Pine Fruit Research Articles

Sustainable removal of tetracycline and paracetamol from water using magnetic activated carbon derived from pine fruit waste

This work presents highly porous magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles (MPFRC-A) derived from pine fruit residue. The MPFRC-A were produced through a three-step process: physical activation (carbonization temperature: 110–550 °C), chemical activation (H2SO4 (0.1 N, 96%)), and co-precipitation. These nanoparticles were then used to remove tetracycline (TC) and paracetamol (PC) from water. Functionalization with Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of the pine fruit residue-derived activated carbon (PFRC-A) resulted in high saturation magnetization, allowing for separation from aqueous solution using an external magnet. The MPFRC-A adsorbent was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, In the experimental section, the effects of various factors on the adsorption process were investigated, including pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Based on these investigations, adsorption isotherm models and kinetics were studied and determined. The results showed that MPFRC-A exhibited a large specific surface area (182.5 m2/g) and a high total pore volume (0.33 cm3/g). The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at pH 6 and 5 for PC and TC drugs with an adsorbent dose of 400 mg and an initial concentration of 20 mg/L at 25 °C. The study revealed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98), with maximum uptake capacities of 43.75 mg/g for TC and 41.7 mg/g for PC. Outcomes of the adsorption thermodynamics shows non-spontaneity of the reaction and the adsorption process by all adsorbents was endothermic.

Manufacture of LDPE Plastic Waste Briquettes a Mixed Pine Needles and Clay with Various Compositions as Alternative Fuels

Along with the times, the need for fossil fuels as the main energy source to support various activities of human life is also increasing. it is necessary to treat plastic waste to produce briquettes as an alternative fuel. Briquettes are solid fuels that can be used as an alternative energy source that has a certain uniform shape. In Tarakan City, we often encounter a lot of waste, especially plastic waste that is difficult to decompose, one of which is Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE is one type of plastic that we encounter everyday in various applications and often ends up as waste such as plastic bags and plastic wrap. The use of plastic waste into briquettes with the addition of pine fruit obtained results from a mixture with various ratios of 30:50:20 the value of ash content and water content is in accordance with SNI with a calorific value and electrical energy generated of 3182.4Q(j)and 3183,39W(j)

Impact of H3PO4-activated carbon from pine fruit shells for paracetamol adsorption from aqueous solution

Impact of H3PO4-activated carbon from pine fruit shells for paracetamol adsorption from aqueous solution

Pine fruit as a media for planting white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Oyster mushroom is a wood fungus that can grow naturally on dead or weathered trees (saprophytes). The commonly used planting medium for oyster mushroom cultivation is sawn waste from various trees. However, considering the high rate of deforestation, ranging from illegal logging, forest burning, and conversion of forest land functions, it is necessary to make substitutions in terms of the leading media for the growth of oyster mushrooms. In this study, pine fruit is the primary medium for the growth of oyster mushrooms to add alternative materials for growing oyster mushrooms. This study aims to determine the potential of pine fruit as a growth medium for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) by the soaking method using two treatments, namely cold and hot water immersion. In cold water samples, the pine cone powder was soaked for five days, seven days, and nine days for hot water soaked for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours. The research procedure started preparing oyster mushroom growth media, inoculation, maintenance and growth, and harvesting. The results showed that oyster mushrooms could grow at media soaking in hot water for 2 hours (P2) and 3 hours (P3). Treatments P2 and P3 took 78 days and 105 days, respectively, to grow oyster mushrooms.

Enhanced removal of bisphenol A using pine-fruit shell-derived hydrochars: Adsorption mechanisms and reusability

We synthesized NaOH-activated hydrochars via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of Brazilian pine fruit shells at HTC residence times of 24, 48, and 72 h. The hydrochars were used as adsorbents to remove bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. The surface area of the samples can reach up to 2220 m2 g−1, and the maximum adsorption of BPA onto the surfaces was achieved at a pH of 7.0 (708 mg g−1). Adsorption occurred mainly via monolayer formation with a low retention time of the adsorbate (τ) on the surfaces, indicating that the BPA molecules reached the already occupied active sites and returned after undergoing heat exchange (τ > 0). Adsorption is an endothermic spontaneous process that results in a balance between entropic and enthalpic contributions. In such a reaction, ΔG°< 0, even with ΔH°> 0, the process occurs with an important increase in the entropy. The desorption was more efficient with ethanol and methanol than with HCl, NaOH, and NaCl owing to the dipole-dipole forces between the adsorbate and the alcohols. Additionally, the low desorption efficiency using acid, base, and salts can be attributed to competitive effects between the desorption agents and the active sites of the adsorbents.

Utilization of Pine Fruit and Peanut Shell Wastes into Briquettes as an Alternative Fuel

Fuel or energy sources scarcity is currently a problem in Indonesia. Pine waste and peanut shells are wastes that have potential to be processed into alternative energy as briquettes, using molasses as adhesive. Briquette was made by destroying the material into small pieces that have been carbonized and sieved with a variation of 20 and 30 mesh size, added with molasses, and then molded with a hydraulic press. Briquettes are dried using an oven at 105 °C for 10 hours to remove moisture content. The pine to peanut shell ratio used are of 0:1, 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 2:3, 3:1 and 3:2. The analysis includes analysis of calorific value, moisture content, ash content and compressive strength. The result shows the pine waste to peanut shells ratio of 1:0 has the highest calorific value for 20 mesh is 4674.50 Cal/g and for 30 mesh is 4585.10 Cal/g. The lowest water content for 20 mesh is 1.76% and for 30 mesh is 1.85%. The lowest ash content for 20 mesh is 0.58% and for 30 mesh is 0.59%. And the highest compressive strength for 20 mesh is 35.20 kg/cm2 and for 30 mesh is 28.90 kg/cm2.

Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Pine Fruit as Renewable Alternative Energy Using Ni/Mo/Zeolite as Catalyst

Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Pine Fruit as Renewable Alternative Energy Using Ni/Mo/Zeolite as Catalyst

Two-Step and Green Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Carbon Nanofibers from Pine Fruit.

To green synthesis of highly yield photoluminescence carbon nanofibers/carbon quantum dots by pine fruit the ball milling assisted hydrothermal method was served. Different analysis such as XRD, EDS, elemental mapping and FT-IR analysis were used to study the product structure. The optical properties of the synthesized carbon nanomaterials were investigated by UV-Vis and PL analysis. Also, the effects of hydrothermal time and temperature on the PL intensity were studied. To study the product size and morphology SEM and TEM analysis were served. Also, the nucleation and growth mechanism was studied by TEM images. The results showed the product is composed of very tiny nitrogen-doped carbon dots and carbon nanofibers with high photoluminescence intensity. The photocatalytic activity of the product was investigated by degradation of six dyes namely Acid blue, Eosin Y, Erichrome Black T, Methylene blue, Methyl orange and Methyl. The results showed the product has high photocatalytic activity and it can degrade the dyes with creation reactive oxide species in the aqueous solution. The surface activity of the product was also investigated and it was found it can adsorb Pb2+ and Cd2+ from the water with 100% efficiency. The results showed we can synthesis of useful carbon nanomaterials with high photoluminescence intensity, highly photocatalytic activity and surface adsorption via a simple and fast method with the pine fruit. Graphical abstract.

Phenol adsorption on biochar prepared from the pine fruit shells: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamics studies

Biochar samples were prepared from pine fruit shell (PFS) biomass using slow pyrolysis for 1 h at three different temperatures (350, 450 and 550°C). Batch experiments were carried out for the biosorption of phenol onto these biochars. The effect of biosorption experimental parameters such as adsorbent dosage, ionic strength, initial solution pH, contact time and temperatures has been investigated. Experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin−Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms by non-linear regression method. The experimental kinetic data were also fitted to Lagergren pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models by non-linear regression method. Determination coefficient (R2), chi-squared (χ2) and error function (Ferror%) were used to determine the optimum isotherm and kinetic by non-linear regression method. Kinetics results were best described by pseudo-second order model for phenol onto three biochars. Thermodynamic parameters were estimated and implied that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature.

Effects of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantation spacing on initial growth and conelet entry into production

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is well-known for its fruits, the pine nuts, which are considered a delicacy and are the most expensive dry fruits in the world. This fruit is harvested mostly from natural forests, and limited advances have been made for cultivating it as a fruit tree. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of plantation spacing and seed source on early fruiting of stone pine plantations for pine nut production in Chile. We tested two plantation spacings (5 × 5 and 7 × 7 m) and three local seed sources (Tanume, Cahuil and Chillan), selected according to the current cultivation practices in Chile in a multi-environment trial involving four sites. Plantations were repeatedly measured annually for 6 years after establishment. High environmental effects as well as interactions between environment and management techniques were observed for all growth variables. Spacing had effects on crown development at all sites except for the most limiting one, but not on height or root-collar diameter. The lowest density (7 × 7 m) was associated with the highest crown diameter. Effects of seed source varied across environments, being significant for growth variables in both environments with poor growth. Young plantations (5 and 6 years old) showed a trend that suggests a higher precocity of entry into fruiting and higher strobili production for the 7 × 7 m than for 5 × 5 m spacing. Our results suggest that plantations can be effective for stone pine fruit production in Chile, and the convenience of developing environment-specific plantation designs, considering spacing as a relevant parameter for orchard establishment and management.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3–ZnO–ZnFe2O4/carbon nanocomposite and its application to removal of bromophenol blue dye using ultrasonic assisted method: Optimization by response surface methodology and genetic algorithm

In this study Fe2O3–ZnO–ZnFe2O4/C nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent according to a simple self-propagating solution combustion method was synthesized and subsequently applied for the removal of bromophenol blue (BPB) dye with an ultrasound-assisted method. Carbon is prepared in-situ during the formation of nanocomposite in the form of Pine fruit which act as both fuel and carbon source. The nanocomposites was characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). The C, Fe, O, and Zn contents in the nanocomposite are found to be 46.14%, 8.56%, 33.24% and 2.64%, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) were used for optimization. Using GA, optimum conditions were set at 15, 5.59, 0.005 and 9 for initial dye concentration (mg/L), pH, adsorbent amount (g), and sonication time (min), respectively. Equilibrium isotherm models for description of adsorption capacities of nanocomposite explore better efficiency of Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 90.91 mg/g. The analysis of adsorption rate at various sonication times displays that dye adsorption followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model.

STATISTICAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF BATCH ADSORPTION CONDITIONS FOR REMOVAL OF REACTIVE RED 194 TEXTILE DYE FROM AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS

Factorial and central composite design experiments were performed to maximize the percentage removal of hydrolyzed reactive red 194 (HRR) from a simulated textile effluent by using Brazilian pine fruit wastes. Solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent mass levels were systematically varied for both untreated and acid-treated wastes. Biosorbent dosage of 9.0 g L−1, pH of 2.0, and at least 7–8 h contact time resulted in 98% dye removal for the acid-treated wastes and 88% for the untreated wastes. Adsorption isotherms were determined for both materials at the optimized conditions, and the equilibrium data was better fitted to the Sips isotherm model.

Adsorption of Copper and Iron Using Low Cost Material as Adsorbent

In this study, pine fruit was used as solid adsorbent for removal of ferrous and copper ions from aqueous solutions through batch equilibrium technique. The influence of contact time, pH of the solution and initial concentration of metal ions on adsorbed amount of metal ions were investigated. 90 minutes of adsorption time was found sufficient to reach equilibrium for ferrous ion and 120 minutes for copper ion. Adsorption of metal ions were pH dependent and the results indicate the optimum pH for the removal of Fe+2 was found to be 5.0 and that of Cu+2 was 7.0, the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 4.8 and 14.1 mg of metal ion per gram of adsorbent at initial concentration of 22.22 mg/L and 57.6 mg/L of ferrous and copper ions respectively and would be higher with higher initial concentration. Ferrous ion was removed by 96.3 ‐ 97.3% and copper ion by 94.1‐96% along the whole range of initial concentrations. Isotherm studies showed that the data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo‐second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably a chemisorption.