Pin Sensor Research Articles

Monitoring of carbon ion therapeutic beams with thin silicon sensors

Single ion counting in particle therapy may lead to new beam monitoring systems, enabling innovative delivery strategies that are faster and more sensitive than those currently used in clinics. Previous studies carried out by the University and the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) of Turin have demonstrated the feasibility of using thin silicon detectors to count single protons in clinical beams. The aim of this work is to report the performance of a strip-segmented 60-μm thick silicon PIN sensor used for single carbon ion discrimination. All measurements were performed using the CNAO synchrotron at different beam energies covering the clinical energy range (115–399 MeV/u). Signals from the sensor strips were read using a custom amplifier board and sampled with a 5 GS/s digitizer. The carbon ion signals were analyzed in terms of amplitude, duration, and deposited charge at different sensor bias voltages.

Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in the human era involves a multidimensional perspective that encompasses technological, ethical, social, and economic considerations

The artificial intelligence (AI) device is powered by an advanced Snapdragon platform from Qualcomm Technologies and boasts a range of sensors that enable contextual and ambient compute interactions. The Humane AI Pin offers a plethora of features that enhance our daily lives, including Contextual AI: The device can understand and respond to our natural language commands, allowing us to control music, make calls, send texts, and set reminders with ease. Ambient Awareness: The AI Pin's sensors provide real-time information about our surroundings, enabling it to adjust audio volume, provide notifications, and translate languages in context. Seamless Integration: The device eliminates the need for a smartphone, allowing us to interact with AI without the need to constantly look at a screen. Establishing robust frameworks for AI governance, promoting transparency, and prioritizing ethical considerations will be essential in harnessing the full potential of AI while minimizing its risks. Ultimately, a multidimensional perspective is crucial to charting a course for AI that aligns with human values, fosters responsible innovation, and enhances the overall well-being of society in the human era.

A Vibration Reduction Control Method for Tractor Rear Hydraulic Hitch Based on Pressure Feedback

Tractors transporting heavy hitches tend to tilt severely, resulting in significant dynamic loads on the front axle and affecting handling stability. Tractors and rear hitches can be considered vibration systems with two coupled masses. Thus, active damping control strategies between tractors and rear hitches are proposed in this study. The complexity and versatility of tractor hydraulic hitching during tractor transit transport are considered. A method of improving the tractor hydraulic hitch damping ratio with pressure feedback is proposed. The dynamic characteristics of the pressure feedback hydraulic hitch system are analyzed. A dynamic model of the tractor transfer transport unit is established, and a numerical simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hydraulic hitch vibration reduction control strategy based on pressure feedback. A real test platform for tractor vibration reduction control is built. The test results show that the pressure feedback vibration reduction control method proposed in this paper affects tractor pitching motion suppression. In addition, the proposed control strategy does not require a force pin sensor. Tractor hydraulic hitch damping control costs are reduced. The vibration reduction control strategy proposed in this study has high reliability and can be used as a reference for non-road-vehicle vibration reduction control.

P‐15.1: Large Area and Low Cost Fingerprint on Display Technology

We developed a large area and low cost optical fingerprint recognition product based on LTPS (low temperature poly silicon) process. A high efficient a‐Si pin sensor is introduced, the quantum efficiency under white light is 70% and the dark state current density is E‐10 A / mm2. The “one‐to‐one” and “one to multiple” structures of sensor and micro lens are compared, and the “one‐to‐one” optical path structure is systematically analyzed and evaluated. The optical path focal length is about 100 μm. The fingerprint recognition effect is significantly improved by adding a BM shading layer, and this scheme can effectively avoid the screen burning problem caused by the high luminous intensity of pixels in the fingerprint unlocking area.

32‐2: An Optical Compensation Scheme for High PPI AMOLED Display

This paper proposed an optical compensation scheme for a‐IGZO AMOLED with a high PPI pixel design solution. The PIN sensor is fabricated on the backplane and covers 8 sub‐pixels. The scheme is applied to a 5 inches AMOLED display. The results shows that the characteristics of a‐IGZO TFT still satisfy the needs for display. And the uniformity of the panel is improved a lot for all gray level.

Development of a Multifunctional Triaxial System for Unsaturated Soils: Addition of Permeameter Function

The details of a multifunctional triaxial system developed for unsaturated soils over the past ten years at The University of Tokyo are described. This study first briefly reviewed three functions of the triaxial system developed for the undrained cyclic loading test to evaluate liquefaction properties of unsaturated soils. In the triaxial system, accurate measurement of volumetric deformation was achieved with a linkage double cell system, application of the membrane filter technique gave prompt measurements of matric suction, and a p-constant control system well maintained a constant condition of total mean principal stress p. The article later described a newly developed permeameter function of which delicately designed local pin sensors (LPSs) and inflow/outflow measurement devices were introduced to the triaxial system for measurement of coefficient of permeability of unsaturated sandy specimens. The permeameter maintained constant water levels at inflow and outflow ends, and the flow rates were monitored by sensors. LPSs, as local sensors to directly measure water head difference, were manufactured with the membrane filter technique, a technique to measure or control suction. Typical permeability test results on saturated and unsaturated specimens were presented. For unsaturated specimens, constant hydraulic heads were supplied, and the same inflow and outflow rates were achieved. Meanwhile, local pore water pressures measured by LPSs well reflected specimen conditions. It was verified from this and past studies that the permeameter system can be applied to unsaturated specimens with coefficient of permeability in a range of 10−5 to 10−8 m/s.

Low amplitude of streambank erosion: distinguishing mass and surface fluvial erosions

The purposes of this manuscript are in two folds e.g.: first, to promote two novel techniques using field-laboratory protocols, each for quantifying surface and mass fluvial erosion, second, to capture and highlight the regime change in the mode of bank erosion from surface to mass fluvial erosion based on real monitoring and measurements on a streambank face. In this study, conduit erosion flume and Photo Electronic Erosion Pin (PEEP) sensor technique were used for monitoring and measuring surface and mass fluvial erosions, respectively. Using those techniques the τ c,sf and τ c,mf , two key parameters which determine the onset of surface and mass fluvial erosion, can be determined successfully. The PEEP sensor can measure the mass fluvial erosion occurred under water, even capture the quasi-continues nature of erosion. More importantly, using these two methods, the presence of two regimes in the low amplitude of bank erosion, e.g. surface fluvial erosion and mass fluvial erosion can be captured. Starting from low to high shear stress, the onset of surface fluvial erosion as well as the transition from surface to mass fluvial erosion can be depicted.

Дослідження можливості використання невибухового імпульсного сейсмічного джерела для знищення вибухових пристроїв

The problem of humanitarian demining and the possibility of using the principle of action that underlies the non-explosive pulse seismic source for the destruction (disposal) of explosive devices with different target sensors mounted on land or in water is investigated. As a non-explosive impulse seismic source a prototype of the electrodynamic impulse source of seismic signals IDD-27 was used, provided by the limited liability company Yuh-Naftohazgheolohiia. Based on the analysis of the results of a comprehensive field experiment, the hypotheses were tested regarding the possibility of using a device of this type to destroy (neutralize) the explosive devices by the influence of excited surface and both epicentral seismic and electromagnetic waves on the contact or non-contact sensors of the target explosive devices. As the contact ones were used layouts of break-wire (tensioning), push, pin, seismic target sensors; anti-tank, anti-transport, object, anti-personnel land mines, mines-surprises, and improvised explosive devices as well as anti-landing target pin sensors. In addition, seismic wave propagation parameters were measured using a TEXAN-125A digital seismic station with GS-11D seismic sensors and a Guralp CMD 40TD seismograph. In order to establish the possibility of destruction (neutralization) of explosive devices with non-contact magnetic sensors of the target, remote measurements of the parameters of propagation of electromagnetic waves from the action of the electrodynamic pulse source of seismic signals IDD-27 were carried out by means of the magnetoteluric station LEMI-423. The analysis of the obtained results showed ambiguity regarding the possibility of using the considered principle of action of non-explosive pulsed seismic source for destruction (neutralization) of explosive devices with different sensors of the target on land and in water.

P‐1.15: A new optical compensation scheme for AMOLED displays with a‐IGZO TFT and a‐Si:H PIN diode

This paper proposed a new optical compensation scheme for AMOLED display based on a sensor unit in pixel. The sensor unit includes an a‐IGZO TFT, which is adopted as a switch due to its low off current, a‐Si:H PIN diode as optical sensor due to its high photoconductive gain, and a capacitor to store charges. Owing to the large off current difference under different brightness, the luminance of every pixel can be acquired by PIN sensor, and then data voltage is adjusted accordingly. The scheme is adopted in a 5 inch AMOLED display, and the results show this method can capture the pixel brightness accurately, and effectively compensate low gray level light uniformity.

Failure Analysis of Strap Joint

In Exhaust after treatment system strap joint is used for mounting sensor table on which DP, NOx, EGTS, PIN sensors are mounted. While, assembling the sensor table on exhaust system using strap joint multiple issues raised. In which, Strap Bolt Loosening Issue during Vibration Test, Plastic Deformation of Heat shield (outer body) and Bottoming Out of the strap. Under Strap contact area plastic deformation of heat shield is due to increasing contact pressure so that needs to check the recommended value of torque to avoid failures. The basic design assembly of straps consists of T bolt, nut, and trunnion with the strap. In this paper analysis and calculations for torque and parameters affecting the system function have been done to minimize the issues. To reduce plastic deformation internal stand support provided which increase the stiffness of heat shield and observed results showing Bridge strap design concept can be helpful to avoid localized plastic deformation near T-bolt. Calculations at assembly load showing maximum stress and contact pressure near the T bolt. Also effect of inertia load described to check slippage of the strap and after treatment system.

Experimental Investigation of the Dynamic Loads in a Ball Bearing Turbocharger

The objectives of this investigation were to design and develop an experimental turbocharger test rig (TTR) to measure the shaft whirl of the rotating assembly and the axial and frictional loads experienced by the bearings. The TTR contains a ball bearing turbocharger (TC) that was instrumented and operated under various test conditions up to 55,000 rpm. In order to measure the thrust loads on the compressor and turbine sides, customized sensors were integrated into the TC housing. The anti-rotation (AR) pin that normally prevents the bearing cartridge from rotating was replaced with a custom-made load cell adapter system. This sensor was used to measure the frictional losses in the bearing cartridge without altering the operation of the TC. Proximity sensors (probes) were also installed in the compressor housing to monitor shaft whirl. Axial load results indicated that the compressor side bears most of the thrust load. As the backpressure or the speed of the TC was increased, the thrust load also increased. Frictional measurements from the AR pin sensor demonstrated low power losses in the ball bearing cartridge. For certain shaft speed ranges, the data from the sensors illustrated periodic trends in response to the subsynchronous whirl of the shaft.

P‐5: A new optical compensation scheme for AMOLED displays with a‐IGZO TFT and a‐Si:H PIN diode

This paper proposed a new optical compensation scheme for AMOLED display based on a sensor unit in pixel The sensor unit includes an a‐IGZO TFT, which is adopted as a switch due to its low off current, a‐Si:H PIN diode as optical sensor due to its high photoconductive gain, and a capacitor to store charges. Owing to the large off current difference under different brightness, the luminance of every pixel can be acquired by PIN sensor, and then data voltage is adjusted accordingly. The scheme is adopted in a 5 inch AMOLED display, and the results show this method can capture the pixel brightness accurately, and effectively compensate low gray level light uniformity.

PIEZORESISTIVE STRAIN SENSOR APPLICATION IN EVALUATION OF MOUSE AORTIC MEDIA CUSHIONS EFFECTIVENESS AND SPONTANEOUS MYOGENIC CONTRACTION

The aortic media realized Windkessel vessel functions and maintain sustained ventricle ejection balance during cardiac circle. Wheatstone bridge circuit piezoresistive strain sensor had desirable sensing properties to investigate aortic cushion features. In this study, Wheatstone bridge sensor was used to evaluate quick stretching-induced aortic efficient cushions and spontaneous myogenic contractions. Mice aortic specimens were loosely hooked and stabilized to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm stainless steel pin and strain sensor, whereas the other side was hooked and shows increasing specimen length. Specimen isometric tension and rhythmic spontaneous myogenic contraction were recorded. Isometric tension and spontaneous myogenic response at initial length ([Formula: see text] and ultimate length ([Formula: see text] were evaluated. Aortic specimen significantly eliminated mechanical rigid oscillations. The recovery to baseline time was significantly shortened at [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ms and [Formula: see text] ms at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, but [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ms and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ms in no-load test). High Ca[Formula: see text] incubation prolonged the recovery time to baseline at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ms and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ms, respectively) and suggested Ca[Formula: see text] decreased efficient cushion. Moreover, strain sensor successfully recorded the enhanced rhythmic spontaneous myogenic contractions in isometric specimen. Wheatstone bridge circuit sensor reflected the significance of efficient cushions under mechanical preload, which absolutely captured rhythmic myogenic contractions of mice aortic specimen.

Origin of Low-Energy Spurious Peaks in Spectroscopic Measurements With Silicon Detectors

When an uncollimated radioactive X-ray source illuminates a silicon PIN sensor, some ionizing events are generated in the nonimplanted gap between the active area of the sensor and the guard rings (GRs). Carriers can be collected by floating electrodes, i.e., electron accumulation layers at the silicon/oxide interface, and floating GRs. The crosstalk signals generated by these events create spurious peaks, replicas of the main peaks at either lower amplitude or of opposite polarity. We explain this phenomenon as crosstalk caused by charge collected on these floating electrodes, which can be analyzed by means of an extension of Ramo theorem.

Automatic 3-dimensional flux analyses of a 3-phase model transformer core

For the development of new strategies for reduction of energy losses and audible noise of transformer cores, the assessment of the induction distribution is essential. The results confirm that the core represents a strongly inhomogeneous 3-dimensional magnetization system. For a full understanding of distributions, measurements in the core interior are necessary. For the first time the paper presents detailed analyses of induction distribution in a multi-package model core. Automatic measurements were performed in 112 local positions within 3-phase, 3-limb transformer core stacked from three packages of different width of grain oriented material. As a completely novel approach, a soft magnetic Fe-pin (of 2.4 mm diameter) with pick up coil was used as an a priori calibrated pin sensor. 25 measurement channels (of 3 mm diameter) were established through the entire core. Z-profiles of the induction through the channels were determined in an automatic way for a nominal induction of 1.7 T. They confirm that the core represents a system that is magnetized in a strong inhomogeneous way. Strong variations of the induction up to 10% were observed not only for the in-plane direction, but also along the normal direction (off-plane). Maximum induction values were detected in the widest main package, minimum ones in the narrowest peripheral package. An exception is the corner area where the inhomogeneity of B decreases, linked with a balancing off-plane flux. The paper proposes a model for the flux distribution through the three packages of the core.

Pin Sensor for Interior Induction Measurements in Transformer Cores

This paper concerns, the problem to assess 3-D distributions of magnetic induction in soft magnetic systems like machine cores of transformers or generators. Within bulk material, estimations of distributions are restricted to numerical methods like FEM, the application of sensors being hard. On the other hand, in laminated material, the conventional method is to use single-turn search coil sensors arranged in holes through the laminations. As drawbacks, the method is extremely laborious, and it causes artifacts due to the formation of interlaminar air gaps. This paper presents a completely novel alternative that is applicable in systems of both laminated and bulk material. Instead of single holes, measurement channels (e.g., 3 mm width) are established through the whole system. A soft magnetic pin (e.g., 2.5 mm diameter) with pickup coil is used as an a priori calibrated dummy sensor. It determines an induction profile along the channel in a fully automatic way. The effectiveness is demonstrated for the case of a 3-phase transformer core. Induction profiles through a core-limb of three packages of different width are presented in correlation with corresponding loss profiles, as detected in an analogous way.

Optimization of Actinides Trace Precipitation on Diamond/Si PIN Sensor for Alpha-Spectrometry in Aqueous Solution

We report here on a new approach for the detection and identification of actinides ( 239 Pu, 241 Am, 244 Cm, etc). This approach is based on the use of a novel device consisting of a boron doped nanocrystalline diamond film deposited onto a silicon PIN diode alpha particle sensor. The actinides concentration is probed in situ in the measuring solution using a method based on electro-precipitation that can be carried out via the use of a doped diamond electrode. The device allows probing directly both alpha-particles activity and energy in liquid solutions. In this work, we address the optimization of the actinides electro-precipitation step onto the sensor. The approach is based on fine tuning the pH of the electrolyte, the nature of the supporting electrolytes (Na 2 SO 4 or NaNO 3 ), the electrochemical cell geometry, the current density value, the precipitation duration as well as the sensor surface area. The deposition efficiency was significantly improved with values reaching for instance up to 81.5% in the case of electro-precipitation of 5.96 Bq 241 Am on the sensor. The diamond/silicon sensor can be reused after measurement by performing a fast decontamination step at high yields ≥99%, where the 241 Am electro-precipitated layer is quickly removed by applying an anodic current (+2 mA · cm -2 for 10 minutes) to the boron doped nanocrystalline diamond electrode in aqueous solution. This study demonstrated that alpha-particle spectroscopic measurements could be made feasible for the first time in aqueous solutions after an electrochemical deposition process, with theoretical detections thresholds as low as 0.24 Bq · L -1 . We believe that this approach can be of very high interest for alpha-particle spectroscopy in liquids for actinides trace detection.

Spectral Variation of Hard X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula with the Suzaku Hard X-Ray Detector

Abstract The Crab Nebula is one of the brightest and most stable sources in the X-ray sky. Year-scale flux variation from the object was recently revealed in the hard X-ray band by four satellites. This marked the first detection of year-scale variability from pulsar wind nebulae in the hard X-ray band. The Crab Nebula has been observed at least once a year for calibration purposes with the Suzaku Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) since its launch in 2005. In order to investigate possible spectral changes as well as flux variation, archival data of the HXD were analyzed. The flux variation reported by other instruments was confirmed in the 25–100 keV band by the HXD at a few percent level, but flux above 100 keV did not follow the trend in variation below 100 keV. The hardness ratios produced utilizing the PIN and GSO sensors installed in the HXD exhibit significant scattering, thereby indicating spectral variations in the hard X-ray band. The spectral changes were quantified by spectral fitting with a broken power-law model. The difference between the two photon indexes of the broken power-law model in harder and softer energy bands is in the range of $<$ 2.54. Taking into account a flux variation of 6.3% and a spectral variation time-scale of a few days, multi components of the broken power-law-shaped synchrotron emission with different cooling times are suggested.

Non-invasive measurement of the patellofemoral movements during knee extension–flexion: A validation study

BackgroundThis study compared the difference between patellofemoral kinematics derived simultaneously from patellar bone pin and skin sensors during full range of tibiofemoral joint movement. MethodsMovements at the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints during passive full extension–flexion of the knees in three un-embalmed human cadavers were studied with four electromagnetic tracking sensors at a sampling rate of 30Hz. A total of four sensors were attached on distal femur, proximal tibia, the surface of a tailor-made patella mold and at the tip of a plastic bone pin planted in the patellar body through a window on the mold. Paired-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare peak motions computed from different sensors. The correlation of the movement–time curves derived from different sensors was tested by coefficient of multiple correlations (CMC) in different sections of tibiofemoral joint range. ResultsPeak motions detected by skin sensor for patellar lateral tilt (p=0.045), distal translation (p=0.021), lateral shift (p=0.032), and anterior–posterior shift of patella (p=0.03 and 0.01 respectively) were higher than that by the bone pin sensor. The overall CMC values for anterior–posterior translation and medial–lateral shift were lower than movements in other planes of movement. The CMC values in initial range were higher than that in the middle and end range in all planes of movement. ConclusionsPatellofemoral kinematics derived from skin sensors may not be representative of the underlying patellar motion. Kinematics reported from the skin sensors should be carefully interpreted.

Advances in the continuous monitoring of erosion and deposition dynamics: Developments and applications of the new PEEP-3T system

In most episodic erosion and deposition systems, knowledge of the timing of geomorphological change, in relation to fluctuations in the driving forces, is crucial to strong erosion process inference, and model building, validation and development. A challenge for geomorphology, however, is that few studies have focused on geomorphological event structure (timing, magnitude, frequency and duration of individual erosion and deposition events), in relation to applied stresses, because of the absence of key monitoring methodologies. This paper therefore (a) presents full details of a new erosion and deposition measurement system — PEEP-3T — developed from the Photo-Electronic Erosion Pin sensor in five key areas, including the addition of nocturnal monitoring through the integration of the Thermal Consonance Timing (TCT) concept, to produce a continuous sensing system; (b) presents novel high-resolution datasets from the redesigned PEEP-3T system for river bank system of the Rivers Nidd and Wharfe, northern England, UK; and (c) comments on their potential for wider application throughout geomorphology to address these key measurement challenges. Relative to manual methods of erosion and deposition quantification, continuous PEEP-3T methodologies increase the temporal resolution of erosion/deposition event detection by more than three orders of magnitude (better than 1-second resolution if required), and this facility can significantly enhance process inference. Results show that river banks are highly dynamic thermally and respond quickly to radiation inputs. Data on bank retreat timing, fixed with PEEP-3T TCT evidence, confirmed that they were significantly delayed up to 55 h after flood peaks. One event occurred 13 h after emergence from the flow. This suggests that mass failure processes rather than fluid entrainment dominated the system. It is also shown how, by integrating turbidity instrumentation with TCT ideas, linkages between sediment supply and sediment flux can be forged at event timescales, and a lack of sediment exhaustion was evident here. Five challenges for wider geomorphological process investigation are discussed. This event-based dynamics approach, based on continuous monitoring methodologies, appears to have considerable wider potential for stronger process inference and model testing and validation in many areas of geomorphology.