Pilot Monitoring Research Articles

Visual Attention Distribution of Pilot Flying vs. Pilot Monitoring During Different Flight Phases

With the continuous maturation of technology and the deepening of human-centered design philosophy, eye tracking technology has gradually been applied in research studies for the optimization of flight deck design in commercial aviation. While these studies have focused solely on Pilot Flying (PF), without considering the visual attention distribution of Pilot Monitoring (PM). The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the visual attention distribution of PF and PM during different flight phases, providing more comprehensive guidance and optimization suggestion to the flight deck design in commercial aviation. This study was conducted in the A320 full-motion flight simulator, with eye tracking technology recording eye movements of PF and PM in the same flight crew simultaneously. The result showed significant differences in three eye movement metrics between PF and PM, not only throughout the whole common manual circuit but also within specific flight phases. Additionally, the results indicated that in certain flight phases, PF and PM exhibited statistically significant correlations in certain eye movement metrics for specific areas of the flight deck. However, in most other instances, no statistically significant correlations were observed between the eye movement metrics of PF and PM. Therefore, the future design of flight decks may benefit from considering differentiation between PF and PM sides in certain flight phases or areas. Additionally, it can be beneficial to make dynamic adjustments to the current flight deck display and control interface while maintaining the existing layout design.

Agitation dredging of silt and fine sand with Water Injection Dredging, Tiamat and Underwater Plough: a case study in the Port of Rotterdam

Abstract Purpose Agitation dredging has gained popularity as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for port maintenance. One of the advantages of agitation dredging is the ability to transport sediments out of the port area using natural currents. The effect of the different agitation methods on sediment and water properties has rarely been investigated in a single pilot project. This research aims to study the effects of agitation methods in silt and sand-dominated areas that are frequently maintained. Methods The effects of water injection dredging, (WID) underwater ploughing (UWP) and Tiamat on sediment properties are investigated in the Port of Rotterdam. In-situ measurements and laboratory measurements are carried out to determine changes in the bed level, the particle size distribution of the bed, the turbidity in the water column and the dispersion distance of the sediment plume due to agitation dredging. Results The results of the in-situ monitoring of the agitation pilots allow a comparison of the changes in sediment and water properties before, during and after agitation dredging. The production, advantages and limitations of the tested agitation dredging methods are discussed. Conclusion The in-situ measurements show that WID, Tiamat and UWP can be successfully used for the agitation of sediments and their removal from the silt and sand-dominated areas. The production of the tested agitation methods is higher for silty than sandy sediments. In general, the selection of the agitation equipment can be made based on environmental regulations, sediment properties and hydrodynamic conditions.

Monitoring data poor small-scale estuarine fisheries: a proposal from the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) fishery in the Rapel River, Chile

Chile has a relatively long history of monitoring and managing large-scale commercial fish stocks. However, many other small-scale fisheries, particularly those operating in estuaries, usually lack basic fisheries and biological information. International experience indicates that a monitoring system designed for large-scale stocks cannot simply be resized to address the complexity, relatively low total economic value, and the large number of actors and supply chains in small-scale fisheries. This article proposes a strategy to monitor data-poor fisheries operating in estuaries. The striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), locally known as “lisa”, in the Rapel River, central Chile, was selected to establish a pilot monitoring program for small-scale fish resources. From May 2022 to May 2023, fisheries information, including fleet description, catch and effort data, and fish biological attributes such as length and weight, were collected and described for the first time in the region. Drawing insights from this case study, we propose developing a generic monitoring system tailored specifically for monitoring fish stocks in estuaries. This conceptualization is based on: i) change agents, who are individuals trained to work with both the social and biological dimensions of each coastal fish stock; ii) experienced fisheries scientists outside government agencies; and iii) local fishers' knowledge to provide constant feedback for adapting temporal and spatial scales for monitoring. This monitoring scheme is cost-effective and can be efficiently replicated in other estuarine fisheries in Chile.

Enhancing Aviation Safety through AI-Driven Mental Health Management for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers.

This article provides an overview of the mental health challenges faced by pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs), whose stressful professional lives may negatively impact global flight safety and security. The adverse effects of mental health disorders on their flight performance pose a particular safety risk, especially in sudden unexpected startle situations. Therefore, the early detection, prediction and prevention of mental health deterioration in pilots and ATCs, particularly among those at high risk, are crucial to minimize potential air crash incidents caused by human factors. Recent research in artificial intelligence (AI) demonstrates the potential of machine and deep learning, edge and cloud computing, virtual reality and wearable multimodal physiological sensors for monitoring and predicting mental health disorders. Longitudinal monitoring and analysis of pilots' and ATCs physiological, cognitive and behavioral states could help predict individuals at risk of undisclosed or emerging mental health disorders. Utilizing AI tools and methodologies to identify and select these individuals for preventive mental health training and interventions could be a promising and effective approach to preventing potential air crash accidents attributed to human factors and related mental health problems. Based on these insights, the article advocates for the design of a multidisciplinary mental healthcare ecosystem in modern aviation using AI tools and technologies, to foster more efficient and effective mental health management, thereby enhancing flight safety and security standards. This proposed ecosystem requires the collaboration of multidisciplinary experts, including psychologists, neuroscientists, physiologists, psychiatrists, etc. to address these challenges in modern aviation.

EyeRADAR-Dam: Integration of MT-InSAR with monitoring technologies in a pilot monitoring system for embankment dams

Dams are one of the larger infrastructures of human civilization in the 21st century and subjected to increasing safety monitoring in the frame of global change. The quick development of SAR interferometry and processing capabilities allow near-real time monitoring of dams and associated areas and infrastructures. A pilot project for the surveillance and management of embankment dams, EyeRADAR-Dam has been developed in an industry-academia collaboration, supported by scientific validation. The potential of EyeRADAR-Dam lies in the integration via API of monitoring data and SAR time series dating from 1992 to present. The processed SAR data is input to the platform, together with relevant monitoring data (climate, topography, geotechnics, hydrology, flows…). A two-scale approach allows monitoring the entire reservoir, with slopes and infrastructures as a whole while simultaneously monitoring in detail critical infrastructures and dam body. EyeRADAR-Dam is part of a new generation of management platforms that integrate space data in daily operations.

Непрерывный контроль психофизиологического состояния пилотов гражданской авиации в системе «экипаж–воздушное судно»

The paper investigates the methods of assessing civil aviation (CA) pilots’ psychophysiological state as part of the continuous monitoring of the “man-machine” system parameters when predicting the flight crew’s unregulated actions, identifying pilots’ reserve psychophysiological capabilities in known or special situations that arise during flight missions.
 Methods for assessing the psychophysiological state include a set of psychophysiological testing programmes combined with a predictive base to ensure the flight safety. These methods are based on analysing psychophysiological indicators collected from the flight crews under study, taking into account the professional suitability and time intervals of the crew’s readiness to perform flight tasks. The purpose of diagnostic procedures is to optimise and automate a set of measures for training flight personnel to ensure the flight safety.
 The article presents the relationship between psychophysiological signs of professional suitability and unsuitability, as well as the relationship between special training and psychophysiological indicators. Describing the main methods of psychophysiological state assessment is given.
 The necessity of improving the existing methods of assessing pilots’ condition is shown, since they do not always reflect the true indicators. Developing new techniques and improvement of existing ones are required to achieve more accurate and reliable results and to enhance the flight safety. Further research and development should take into account technological progress and changes in the aviation industry, including the ergonomic aspects of the crews’ workplaces of modern aircraft.
 In conclusion, the importance of developing and improving methods for assessing civil aviation pilots’ psychophysiological state is emphasized. Continuous monitoring and forecasting of pilots’ psychophysiological state are crucial for ensuring the flight safety, it will contribute to a more accurate assessment and management of risks associated with the human factor in aviation, and provide for the further development of civil aviation.

Непрерывный контроль психофизиологического состояния пилотов гражданской авиации в системе «экипаж–воздушное судно»

The paper investigates the methods of assessing civil aviation (CA) pilots’ psychophysiological state as part of the continuous monitoring of the “man-machine” system parameters when predicting the flight crew’s unregulated actions, identifying pilots’ reserve psychophysiological capabilities in known or special situations that arise during flight missions.
 Methods for assessing the psychophysiological state include a set of psychophysiological testing programmes combined with a predictive base to ensure the flight safety. These methods are based on analysing psychophysiological indicators collected from the flight crews under study, taking into account the professional suitability and time intervals of the crew’s readiness to perform flight tasks. The purpose of diagnostic procedures is to optimise and automate a set of measures for training flight personnel to ensure the flight safety.
 The article presents the relationship between psychophysiological signs of professional suitability and unsuitability, as well as the relationship between special training and psychophysiological indicators. Describing the main methods of psychophysiological state assessment is given.
 The necessity of improving the existing methods of assessing pilots’ condition is shown, since they do not always reflect the true indicators. Developing new techniques and improvement of existing ones are required to achieve more accurate and reliable results and to enhance the flight safety. Further research and development should take into account technological progress and changes in the aviation industry, including the ergonomic aspects of the crews’ workplaces of modern aircraft.
 In conclusion, the importance of developing and improving methods for assessing civil aviation pilots’ psychophysiological state is emphasized. Continuous monitoring and forecasting of pilots’ psychophysiological state are crucial for ensuring the flight safety, it will contribute to a more accurate assessment and management of risks associated with the human factor in aviation, and provide for the further development of civil aviation.

Effects of flight crew role assignment on aviation accidents and incidents: Evidence of a systemic safety issue

To investigate whether a reported association between flight crew role assignment and accident/incident frequency has persisted subsequent to reforms introduced to address it, we analyze global civil aviation data on 841 accidents and safety critical incidents for the period 2000–2020 resulting in 5318 fatalities. We find that significantly more such events occur, and significantly more fatalities result, when the Captain (Pilot-in-Command) rather than the Co-pilot (Second-in-Command) is acting on the controls as “Pilot Flying” rather than acting as “Pilot Monitoring” – prima facie evidence that the regular combination of command and control (Pilot-in-Command as Pilot Flying) presents a significant systemic safety risk. The yearly proportion of events with the Pilot-in-Command as Pilot Flying significantly increased over 2000–2020. Moreover most (72.2%) events occurred in the absence of any emergency, in technically airworthy aircraft and most (87.9%) were also judgmentally assessed as preventable by the flight crew. Our findings are consistent with accounts of the crew assignment effect that invoke role-dependent status hierarchy effects interfering with effective monitoring and with cognitive overload debilitating the Pilot-in-Command when assigned as the Pilot Flying. We interpret these findings as evidence that measures specifically introduced to implement effective flight crew teamwork, such as Crew Resource Management training, fail to prevent ineffective flight crew teamwork. We consider the implications of our findings for the aviation industry and present options for mitigation and issues for further research.

A Pilot Study to Assess Hydration in Geriatric Patients by Bioimpedance.

Hydration plays a very important role in old age. This is because hydration changes over the course of life and therefore geriatric patients need to have their hydration monitored. However, the general problem is that there are no completely reliable methods' that can measure this. In this paper we performed a pilot monitoring in geriatric patients and compared directly measured electrical data with results from biochemistry. The observed correlations on our pilot sample show very promising values for (r=0.68) creatinine correlation with phase angle and (r=0.71) creatinine correlation with NI (nutritional index). It also shows that electrical readings may in the future indicate much more accurately the true status of the patient. Our research is still ongoing, and we are planning further measurements on a larger sample.

Method optimisation for large scope pesticide multiresidue analysis in bee pollen: A pilot monitoring study

Pesticide contamination in emerging foods and supplements is currently a topic of great interest. This study focused on the evaluation of pesticide residues in commercial bee pollen samples to evaluate the risk associated with their consumption. To this end, an automated clean-up method for the pesticide extracts of bee pollen was developed. An LC-MS/MS and a GC-MS/MS method were validated for the analysis of 353 pesticides in 80 bee pollen samples purchased from different countries. The results showed the presence of 77 different pesticide residues in bee pollen, including plant protection chemicals and veterinary treatments. 85 % of the samples were contaminated with pesticides and no relevant differences were found between conventional and organic samples. Pesticide concentrations exceeding the imposed MRL were found in 40 % of the samples, but the risk assessment showed that consumers are not exposed to an unacceptable risk when consuming the evaluated bee pollen.

Causal Factors Analysis of runway excursion occurrences through Fuzzy Logic Modeling method

Runway excursion (RE) was one of main contributing factors to aviation occurrences whilst unstable approach precursors were the ones accounting for a significant proportion of those occurrences. The objective of this study is to identify the most influencing causal factors (hazards and risks) of RE occurrences and propose countermeasures to mitigate potential RE risks and RE occurrences in Taiwan. Causal Factors Analysis System and Fuzzy Logic Modeling method are used to classify hazards and risks of RE occurrences and establish a fuzzy logic model for RE occurrence predictions. The final squared multiple correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.9999) verify that the predictive capabilities of the final RE model are not affected after the exclusion of the less influencing parameters. Sensitivity analysis reveals that avoiding crosswind or tailwind landings can significantly reduce the likelihood of RE occurrences; and reducing inadequate supervision related errors is the most cost-effective strategy to mitigate probable RE risks. Local civil aviation authority and airline operators are all responsible to collaborate with each other to mitigate causal factors of RE occurrences due to inadequate supervision. Recommended countermeasures to the civil aviation authority: maintain sufficient depth of technical staff and appropriate deployment of management level personnel to conduct safety oversight; to airline operators: formulate non-punitive policy, clearly define and document go-around procedures, and develop evidence-based training for pilot monitoring's competencies needed including monitoring, call out and intervention to take control.

Development, application and evaluation of three novel TaqMan qPCR assays for phosphine resistance monitoring in major stored product pests Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica.

Stored product protection from insect pests relies heavily on the use of phosphine. The most serious drawback of phosphine is the development of resistance in major stored product insects worldwide, including the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Two genetic loci are responsible for phosphine resistance: the rph1 (S349G mutation in the cyt-b5-r homolog) in T. castaneum and the rph2 (P45/49S mutation in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene) in T. castaneum and R. dominica. In this study, we have developed and applied high-throughput, practical and specific molecular diagnostics (TaqMan qPCR) for monitoring mutations S349G, P45S and P49S. In our pilot monitoring application, we have included phosphine-resistant and susceptible populations from different parts of the world (USA, Australia, Brazil) and European strains from Greece and Serbia. Our results for the resistant T. castaneum showed a P45S mutant allele frequency (MAF) of 100% and 75.0% in the populations from Serbia and Brazil, respectively. Regarding the susceptible T. castaneum, P45S was detected in Greece (MAF = 62.5%) and was absent in Australia (MAF = 0.0%). Additionally, the S349G mutation was found to be fixed in all resistant populations, while it was also detected in susceptible ones (frequencies: 65.0% and 100.0%). The only case where both mutations were fixed (100%) was a resistant population from Serbia. In R. dominica, the P49S mutation was found only in the two resistant R. dominica populations from Serbia and Greece (50.0% and 100%) and was absent from the susceptible one from Greece; thus, P49S seems to be a satisfactory indicator for monitoring phosphine resistance. Our P49S detection assay in R. dominica seems to be a viable option in this direction, yet its utilization needs additional large-scale confirmatory work. The identification of additional resistance markers also should be prioritized. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Pilot Monitoring of Lead in Umbilical Cord Blood of Newborns Associated With the Use of Glazed Ceramics from Guanajuato, Mexico.

The use of lead-glazed pottery for cooking and storing food, a widespread practice in Mexico, represents a risk of exposure to lead from the human intrauterine stage. Therefore, a pilot study was carried out by means of the measurement of lead in umbilical cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) including 69 newborns from the Mexican state capital of Guanajuato, Guanajuato City, where the use of glazed clay is still widespread. Lifestyle and sociodemographic data were collected by interviewing the participating mothers. Hematological parameters and the anthropometry of the newborns and their mothers were analyzed; likewise, the G177C polymorphism in the ALAD gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP as a marker of genetic vulnerability to lead. The geometric mean of lead in umbilical cord blood was 0.7µg/dL (< limit of detection = 0.01-28.22). Boys presented higher values than girls (p = 0.03). Only 5.8% of these were above the safety value of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 3.5µg/dL. Correlations among lead concentrations, maternal age, weeks of gestation, newborn anthropometry, and hematological parameters were not found; however, the participating mothers who reported using glazed ceramics for cooking or storing food had the highest cord-blood lead concentrations (p = 0.04). Regarding genotyping, 97% had ALAD 1, while 3% had ALAD 1, 2; unfortunately, the sample size did not allow analysis of genetic vulnerability to lead. The preparation and conservation of food in handcrafted clay pottery increased the risk of having cord-blood lead values higher than those recommended by the CDC of 3.5µg/dL (OR = 5; 95% CI:1.3-23; p = 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that there continues to be intrauterine exposure to lead in Guanajuato.

Beyond performance: the role of task demand, effort, and individual differences in ab initio pilots

Aviation safety depends on the skill and expertise of pilots to meet the task demands of flying an aircraft in an effective and efficient manner. During flight training, students may respond differently to imposed task demands based on individual differences in capacity, physiological arousal, and effort. To ensure that pilots achieve a common desired level of expertise, training programs should account for individual differences to optimize pilot performance. This study investigates the relationship between task performance and physiological correlates of effort in ab initio pilots. Twenty-four participants conducted a flight simulator task with three difficulty levels and were asked to rate their perceived demand and effort using the NASA TLX. We recorded heart rate, EEG brain activity, and pupil size to assess changes in the participants’ mental and physiological states across different task demands. We found that, despite group-level correlations between performance error and physiological responses, individual differences in physiological responses to task demands reflected different levels of participant effort and task efficiency. These findings suggest that physiological monitoring of student pilots might provide beneficial insights to flight instructors to optimize pilot training at the individual level.

Eye-Tracking

Abstract: Eye-tracking has historically been proposed as a tool to provide insight into pilot performance, although its transition from scientific curiosity to a practical device has been challenging. Advancing technology has recently opened the possibility of deploying eye-tracking measurements for operational use in flight training, thus allowing for improved understanding of pilot monitoring strategies. This aims to support a more focused development for both new trainees and experienced pilots in recurrent training. The paper outlines the cooperative progress made in developing an emerging eye-tracking-based training solution for contemporary airline pilot training. It shares selected findings from three studies conducted and discusses the potential, challenges, and lessons learned so far.

ICDP drilling of the Eger Rift observatory: magmatic fluids driving the earthquake swarms and deep biosphere

Abstract. The new in situ geodynamic laboratory established in the framework of the ICDP Eger project aims to develop the most modern, comprehensive, multiparameter laboratory at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived CO2 and helium degassing, and processes of the deep biosphere. In order to reach a new level of high-frequency, near-source and multiparameter observation of earthquake swarms and related phenomena, such a laboratory comprises a set of shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as modern continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere. This laboratory is located in the western part of the Eger Rift at the border of the Czech Republic and Germany (in the West Bohemia–Vogtland geodynamic region) and comprises a set of five boreholes around the seismoactive zone. To date, all monitoring boreholes have been drilled. This includes the seismic monitoring boreholes S1, S2 and S3 in the crystalline units north and east of the major Nový Kostel seismogenic zone, borehole F3 in the Hartoušov mofette field and borehole S4 in the newly discovered Bažina maar near Libá. Supplementary borehole P1 is being prepared in the Neualbenreuth maar for paleoclimate and biological research. At each of these sites, a borehole broadband seismometer will be installed, and sites S1, S2 and S3 will also host a 3-D seismic array composed of a vertical geophone chain and surface seismic array. Seismic instrumenting has been completed in the S1 borehole and is in preparation in the remaining four monitoring boreholes. The continuous fluid monitoring site of Hartoušov includes three boreholes, F1, F2 and F3, and a pilot monitoring phase is underway. The laboratory also enables one to analyze microbial activity at CO2 mofettes and maar structures in the context of changes in habitats. The drillings into the maar volcanoes contribute to a better understanding of the Quaternary paleoclimate and volcanic activity.

Sewage and coronavirus; Maribor case study

Wastewater can be an important indicator of surface water contamination by pathogens, of which SARS-CoV-2 is one, so monitoring of wastewater at treatment plants is important. The virus has been shown to be present in the faeces of infected people, which can be detected much earlier than with medical tests. This will allow prediction of trends in coronavirus outbreaks in advance and may complement current measures to determine prevalence. In Slovenia, pilot monitoring was established in seven WWTPs in October 2020. This paper presents the results and analysis of the Maribor WWTP, where one to three 100 ml samples are collected weekly to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2. A correlation can be observed between the evolution of the virus in the wastewater and the number of active cases detected by the National Institute of Public Health in the region covered by the WWTP. The presence of the virus in the wastewater is detected about two weeks before the increase in active cases. Some shortcomings and further issues of the wastewater monitoring are analysed.

Evaluation of Methods and Processes for Robust Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has accelerated the development of virus concentration and molecular-based virus detection methods, monitoring systems and overall approach to epidemiology. Early into the pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology started to be employed as a tool for tracking the virus transmission dynamics in a given area. The complexity of wastewater coupled with a lack of standardized methods led us to evaluate each step of the analysis individually and see which approach gave the most robust results for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in wastewater. In this article, we present a step-by-step, retrospective view on the method development and implementation for the case of a pilot monitoring performed in Slovenia. We specifically address points regarding the thermal stability of the samples during storage, screening for the appropriate sample concentration and RNA extraction procedures and real-time PCR assay selection. Here, we show that the temperature and duration of the storage of the wastewater sample can have a varying impact on the detection depending on the structural form in which the SARS-CoV-2 target is present. We found that concentration and RNA extraction using Centricon filtration units coupled with Qiagen RNA extraction kit or direct RNA capture and extraction using semi-automated kit from Promega give the most optimal results out of the seven methods tested. Lastly, we confirm the use of N1 and N2 assays developed by the CDC (USA) as the best performing assays among four tested in combination with Fast Virus 1-mastermix. Data show a realistic overall process for method implementation as well as provide valuable information in regards to how different approaches in the analysis compare to one another under the specific conditions present in Slovenia during a pilot monitoring running from the beginning of the pandemic.

Bridge structural monitoring: the Lombardia regional guidelines

In 2018 a collaborative project between Politecnico di Milano (PoliMI) and Regione Lombardia (RL) was launched to join forces and expertise toward the improvement of the regional transport infrastructures maintenance management. One of the project goals was the development of regional guidelines aimed to support the design and implementation of monitoring systems for bridges. The focus of this paper is on the illustration of the Monitoring Regional (MoRe) guidelines and of their implementation on nine pilot monitoring systems designed and deployed within the project. The (MoRe) guidelines tackle the entire monitoring process from the analyses of the monitoring goals and the preliminary investigations needed to the identification of the phenomena and relevant indicators to monitor, up to the selection of monitoring devices and the presentation of results. A short illustration of the permanent monitoring systems installed on nine exemplary bridges in the Lombardia region concludes the paper.

Towards safe and collaborative aerodrome operations: Assessing shared situational awareness for adverse weather detection with EEG-enabled Bayesian neural networks

Teams formulated by aviation professionals are essential in maintaining a safe and efficient aerodrome environment. Nonetheless, the shared situational awareness between the flight crews under adverse weather conditions might be impaired. This research aims to evaluate the impact of a proposed enhancement in communication protocol on cognitive workload and develop a human-centred classification model to identify hazardous meteorological conditions. Thirty groups of subjects completed four post-landing taxiing tasks under two visibility conditions (CAVOK/CAT IIIA) while two different communication protocols (presence/absence of turning direction information) were adopted by the air traffic control officer (ATCOs). Electroencephalography (EEG) and the NASA Task Load Index were respectively used to reflect the pilot’s mental state and to evaluate the pilot’s mental workload subjectively. Results indicated that impaired visibility increases the subjective workload significantly, while the inclusion of turning direction information in the ATCO’s instruction would not significantly intensify their cognitive workload. Mutual information was used to quantitatively assess the shared situational awareness between the pilot flying and the pilot monitoring. Finally, this research proposes a human-centred approach to identify potentially hazardous weather conditions from EEG power spectral densities with Bayesian neural networks (BNN). The classification model has outperformed other baseline algorithms with an accuracy of 66.5%, an F1 score of 61.4%, and an area under the ROC of 0.749. Using the concept of explainable AI with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values, the exploration of latent mental patterns formulates novel knowledge to gain insights into the vital physiological indicators of the pilots in response to different scenarios from the BNN model. In the long term, the model facilitates the decision regarding the necessity of providing automation and decision-making aids to pilots.