseous product evolution and kinetic parameters of these four materials during pyrolysis were analysed via TG-MS. According to the TG-MS results, a back propagation (BP) neural network model was developed for the mass loss prediction of different biomass pyrolysis. More importantly, FTIR and SEM-EDX were used to analyse the characteristics of bio-oil and biochar to facilitate further utilization of these pyrolysis products. The results indicated that PS exhibited the highest mass loss (87.25%) during pyrolysis at 800 °C, and the higher D value (1.23E-05) indicated that PS was more easily decomposed than other materials. In terms of gaseous products, PS produced more H2, C2H6, C3H8 and CO2 than did the other materials during pyrolysis, while BA produced more CH4 and H2O. In addition, the content of phenols or aromatic compounds in PS bio-oil was the highest, and the surface pores in the obtained PS biochar were uniform and regular, which verified that PS achieved a higher utilization value than that of the other materials considered. Finally, the established BP neural network models realized a satisfactory mass loss prediction performance with increasing temperature.

Process simulation of chemical looping gasification of biomass using Fe-based oxygen carrier: Effect of coupled parameters

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) of biomass is an efficient way to obtain high-quality syngas without the need of air separation. It offers a carbon-negative and clean way for the utilization of biomass while syngas is used combining with carbon capture. A simulation model of CLG process with continuous feedstock of pine sawdust is constructed and investigated in this work. The iron-based oxygen carrier (OC) is adopted to offer lattice oxygen. This model is validated using the experimental results from literature to demonstrate its feasibility for CLG of biomass. Then, the operating parameters of gasification temperature, amounts of steam and OC are changed to investigated their effects on the gasification performances. Results demonstrated that increasing the temperature, OC and steam flow is beneficial to intensify the carbon conversion efficiency. When the gasification temperature is 880 °C, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency reach 92.76% and 81.87%. The carbon conversion efficiency rises from 76.81% to 82.18% when OC mass flow is changed from 0 to 1.5 kg/h. Coupled effects of the amounts of reaction temperature, OC mass flow and steam molar flow are also investigated while two of them are changed simultaneously. The minimum and maximum values of gasification efficiencies are 62.13% and 77.73% when the amounts of steam and OC are (0 mol/h, 1.0 kg/h) and (1.0 mol/h, 0 kg/h), respectively. When both of them increases to 1.0 kg/h or 1.0 mol/h, the carbon conversion efficiency reaches the maximum value of 88.57%. The coupled effects of temperature and OC or steam amount demonstrate that the carbon conversion efficiency is mainly determined by temperature at lower-temperature range. Though both of OC and steam can offer oxygen in CLG, due to the different oxidation ability, their effects on gasification efficiency are opposite. Investigation on coupled effects of multiple parameters offers thorough information for the system performance evaluation, which can be used for further system optimization.

Co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) and biomass with Co/sludge fly ash catalyst

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) and biomass pine sawdust (PSD) under sludge fly ash (SFA) could be a breakthrough towards the energy challenges and waste management. This paper aims to develop a unique cobalt-alkali-SFA (Co-A-SFA) catalyst, in order to investigate its influence under optimal operating conditions in a fixed bed reactor for syngas production. The catalytic activity was assessed under different Co loading and support ratios. The results indicated that in the presence of Co-A-SFA catalyst, gas production increased due to alkali pretreated fly ash catalyst. Moreover, increasing the Co loading from 5 wt% to 10 wt%, the syngas production increased irrespective of the individual feedstock ratios. Under catalytic conditions of 5 and 10 wt% the H2 yield to 25.4% and 28.3% for 50/50 MSW/PSD compared to 11.5 wt% under no catalyst. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of MSW and PSD also minimized the concentration of complex liquid compounds and heavy hydrocarbons. Therefore, this study establishes a new approach towards energy production and sustainable waste management through useful resource utilization of MSW, PSD and SFA. The outcomes acquired in this investigation showed that blended feedstock in co-pyrolysis of MSW and pine sawdust could enhance production of valuable syngas under SFA-based catalyst.

Co-pyrolysis of pine sawdust with nickel formate for understanding interaction mechanisms and enhancing resistance toward biochar deposition

The objective of this work was to further understand the interaction mechanisms between pine sawdust (PS) and nickel formate (NF). As a result, the thermal behaviour of PS, NF, and PS/NF blends was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using mass changes as monitoring parameters. Activation energies were obtained using model-free integral methods, and reaction models were estimated employing Criado mater plots (hereinafter referred to as mater plots). Besides, with the obtained activation energies, variation in pre-exponential factor (A), enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and entropy (ΔS) were calculated. In higher temperatures, the presence of NF favors the decomposition of PS. When the value of PS content divided by NF content falls below 1, the temperature at which positive synergy occurs gradually decreased. Besides, the existence of NF enhanced resistance toward biochar deposition. Predominant reaction mechanisms for the samples were different at low (α ≤ 0.5) and high (α ≥ 0.5) conversion rates. Notably, the A value was linearly positively related to the activation energy. Positive ΔG and ΔH values were obtained from the pyrolysis of PS, NF, and PS/NF blends.

Antimicrobial Activity of Slow Pyrolysis Distillates from Pine Wood Biomass against Three Pathogens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of wood distillates obtained from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawdust in order to explore new alternatives for the utilization of wood industry by-products. The distillates were produced by slow pyrolysis thermal conversion in three process phases with increasing temperatures, namely drying, torrefaction and pyrolysis, and three cooling units with different temperatures to condensate the distillates. This yielded nine different liquid fractions. The food-related pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans, were evaluated for their susceptibility to the distillate fractions using an agar diffusion test. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by measuring the formed inhibition zones after the incubation period. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and microbicidic concentration were assayed for a selected fraction (T2) from the torrefaction phase with Bio-screen C. The results indicated that the distillates from the torrefaction and pyrolysis phases had antimicrobial activity against the tested microbes. The MIC value of the T2 fraction for all tested microbes was 0.83% (v/v). Furthermore, the T2 fraction was microbicidic for Salmonella and Listeria strains in 0.83% (v/v) solution and Candida strain in 1.67% (v/v) solution. In conclusion, Scots pine wood distillates obtained from slow pyrolysis have the potential to be developed as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic microbes. Next, research is needed to investigate the chemical composition of the distillates and to assess their safe use.

In vitro and vivo study of tranilast protects from acute respiratory distress syndrome and early pulmonary fibrosis induced by smoke inhalation

BackgroundTranilast (N-[3＇,4＇-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-anthranilic acid) is an analog of a tryptophan metabolite. It was identified with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities, and used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as anti - allergy, bronchial asthma, and hypertrophic scars. As a drug with few adverse reactions, tranilast has attracted great attention, but its application is limited due to the uncertainty of dosages and mechanisms. In this study, the protection effects of different doses of tranilast on smoke inhalation mediated lung injury on rats, and on the damage of three kinds of lung cells in vitro were investigated. MethodIn vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, smoke group (rats were exposed to pine sawdust smoke three times, each time for 5 min), different doses of tranilast treatment group (doses were 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, ip.) and placebo group. After 1, 3 and 7 days, pulmonary function, pathologic injury by HE staining, cytokines and oxidative stress level by kits were determined. At 7days, lung fibrosis was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining and the level of hydroxyproline (HYP). In vitro, three kinds of lung cells from normal rats were isolated: type II alveolar epithelial cells (AT-II), pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and pulmonary fibroblasts (PFs). To investigate the potential effects of tranilast on cell proliferation, cell cycle and cytokine production of three kinds of lung cells exposed to smoke. ResultsCompared with smoke group and placebo group, tranilast treatment significantly reduced histopathological changes (such as pulmonary hemorrhage, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, etc.), significantly reduced histopathological score (p < 0.05), increased arterial oxygen partial pressure, and decreased the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β1 (p < 0.05), oxidative stress and the expression of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) smoke exposed rats (p < 0.01). In particular, the effect of 200 mg/kg dose was more prominent. In vitro, smoke induced AT-II and PMVECs apoptosis, improved PFs proliferation (p < 0.01), activity of SOD and decreased the content of MDA (p < 0.01). However, tranilast seems to be turning this trend well. The inflammatory factor IL-11β, TNF-α and TGF-β1, and the expression of NF-κB were significantly lower in the tranilast treatment than in the smoke group (p < 0.01). ConclusionThis study indicates that tranilast had a protective effect on acute respiratory distress syndrome and early pulmonary fibrosis of rats in vivo. In addition, tranilast promotes proliferation of AT-II and PMVECs but inhibits PFs proliferation, down-regulates secretion of inflammatory cytokines and alleviates oxidative stress of AT-II, PMVECs and PFs after smoke stimuli in vitro.

Mechanical Behavior of Briquettes Made from a Mixture of Sawdust and Rice Husks for Commercialization

The development of this research work seeks to determine the mechanical behavior of the compacted mixture of pine sawdust and rice husk by varying the mass percentages of these biomasses obtained in briquettes, with the purpose of being marketed. The finite element software ANSYS is used to corroborate the results obtained for the samples named AIO, BIO and CIO with rice husk mass percentages of 25, 50 and 75, respectively. In the computational simulations, Young’s moduli of between 651 and 813 MPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.8 were found for all samples. In compression tests, Von Mises stresses of between 87 and 90 MPa and Von Mises strains between 0.09 and 0.12 m/m were found. Free-fall tests showed von Mises stresses below 4.24 MPa. It was determined that increasing the percentage of rice husk mass in the simulation models increased the value of Young’s modulus and compressive strength, this is a positive indication in relation to the strength of the formed briquettes, in case they are required to be transported for commercial purposes, however no defined stress and strain behavior was obtained for the impact tests, since the heights of 2 m and 5 m together with the masses established for the specimens do not cause high impact forces.

Modelling of the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for a Pine Sawdust Biorefinery

The decline in world oil reserves evidences the need to diversify the sources of equivalent raw materials. The use of biomass is one of the most explored alternatives. This work evaluates the second-generation bioethanol (2G) production from a pine sawdust soda- ethanol pulp by simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SSF) to obtain the best conditions for scaling up the process. Experimental designs have been used to find mathematical models that define the complex situation jointly varying time with other variables (enzyme load and temperature). Time periods in the full model varied from 0 h to 72 h. Given the results (curve shape differences), it was decided to split the design in two, covering periods from 0 h to 24 h (Model I) and from 24 to 72 h (Model II). The pulp chemical composition was 80.2% glucans, 7.2% xylans, 0.3% galactans, 8.4% mannans, 3.7% lignin. Cellic® Ctec2 cellulolytic enzymes were used for saccharification and Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMR 1181 (SC 1181) yeast for fermentation. The best conditions found in the two designs were 30 FPU g−1 glucans, 39 °C, 24 h for Model I, and 30 FPU g−1 glucans, 35 °C, 72 h for Model II. Fermentation optimal values were 63.23 and 81.93 for Models I and II, respectively.

Comparative Study on Pyrolysis Kinetics Behavior and High-Temperature Fast Pyrolysis Product Analysis of Coastal Zone and Land Biomasses.

The pyrolysis characteristics of land biomass (corn stalks (Cs), pine sawdust (Ps)) and coastal zone biomass (Jerusalem artichoke stalks (JAs) and reed (Re)) were investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and products’ analysis. The kinetic parameters were obtained by three isoconversional methods (Friedman, KAS, and FWO) and one model-fitting method (DAEM). The simultaneous effect of high temperature (700–900 °C) and high heating rate (1000 °C/s) on the pyrolysis product simulating the typical conditions of a fluidized bed gasifier was studied. TGA showed that high heating rates deepen the thermal cracking process of biomass. Compared with the land biomass, the initial decomposition temperature (Ti) of the coastal biomass is reduced significantly owing to its higher proportion of hemicellulose. These methods agree with the trends shown by the activation energy (Ea) distribution calculated, with fluctuations between 160 and 350 kJ/mol. The mean value activation energies of Re and JAs were higher than those of Cs and Ps between 10% and 90% conversion. The DAEM model showed that Cs and JAs have a good linear relationship between ln A and Eα during the main pyrolysis stage, while Ps and Re are relatively weaker. The kinetic compensation effect was evident for Cs and JAs during the main thermal cracking stage. Py-GC-MS results confirmed that phenols, hydrocarbons, PAHs, and oxygen heterocycle compounds were strongly present in the released volatile products. High-temperature fast pyrolysis of JAs produced a larger amount of PAH compounds than from Cs, Ps, and Re. A larger amount of hydrocarbons and phenols was generated from high-temperature fast pyrolysis of Ps. Some oxygen-containing volatiles are easily converted into aromatic products with higher stability under high temperature.