Pilot Plant Studies Research Articles

Molecular simulation and experimental understanding of piperazine-promoted 2-cyclopentylaminoethanol for energy-efficient carbon capture

With the serious climate change and carbon emissions issues facing the world, it is becoming increasingly important to find effective methods to reduce the post-combustion CO2 concentrations. Piperazine −enhanced aqueous amine solvents are still being developed due to the technology is more applicable to large −scale industry. However, the sustainability of the CO2 capture process is still hindered by high energy consumption and amine losses. To tackle this issue, a novel secondary amine, 2-cyclopentylaminoethanol, was synthesized from a primary amine, monoethanolamine. It has a more stable structure than monoethanolamine and was further activated by piperazine. Its effectiveness was compared with piperazine-enhanced N-methyldiethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine/triethylenediamine, and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. The experimental results showed that 2-cyclopentylaminoethanol/piperazine presents the fastest CO2 mass transfer rate, the largest CO2 cyclic capacity and a lower latent heat. The regeneration energy consumption of the absorbent is approximately 2.44 GJ/ton CO2, which is approximately 37.45% lower than that of 30 wt% monoethanolamine solvent. The results are in accordance with the findings of a laboratory-scale pilot plant study, which demonstrated an average reduction of 35.3% in energy consumption. Molecular simulations have revealed that 2-cyclopentylaminoethanol exhibits the lowest energy barrier for reacting with CO2, rendering it more conducive to CO2 reaction. The intermolecular interactions indicate that the hydrogen bonding in the solution after monoethanolamine reacts with CO₂ becomes more pronounced, coupled with a higher energy barrier. Consequently, a greater amount of energy is required during desorption. It can be inferred that 2-cyclopentylaminoethanol/piperazine is a promising energy-efficient and stable absorbent for post-combustion CO2 capture.

The effect of operating conditions on neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulping properties: an industrial pilot plant study

The influence of pulping variables on the pulp and black liquor properties for a neutral sulphite semi-chemical pulping system was investigated in a pilot plant pulping setup situated at an industrial paper mill. Eucalyptus chips were used as raw material and the operating variables were Na2SO3 charge (8–18% w/w on oven-dry wood), Na2CO3 charge (0.5–3.0% w/w on oven-dry wood) and maximum cooking temperature (160–180 °C). Response surface methodology was used to parametrize empirical models to find the optimal conditions for maximizing the short-span compression strength index of the pulp. The derived regression models for the black liquor properties and the pulp hypo number had R2-adjusted values above 0.8 and p-values for overall significance below 0.05. The derived regression models for the handsheet strength properties had R2-adjusted values between 0.3 and 0.45 and p-values for overall significance either below 0.05 or between 0.05 and 0.1. The sulphite charge, followed by the carbonate charge, had the most notable effect on the evaluated properties with the effects of temperature being less significant. Optimization of the pilot plant system showed that the short-span compression strength index of the pulp could be maximized to 26.7 N m/g, using a sulphite charge of 9.4% (w/w on oven-dry wood) and a carbonate charge of 1.94% (w/w on oven-dry wood), similar to short-span compression strength indices typically achieved using other pulping processes.

Screening the Performance of a Reverse Osmosis Pilot-Scale Process That Treats Blended Feedwater Containing a Nanofiltration Concentrate and Brackish Groundwater.

A two-stage pilot plant study has been completed that evaluated the performance of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process for the treatment of feedwater that consisted of a blend of a nanofiltration (NF) concentrate and brackish groundwater. Membrane performance was assessed by monitoring the process operation, collecting water quality data, and documenting the blended feedwater's impact on fouling due to microbiological or organic means, plugging, and scaling, or their combination. Fluorescence and biological activity reaction tests were used to identify the types of organics and microorganisms present in the blended feedwater. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze suspended matter that collected on the surfaces of cartridge filters used in the pilot's pretreatment system. SEM and EDS were also used to evaluate solids collected on the surfaces of 0.45 µm silver filter pads after filtering known volumes of NF concentrate and RO feedwater blends. Water quality analyses confirmed that the blended feedwater contained little to no dissolved oxygen, and a significant amount of particulate matter was absent from the blended feedwater as defined by silt density index and turbidity measurements. However, water quality results suggested that the presence of sulfate, sulfide, iron, anaerobic bacteria, and humic acid organics likely contributed to the formation of pyrite observed on some of the membrane surfaces autopsied at the conclusion of pilot operations. It was determined that first-stage membrane productivity was impacted by the location of cartridge filter pretreatment; however, second-stage productivity was maintained with no observed flux decline during the entire pilot operation's timeline. Study results indicated that the operation of an RO process treating a blend of an NF concentrate and brackish groundwater could maintain a sustainable and productive operation that provided a practical minimum liquid discharge process operation for the NF concentrate, while the dilution of RO feedwater salinity would lower overall production costs.

A hydrometallurgical process flowsheet for recovering MoO3 from Molybdenite

In this study, a comprehensive hydrometallurgical processing of molybdenite (MoS2) concentrate was investigated. This investigation involved a novel approach combining mechanical activation, leaching, and polyelectrolyte extraction methods. The integrated method effectively addressed the challenge of low leaching rate of molybdenite, resulting in the successful production of high-purity molybdenum trioxide. Milled molybdenite samples were analyzed by different methods of X-ray diffraction, atomic force and electron microscopy, and BET. The increasing trend of the specific surface area during milling was determined by a model fitting which was useful for optimization of milling time. Several leaching reagents were studied to achieve high molybdenum dissolution. The most promising results were achieved through a two-hour process, yielding an impressive leaching efficiency of 80% and a resulting Mo concentration of 6700 mg/L. Molybdenum recovery was efficiently carried out through polyelectrolyte extraction, as confirmed by ICP and CHNS analyses, demonstrating selective precipitation of molybdenum from the solution. The subsequent calcination of the precipitated molybdenum(VI) compound resulted in the production of high-purity molybdenum trioxide. Furthermore, a conceptual hydrometallurgical treatment process for molybdenite concentrate was proposed, aiming to recover molybdenum, sulfuric acid, and copper. This proposed process presents a promising avenue for further exploration in pilot plant studies within the molybdenum industry.

Carbon footprint reduction by coupling intermittent aeration with submerged MBR: A pilot plant study

To find a possible trade-off between effluent quality, sludge production, energy consumption and GHG emissions, this study monitored the carbon and nutrient removal and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant with intermittent aeration (IA). The pilot plant was operated by alternating aerobic and anoxic conditions inside the biological reactor. Up to 98.2 % of carbon and 76.4 % of nitrogen were respectively remove through this MBR pilot plant with IA. The carbon footprint was equal to 2.4 kgCO2eq m−3. Indirect emissions contributed the most to the carbon footprint (55.3 %), mainly due to energy consumption, despite the alterations in aeration during the pilot plant operation. The result of this study provides theoretical guidance for building the wastewater treatment plant in a sustainable way.

Reliable pneumatic transport of coarse ash in dense-phase by optimally mixing with fine ash

Fly ash generated in thermal power plants can vary widely in characteristics such as size, fine content, and bulk density. From a pneumatic conveying perspective, the ash can be either a dense- or dilute-phase material. Unfortunately, a common pneumatic conveying system cannot optimally cater for both dense- and dilute-phase. As a result, the installed systems are either over-designed (causing additional airflow, capital costs, excessive pipeline wear, etc.) or under-designed (causing pipeline blockage or very less tonnage). Based on a pilot plant study of conveying 10 blends of ash, 75% coarse ash and 25% fine ash create the optimal blend for dense phase conveying. A new bulk powder Froude number term (based on loose poured bulk density) and coarse-to-fine ratio have been used to represent reliable conveying criteria. For reliable dense-phase conveying, the ash mixture should have a bulk powder Froude number < 10 and a coarse-to-fine ratio > 10.

Exploring Oxytenanthera abyssinica as a sustainable alternative for pulp and paper production: A response surface methodology approach for optimized soda pulping

Oxytenanthera abyssinica has been investigated as a possible substitute raw material for pulp and paper production because of its long fiber (2.40 mm), larger fiber width (21.83 μm), and flexibility ratio (0.72), smaller Runkel ratio (0.35), large slenderness ratio (109.98), and thinner cell wall thickness (2.74 μm). A response surface methodology (RSM) method was applied to explore and identify the best conditions for soda processing of the O. abyssinica stem. Soda concentration, cooking temperature, and cooking time were used to optimize the process of pulp production and the Kappa number (KPN). Under optimal conditions such as 180 min cooking time, 20 % active alkali, and 165 °C cooking temperature, the highest pulp yield and the lowest KPN were 43.48 % and 19.9, respectively. The optimized pulp was used to make a paper sheet having mechanical characteristics of the tensile index (28.23 Nm/g), tearing index (10.70 mNm2/g), and Burst index (1.11 kPam2/g). This study demonstrates that O. abyssinica pulp can produce paper with mechanical properties of medium strength equivalent to that of paper using a more environmentally friendly pulping process such as soda pulping compared to kraft and sulfite pulping. In summary, it can be inferred that O. abyssinica holds significant promise as a substitute raw material for pulp and paper industries. However, it is recommended to conduct pilot plant studies for further exploration.

Integrated membrane process for pretreating and desolventizing hexane-soybean oil miscella – A pilot plant study

The study aimed to develop a membrane desolventizing technology for solvent recovery in vegetable oil extraction. Pretreatment of crude miscella is a prerequisite for an organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) based desolventizing process. Solvent-resistant ultrafiltration (SRUF) membrane employed in micelle-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) of hexane-crude soybean oil miscella displayed high phospholipids (PL) rejection (98.5 %) and productivity (∼28 L/m2/h), accompanied with a moderate oil rejection (∼22 %). The PL-rich retentate fraction was alkali-treated to recover the oil in the stream (8.8 %). This complementary pretreatment approach met the quality requirements and maximized the yield of treated oil (>98 %) while reducing the chemicals in the process. A subsequent two-stage desolventizing of MEUF-treated miscella with solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membrane reduced the oil-in-permeate to 1.37 %, achieving the set recycling criteria (<2 %). The results obtained from the pilot scale study (batch size 40 kg of crude miscella) revealed that the MEUF met the pretreatment requirements, and the subsequent OSN process recovered ∼63 % of hexane through a non-thermal route for recycling in the extraction process. The pilot-scale evaluation demonstrated the technical feasibility of the proposed membrane desolventizing process employing indigenous spiral-wound SRUF and SRNF membrane modules.

Improving energy estimation in VSA processes through integration of vacuum pump characteristics: A carbon capture case study

This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the precision of energy estimation in Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) processes. To address this, a mathematical model was developed that incorporates the vacuum pump's characteristic curve, allowing for a more realistic representation of the VSA process. The model was rigorously validated against published data from a pilot plant study, where power consumption had been directly metered. Our results demonstrate that the isentropic work of gas compression, which is commonly used to estimate the evacuation energy, underestimates energy consumption by a significant factor, approximately threefold. The root cause of this divergence is the allocation of efficiency at a moderate vacuum (e.g. 20 kPa) to the entire range of evacuation pressure (below 10 kPa). A novel electromechanical efficiency factor (hereafter ηEM) that accounts for transforming power to the required shaft work was introduced. This factor, which incorporates vacuum pump characteristics into the calculations, not only rectifies the underestimation in energy consumption but also serves as a tool to evaluate the impact of the vacuum pump type on process performance.

Treatment of effluents from Food Services Establishment (FSEs) by physico-chemical processes: a case study for Trinidad & Tobago

BackgroundEffluents from Food Services Establishments (FSEs) contain primarily Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) which severely impact on sewers and the environment when released in high concentrations. In Trinidad & Tobago, it is estimated that approximately 231,304 kg/day of unaccounted for FOG bearing wastewaters from FSEs, are released into the environment with no viable treatment in the country. This research explored the optimization of physico-chemical processes for the treatment of FOGs for subsequent release into sewers.ResultsBench-scale studies analysed the characteristics of FSE’s effluents from three popular sources, conducted the treatment of these effluents using Jar Tests, and subsequently confirm results via a pilot plant study. Characterization showed the mean concentration of the parameters examined to be; FOG (511 mg/l ± 116 mg/l), Suspended Solids (446 mg/l ± 146 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (2229 mg/l ± 963 mg/l) and pH (6 ± 0.3). Jar Tests were conducted using Poly-aluminium Chloride (PACl) as coagulant, anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes as flocculant aids with suitable pH adjustments of samples to determine the isoelectric point for the coagulant. Effluent results showed FOG removal levels of 99.9% and final effluent concentration of 0.17 mg/l. This was attained using PACl concentration of 250 mg/l, a 0.1% low cationic polyelectrolyte (CP 1154) at 4 mg/l with the pH of sample adjusted to 8. The pilot plant achieved a 97.4% removal of FOG (residual of 16.8 mg/l) using the same coagulant dosing, and pH value, but increasing the strength of the flocculant aid to 0.1% medium cationic (CP1156) at 5 mg/l.ConclusionExperimentation showed high concentrations of emulsified FOG can be efficiently removed to levels below the permissible requirements (20 mg/l) for entry into sewer systems in Trinidad and Tobago using coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation techniques. Pilot scale study also revealed that a higher strength and/or dose of the cationic polyelectrolyte and increased times in primary and final tanks were required to attain the desired results as in the bench level study, where equipment limitations in the flocculation tank were faced. This is in alignment with theory where factors critical for agglomeration is equipment type and density charge. It is, concluded that the optimum combination of chemicals and the respective dosages attained at the bench level study should prove effective should the right equipment be made available.

Design of pilot-scale delamination plant along with techno-economic and life cycle assessments considering renewable and non-renewable energy sources

Significant research has been focused on delamination of untreated cathode material (UCM); however, limited attention is given to scaling these processes on an industrial scale. Therefore, this research aims to go beyond the traditional approaches by emphasizing the development of a novel and environmentally sustainable process for the in-situ simultaneous recovery of hydrogen gas and UCM from spent cathode electrodes. Hydrogen gas production at the lab scale was optimized using artificial neural network, and the optimal conditions were identified. Additionally, a pilot plant study was conducted, incorporating a comprehensive life cycle and techno-economic assessments. Furthermore, the impact of renewable energy sources (solar, biomass, wind) was compared with non-renewable (mix-grid) energy source. It was found that significant reduction occurs in global warming potential by 96 %, 93 %, and 99 % with lowered annual utility costs by 55 %, 96 %, and 60 % respectively for solar, biomass, and wind as compared to mix-grid energy.

Wastewater Treatment Using Shear Enhanced Flotation Separation Technology: A Pilot Plant Study for Winery Wastewater Processing

The agricultural sector is one that requires and consumes enormous amounts of fresh water globally. Commercial wine production in particular uses large volumes of fresh water and, through various processes, generates significant quantities of wastewater. The wastewater produced by wineries typically exhibits elevated levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), an acidic pH, and varying salinity and nutrient contents. The overall characteristics of winery wastewater indicate that it is a potential environmental hazard if not processed and disposed of appropriately. Due to significant variations in wastewater contaminant levels among wineries, the implementation of a universally applicable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable waste management system seems practically unattainable. This study investigated the design, fabrication, and modification of a shear enhanced flotation separation (SEFS) pilot plant to be used as a primary treatment stage during winery wastewater processing. This technology combines the synergistic advantages of hydrodynamic shear, coagulation, flocculation, and dissolved air flotation. To date, there have been only limited publications on the feasibility and application of hydrodynamic shear and its potential to assist with coagulation/flocculation and flotation efficiencies specifically for winery wastewater treatment. The results obtained indicate that the SEFS pilot plant may well be able to process winery wastewater to a quality level where reuse of the water for irrigation of crops may be considered.

Electrified steam methane reforming of biogas for sustainable syngas manufacturing and next-generation of plant design: A pilot plant study

Electrification of the traditional steam methane reforming (SMR) technology for syngas manufacturing has a significant CO2 reduction potential and make it more feasible to operate in combination with carbon capture/utilization, especially if renewable electricity is used. This pilot plant study demonstrates the first operational experience with industrial-scale electrified steam methane reforming (eSMR) technology using biogas as sustainable carbon feedstock. Across an operating envelope spanning from combinations of 5 to 20 barg and 750 °C to 1000 °C, the eSMR produces syngas as expected from thermodynamics. However, without the thermal restrictions inherent in the SMR design, the eSMR can achieve higher temperatures, enables fast transient operation, with high stability and control, thereby increasing the overall performance and design flexibility. Initial thermal responses of the eSMR were tested, demonstrating fast start-up from an idle state to operating conditions, within 2.6 h, including heating from 630 °C to 900 °C. Furthermore, dynamic temperature control was also demonstrated with heating rates up to 330 °C/h. Experimental energy efficiency of the pilot reactor was quantified between 72 % and 80 %, with the residual being heat loss to the surroundings due to the relatively small scale. With further scale-up to ≥1 MW reactor capacity, efficiencies of ≥99 % are predicted with a specific electrical energy consumption of 1.0 kWh/Nm3 H2. Overall, the efficiency and operational flexibility are improved due to the direct electrical heating of the catalytic system. Combined with biogas as feedstock, this paves the way for attractive and competitive plant designs for sustainable and renewable production of chemicals and fuels.

Evaporation of process water from recycled containerboard mills

The reduction of the specific effluent discharge volumes of paper mills leads to concentrated process waters that are difficult to treat. Evaporation is an effective water reclamation technology; however, its feasibility largely depends on the fouling behavior of the calcium rich process water. A pilot plant study was conducted to investigate fouling of an evaporator processing the production water from a recycled containerboard mill. The evaporator was operated continuously for five weeks at an evaporation temperature of 55°C and a differential temperature of 5°C, and with a recovery rate of approximately 90%. The calcium ion concentration of the circulating liquor exceeded 7,000 mg/L with a pH of 6. Despite the high fouling potential of the circulating liquor, the heat transfer coefficient did not decline over the investigated trial. The absence of deposits on large areas of the heating surfaces demonstrate that the process water does not generally form deposits under the conditions that were investigated. Calcium sulfate deposits were only found in areas where there was inadequate coverage of liquid over the heating surfaces. The findings show that evaporators can be used to effectively close the water system of recycled containerboard mills without fouling impacting the energy efficiency.

Column rougher flotation of fine niobium-bearing particles assisted with micro and nanobubbles

Rougher column flotation pilot plant (80 kg h−1 of solids) studies, recovering pyrochlore (fine and ultrafine samples), compared separation parameters with and without the injection of nano and microbubbles. An aqueous dispersion of those bubbles, generated in a surfactant solution using a centrifugal multiphase pump coupled to a needle valve, was added to the column cell as dilution water (0.1 m3 h−1), after the conditioning stage. The results showed that, for the fine sample (D32 = 15 µm; D50 = 38 µm and about 5–5.8 % Nb2O5 feed grade), the injection of micro and nanobubbles enhanced the Nb2O5 recovery by 1.4% at similar concentrate grades. For the ultrafine and poorer feed grade sample (D32 = 1.5 µm; D50 = 4 µm and 1.9–2.3 % Nb2O5 feed grade), the flotation efficiency was higher, increasing the Nb2O5 recovery by about 4.8% while improving the concentrate grade by 30%(enrichment ratios varying from 5.2 to 6.6). The results are explained by the interfacial mechanisms involving the enhanced capture of particles by a combination of nano (30–800 nm diameter), micro (30–100 µm diameter), and coarse bubbles (>600 µm diameter). This appears to confirm the multi-sized bubbles concept and importance in flotation whereby the finest bubbles seem to attach rapidly to the pyrochlore particles acting as “seeds” for the coarser bubbles to adhere. This alternative was proved at high flow-rate pilot scale in long trials, permitting to conclude its high potential in the recovery of fine and ultrafine minerals by flotation, especially in these valuable low grade niobium-bearing particles.

A pilot study comparing MEA and AEEA solvents in carbon capture

The goal of reducing the energy consumption of the CO2 removal process from flue gas may be pursued by modifying the process flow system, insertion of new technical solutions or developing new solvents. This paper provides data and discussion of the pilot plant experimental results using an aqueous 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (AEEA) compared to ethanolamine (MEA) solution. The post-combustion carbon capture pilot plant study was conducted with stripper inter-heating for advanced various flow systems, mainly for multi absorber feed (MAF) process setups, namely one with the lean amine stream being split 50/50 and served at different heights of the absorption column. A comparison with the standard (S) and split flow (SF) process flow modification has been also performed. The test showed that unskillful running of the process with AEEA solution can lead to excessive heat consumption, higher than for MEA.

Scaling up continuous eutectic freeze crystallization of lactose from whey permeate: A pilot plant study at sub-zero temperatures

Eutectic freeze crystallization is explored as an alternative to the state-of-the-art evaporation process for the recovery of lactose from whey permeate. At the so-called eutectic freezing point, both water (the solvent) and lactose (the solute) crystallize and can be removed continuously while continuously feeding whey permeate. This continuous process is demonstrated on a pilot scale at sub-zero temperatures. In the first instance, only freeze concentration of whey permeate took place at −4 °C. It was possible to reach a lactose concentration of 30 wt% and hardly any nucleation was observed. The resulting ice had high purity, with a lactose concentration of ±2 wt%. Next, the eutectic phase was reached, and lactose and ice crystallized simultaneously and were continuously removed from the system, the resulting crystals had parallelogram morphology with an average size of 10 µm. Ice was recovered at a rate of 60 kg/h and lactose was recovered at a rate of 16 kg/h, yielding over 80% of the feed lactose. A conceptional design was proposed for an improved yield and reduction of energy. Yields of at least 80% and up till 95% could be achieved. Compared to the state-of-the-art mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), EFC is 80% more energy efficient.

Efficient organic carbon utilization for combined nutrient removal and biogas production in hybrid biofilm activated sludge system

Moving bed biofilm technology is a successful and promising biological treatment process considered for cost-effective management of wastewaters. In this study, a hybrid moving bed biofilm pilot plant was operated and obtained results were compared with simulation results of two biological processes: a conventional Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) system and a novel hybrid activated sludge configuration implemented with Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) and a reactive primary clarifier (RPC). An efficient organic carbon entrapment (87%) was obtained in reactive primary clarifier where the major component (95%) of the total Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was determined as slowly hydrolysable (XS1), according to respirometric tests. Pilot plant and simulation studies exhibited that an improved nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance, as well as higher biogas production (47%) were obtained by organic carbon redirection in proposed hybrid configurations, securing a 40% less reactor volume. Investigation of the economic aspects indicated that hybrid system has a lower operating cost (i.e., 23% less air requirement, 40% less mixing energy requirement), does not require internal recirculation pumps, and produces more energy through anaerobic digestion compared to conventional BNR. Therefore, proposed novel hybrid configuration is more efficient for the treatment of municipal wastewater in terms of Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditures (OPEX) within the energy self-sufficient treatment plant approach and sustainable treatment plant operation.

Chicken feather thermal decomposition analysis and techno-economic assessment for production of value-added products: a pilot plant study

Chicken feather thermal decomposition analysis and techno-economic assessment for production of value-added products: a pilot plant study

The effects of water addition and baking time on process optimization of pumpkin muffins: a pilot plant scale study

Pumpkin muffins are rich in fiber but have low expansion volume and high hardness. To date, research on pumpkin muffins has only been conducted on a laboratory scale. Therefore, a pilot plant study is needed to optimize its production on an industrial scale. This work aimed to determine the processing conditions that could produce the optimum quality of pumpkin muffins on a pilot plant scale. Water addition and baking time were chosen as optimization variables, color, moisture content, expansion volume and hardness were selected as response variables. Optimization was conducted using Response Surface Methodology in Design Expert 7.0® program. The mathematical models for brightness and hue were cubic models, and those for moisture content, expansion volume, and hardness were quadratic models. Optimization results with a desirability value of 0.884 were obtained from the addition of 48% water and baking time of 22 minutes. The resulting pumpkin muffins had lightness of 41.21, hue of 70.74, moisture content of 27.96%, expansion volume of 185.39%, and hardness of 2.91 N and contained 27.96% moisture, 2.23% ash, 18.59% fat, 5.85% protein, 45.37% carbohydrates, and 8.76% dietary fiber. These findings provide new insights for researchers and bakery industries to improve the quality of muffins from local food sources.