Pilot Batch Research Articles

Effect of a new probiotic on Artemia cysts determined by a convolutional neural network

One of the problems in sea farming is infections that cause mass mortality of crustaceans. To fight infections and improve sanitary conditions, farmers are actively using probiotic preparations. We aimed to study the effect of a new probiotic based on Bacillus toyonensis B-13249 and Bacillus pumilus B-13250 strains on the incubation of Artemia franciscana cysts. Another purpose was to test a possibility of using a convolutional neural network for fast automatic counting of cysts, nauplii, and embryos.
 A pilot batch of the probiotic was prepared at the Prombiotech Engineering Center, Altai State University, from two strains of spore bacteria from the Center’s collection: B. toyonensis B-13249 and B. pumilus B-13250.
 The recommended amount of the probiotic was experimentally determined as 0.1 per 2 g of cysts. This concentration increased the number of hatched cysts by 1.4 and 10% in the batches from Lake Bolshoye Yarovoye (Z29.04) and from Lake Kuchuk (C9). It also increased the biomass yield to 7.40 ± 0.69 and 6.80 ± 0.43 g in these two batches, respectively, compared to the control samples where the yields were 5.30 ± 0.60 and 4.60 ± 0.50 g, respectively. The robot counter reduced the sample processing time 15 times and saved the data for further use.
 The probiotic based on B. toyonensis B-13249 and B. pumilus B-13250 had a positive effect on the hatching rate and biomass yield of A. franciscana. The new method for rapid counting of Artemia, which was based on the convolutional neural network and developed as an application of the Artemeter-1 robot, reduced the processing time and lowered labor costs.

Evaluation of Accelerated Stability study of KVGAP’S Nutricare powder - An Ayurvedic Neutraceutical Product

Accelerated stability study of KVGAP’S Nutricare powder was conducted as per the standard guidelines . 3 pilot batches of KVGAP’S Nutricare powder were manufactured in KVG Ayurveda pharma and Research centre , Sullia by following methods and procedures used for commercial scale production batches. Samples were stored at accelerated40 ± 2 °C, relative humidity was 75 ± 5%. The reference samples for the above study were stored at a temperature less than 10 0c. The samples were withdrawn from the stability chamber at the intervals of 0, 3, and 6 months and evaluated for organoleptic characters, physicochemical parameters, TLC, microbial analysis, test for specific pathogen. . Results showed no significant change in odor, taste, and appearance of Nutricare powder after storing for 6 months under accelerated conditions. Physicochemical profiles (moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, pH, water-soluble extractive, alcohol-soluble extractives and acid-insoluble ash,) of the samples during the study period of 6 months didn’t show many differences. Microbiological analysis of the samples showed no signs of microbial growth and specific pathogens were absent in all the samples. After extrapolating the data, shelf life of Nutricare powder (Reference samples) was found to be 6.12 years and accelerated study samples were found to be 4.49 years. . Thus it can be established that Nutricare powder is having shelf life of 4.49 years and product remains stable in accelerated temperature conditions.

Моделирование производственных заданий с использованием программы ANYLOGIC

The techniques of simulating modelling in the AnyLogic program environment are considered. The object of the study is the production task of a machine tool with computer numerical control (CNC) in pilot batch production (PBP), characterized by a variety of products and a small batch size. To build a digital work model, a variant with parallel chains of events is chosen, reflecting the technological processes of manufacturing each part and the equipment changeover. The paper considers the tools allowing one to encode the existing blocks of the program tool palette under the logic of the described equipment operation. Based on the work results, a simulation model of the computer numerical control machine is created and described, which makes it possible to conduct optimization experiments to check the quality of the made managerial decisions. The aim of the study is to optimize a shift task in pilot batch production using the simulation model. The objective of the study is to create a correct simulation model of the computer numerical control machine in the AnyLogic software environment. The research methods of simulation modelling are used. The novelty of the work lies in creating a simulation model of operating a computer numerical control machine, taking into account the changeovers. The result of the study is the built digital model of the equipment operation, which allows optimizing a shift task according to the required criteria. The findings of the study state that the resulting simulation model reflects the technological processes of manufacturing parts, limitations in the operating mode and equipment changeover processes, which makes it possible to conduct optimization experiments to increase equipment productivity.

Study on the impact of intelligent city pilot on green and low-carbon development

The intelligent city pilot policy is a major measure in China to promote urban development from factor driven and investment driven to innovation driven. Intelligent city construction can effectively coordinate specialized production factors and information sharing mechanism, promote digital information technology innovation, promote smart industry cluster, and expand ecological scenarios of clean industry application, so as to reduce carbon emissions. This paper reveals the internal mechanism of intelligent city construction to promote carbon emission reduction. Based on the quasi-natural experiments carried out in three batches of pilot construction of intelligent cities since 2012, the difference-in-difference model (DID) is used to identify its impact on urban carbon emissions. The research results show that the pilot construction of intelligent cities is conducive to reducing carbon emissions, which is still robust under multiple scenarios such as placebo test and endogenous test. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the pilot policies have a more significant carbon emission reduction effect on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, non-resource-based cities, and non-old industrial bases. After further quantitative analysis of 917 pilot policy texts based on Simhash algorithm, Jieba word segmentation, and word frequency statistics, it is found that intelligent industry policies reduce carbon emissions by driving data elements agglomeration and optimizing industrial structure, while intelligent government and intelligent people's livelihood policies improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions through green technological innovation. Counterfactual tests using machine learning algorithms show that the later the pilot batch, the better the sustainable carbon emission reduction effect of intelligent city pilot policies.

Research and processing of shot blasting dust

Dispersed iron‑containing waste makes up the majority of solid technological waste of machine‑building and metallurgical enterprises. The problem of their disposal remains open, which leads to significant economic losses and creates a serious environmental threat. About 15–20 % of these wastes are assirative dusts of melting units. The content of compounds of various metals, and primarily iron, in some of them (for example, in the aspiration dust of arc steelmaking furnaces) reaches 60–70 % or more. However, today, despite all efforts, no more than 5–7 % of the captured aspiration dust of melting furnaces is used. One of the most significant problems of its disposal is the high dispersion (the size of the dust particles of arc furnaces, as a rule, does not exceed 50 microns) and the extreme heterogeneity and instability of the granulometric and chemical composition of the dust. Therefore, in most cases, attempts to use these dusts as a technological product: additives in molding and exothermic mixtures or non‑stick paints, coloring pigment in the production of building materials, modifying additives in the melting of foundry alloys, additives in the production of cement clinker, etc., ended at the level of experimental or pilot batches and were not essential for solving problems in general. The most promising direction of utilization of aspiration dusts is the recycling of metals contained in them. This article presents the results of studies of the composition and characteristics of aspiration dust of arc steelmaking furnaces of foundries of machine‑building plants, as well as the conditions of solid‑phase reduction and extraction of iron contained in it.

Isolation and Characterization of an Unknown Process-Related Impurity in Furosemide and Validation of a New HPLC Method.

Furosemide is a widely used loop diuretic in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. During the preparation of furosemide, a new process-related impurity G in the levels ranging from 0.08% to 0.13% was detected in pilot batches by a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The new impurity was isolated and characterized by comprehensive analysis of FT-IR, Q-TOF/LC-MS, 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, and DEPT), and 2D-NMR (1H-1H-COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectroscopy data. The possible formation pathway of impurity G was also discussed in detail. Moreover, a novel HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of impurity G and the other six known impurities registered in the European Pharmacopoeia as per ICH guidelines. The HPLC method was validated with respect to system suitability, linearity, the limit of quantitation, the limit of detection, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The characterization of impurity G and the validation of its quantitative HPLC method were reported for the first time in this paper. Finally, the toxicological properties of impurity G were predicted by the in silico webserver ProTox-II.

Metabolismo respirofermentativo en levaduras cultivadas en estado sólido: El efecto Crabtree y la producción de etanol

A strong inoculum in solid-state culture (SSC) is achieved by using a high-density, high-activity microbial population. To determine the best conditions for yeast propagation, the Crabtree effect was analyzed. Inoculum production was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks with different designs (baffled, coiled and conventional) and filling volumes (20 and 40 %). A 20% filling volume resulted in better air diffusion, leading to improved yeast growth independently of the flask configuration. Yeasts have adapted to produce ethanol under aerobic conditions to compete with other microorganisms. With commercial baker's yeast, the highest ethanol production was achieved at the laboratory scale (195.70±17.25 g ethanol/kg dry matter [DM]). There was no difference in ethanol production between the tubular reactor (171.10±10.87 g ethanol/kg DM) and in the pilot batch bioreactor (165.03±9.90 g ethanol/kg DM) using S. cerevisiae yeast ITD00196 as inoculum. Crabtree-positive yeasts have potential for rapid ethanol production in organic waste fermentation without thermochemical or enzymatic pre-treatment by SSC in the laboratory and at pilot-scale.

Development of safe products from local waste of oil and fat production

Quicklime is a mixture of pieces of different sizes formed after coarse grinding of the fried product. According to its chemical composition, it is a mixture of calcium and magnesium oxides, the main composition of which is CaO. In small quantities, it may contain undecomposed calcium carbonate, as well as silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium and magnesium, formed during the interaction of clay and quartz sand with calcium and magnesium oxides. Quicklime ground lime is a powder product of fine grinding of lump lime. The formulation of the bitumen-replacing mixture consists of the following components, such as oil sludge, gossypol resin, quicklime and technical sulfur. Oil sludge is the most significant waste of the oil industry in terms of mass. A waste disposal methodology towards obtaining a bitumen-replacing mixture for the use of insulating and roofing coatings was created. According to the results, comparative tests of pilot batches of building bitumen -replacing mixture in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics in accordance with State standards 6617-76 showed that almost all 4 experimental batches of building bitumen -replacing mixture gave good performance. However, the experimental batch #4 changed stability and increased bitumen brittleness when 4% quicklime was added. After the test, the experimental batch #3 received good indicators of stability and brittleness.

The effect of the addition of nanoscale SiO2 on the physical and mechanical characteristics and durability of an industrial batch of refractory products

The physicomechanical properties and structure of mullitecorundum unformed refractories were investigated and tests of a pilot batch of refractory products for various purposes were carried out. The effect of the addition of nanoscale SiO2 (1 wt. %) on strength, structural (density, porosity) and operational characteristics of unformed refractories. The results show that this additive contributes to the formation of a structure with high apparent density and compressive strength (2,93 and 2,98 g/cm3, 87,3 and 162,1 MPa, respectively, for two types of refractories), reduces open porosity from 20 to 14 %, and also increases the resistance of refractory products (by the duration of their operation) by 25‒35 % compared to the resistance of the base refractory. The use of SiO2 nanoparticle additives reduces the consumption of refractory products and raw materials for their production, and also increases the profitability of production. Ill. 2. Ref. 19. Tab. 4.

Can Low-Carbon Pilot City Policies Effectively Promote High-Quality Urban Economic Development?—Quasi-Natural Experiments Based on 227 Cities

To explore the relationship between low-carbon pilot city policies (LCC) and the high-quality development of urban economy, this paper calculates the high-quality development index based on five dimensions to construct a double-difference model for empirical research, taking the data of 227 cities in China from 2004 to 2019 and the second batch of low-carbon pilot cities as the main research object. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) The LCC has promoted the high-quality economic development of the pilot cities, and has long-term effects, which are mainly reflected in three dimensions: Innovative development, residents’ life, and urban public services. (2) The promotion effect is mainly reflected in the big cities, as well as the eastern and central regions. (3) The intermediary function is embodied in three aspects: Industrial upgrading, urban technological innovation, and urban investment.

Технологическая оценка процессов сжигания водоугольного топлива из бурого угля месторождения «Кара-Кече» Кыргызской Республики

Brown coals are valuable natural resource. Brown coals of the Kara-Keche deposit are most of all ready for industrial development in the Kyrgyz Republic. To solve the problems of effective development of brown coal of this deposit, it is necessary to study the issues of direct combustion of water-coal fuel (WCF) without thermal stabilization of the flame with additional sources of heat release. Experimental studies of WCF combustion have been conducted at the experimental industrial technological stand of Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk city. Structural-rheological and thermal characteristics of a pilot batch of brown coal of the Kara-Keche deposit, as well as data on the organization of efficient combustion of WCF, have been obtained. Brown coal of the Kara-Keche deposit meets the requirements of pipeline transportation and direct combustion in the furnaces of boilers of thermal power plants and boiler houses. The resulted water-coal fuel of brown coal is effectively burned in a vortex adiabatic furnace and the combustion process is like the combustion of WCF of hard coals of “G” type.

Pressure control in material extrusion additive manufacturing

This paper discusses the effect called undesirable extrusion dynamics that occur during material extrusion printing or fused deposition modeling. This effect is revealed during high acceleration and deceleration of printing head and results in over-extrusion on corners of parts and printed layer unevenness. To minimize this effect, modern control systems use Advance algorithms for dynamics control. However, such disadvantages as inertia, reduced printing speed, need for manual calibration, as well as uncertainty of the influence of material, nozzle geometry, and printing process parameters on the algorithm performance do not allow this group of solutions to be applied on an industrial scale. The paper presents a study of the influence of printing characteristics, such as material type, extruder type, printing temperature, layer and nozzle geometry, on extrusion dynamics through a series of experiments. The experiments were carried out on a Creality Ender 3 printer. The obtained experimental data will allow us to deepen the understanding of extrusion dynamics influence in FDM printing; they are also used in the present study to modify existing dynamics control algorithms. The paper proposes a modification of Advance algorithm based on machine learning. It is proposed to implement an algorithm containing two trained neural network models. One model predicts changes in printing head motion to minimize residual defects and increase average print speed. The second model predicts the compensation parameter for specific printing conditions without the need for manual calibration. A neural network model was trained to determine the compensation parameter depending on the type of material, layer thickness, nozzle geometry and printing temperature. The model was trained based on experimental data. The developed algorithm was introduced into Linear Advance algorithm of the Marlin firmware and tested on Creality Ender 3. The experiments showed that the developed model can successfully predict the required compensation and can be applied during the printing process. The proposed algorithm helps to facilitate and automate the process of extrusion dynamics compensation which will expand the possibilities of FDM printers’ application in industrial conditions. The obtained algorithm can improve the accuracy and printing speed which will subsequently help to increase the economic independence and competitiveness of small design organizations and enterprises in Russia that use 3D printers. This research expands the possibilities of rapid prototyping and may help to ensure the rapid creation of pilot batches.

Environmental and health impacts of heating fuel transition: Evidence from Northern China

The heating season in the Northern China usually consumes massive high-polluted coal, severely threatening the ambient air pollution and human health. Therefore, the Chinese government set forth the clean heating policy in 2017, aiming to fulfill the heating fuel transition in terms of “coal to gas” or “coal to electricity”. To clarify the current progress and guide future action on clean heating, a comprehensive evaluation is indispensable. Hence, the policy effects on air quality from temporal and spatial perspectives are evaluated through a difference-in-difference model. Furthermore, the health benefits obtained from implementing a clean heating policy are estimated via an exposure-response model, the value of statistical life, and the cost of illness. The empirical results indicate that the “2 + 26” cities, defined as BTH air pollution transmission channel cities, have witnessed a significant improvement in mitigating PM2.5 pollution. For the cities in the Fenwei Plain, a larger reduction in SO2 and CO emissions is realized. Moreover, Tianjin and Hebei inhibit PM2.5 pollution efficiently. In terms of the three batches of pilot cities, the policy effects on decreasing air pollutants concentrate on the first batch of pilot cities, and weaker in the second and third batches. In addition, an event study is conducted for the first batch of pilot cities to trace out the year-by-year impacts of clean heating on air pollutants, demonstrating temporal variations in the policy effects. During 2017–2019, the total health benefits induced by improved air quality have been accumulated to 7.69 billion yuan, 7.96 billion yuan, and 10 billion yuan in four provincial capital cities, including Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, and Jinan. The multidimensional exploration of the clean heating effects on air pollution and public health supports evidence-based policymaking in China and inspires developing countries to adopt household energy transition initiatives similar to clean heating.

Sub-£30 Washing Machine Brightens Laundry Days for Low-Income Families

Engineering Students at the University of Bristol are refining a hand-spun washing machine that could change the lives of millions of people around the world. The $35 (£28) product from the Washing Machine Project has been designed to save around 20 hours of hand-washing per week. The Bristol firm is led by University of Bristol alumnus Navjot Sawhney, a former Dyson engineer, who dreamt up the idea during a sabbatical in India. Some six billion people around the world live without a washing machine. For many, the problem is a lack of funds, while others may not have consistent access - or any access - to electricity. Sawhney saw the need for hand-spun washing machines while making cooking stoves for a social enterprise in Pondicherry, south-east India, in 2016. Staying in a small village close to the city, he struck up a friendship with a local woman called Divya. During their long chats he noticed how much of her time was spent on the exhausting work of hand-washing clothes, and promised her he'd come up with a solution. Six years later, his Divya 1.5 machine is ready to be rolled out across the world. Having developed and manufactured an initial pilot batch, the team now has 3,000 units on order. Sawhney has mobilised a team of eight University of Bristol engineering design students to help bring the machine up to the best possible spec. Each student is working on one aspect of the washing machine, from improving the manufacturing process to making its materials more sustainable.

Biochar from fungiculture waste for adsorption of endocrine disruptors in water

The agricultural residues are ecofriendly alternatives for removing contaminants from water. In this way, a novel biochar from the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was produced and assessed to remove endocrine disruptor from water in batch and fixed-bed method. SMS were dried, ground, and pyrolyzed. Pyrolysis was carried out in three different conditions at 250 and 450 °C, with a residence time of 1 h, and at 600 °C with a residence time of 20 min. The biochar was firstly tested in a pilot batch with 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and progesterone. The residual concentrations of the endocrine disruptors were determined by HPLC. The biochar obtained at 600 °C showed the best removal efficiency results. Then, adsorption parameters (isotherm and kinetics), fixed bed tests and biochar characterization were carried out. The Langmuir model fits better to progesterone while the Freundlich model fits better to EE2. The Langmuir model isotherm indicated a maximum adsorption capacity of 232.64 mg progesterone/g biochar, and 138.98 mg EE2/g biochar. Images from scanning electrons microscopy showed that the 600 °C biochar presented higher porosity than others. In the fixed bed test the removal capacity was more than 80% for both endocrine disruptors. Thus, the biochar showed a good and viable option for removal of contaminants, such as hormones.

Use of rock crushing technological wastes for cement concrete compositions

Introduction. the article deals with the issues of the use of technological waste generated during rocks crushing.Materials and Methods. In the research the rock crushing screenings from the Rezhevsky crushed rock plant and dolomite screenings from the Satkinsky crushed rock plant were used. The data on the physical-mechanical properties of crushing waste is presented, as well as a study of dusty rock cuttings made with a Fritsch Analysette 22 laser particle size analyser. The structure of concrete was analyzed by JEOL JSM-6510 electron microscope.Results. The studying results of heavy weight cement concretes of classes B22.5 - B40 with crushed stone are presented in the article. To control the properties of concrete an MC-PowerFlow 3100 hyperplasticizer additive and an air-entraining additive Centrament Air 202 were used. The phase composition of the contact zone between the cement stone and the aggregate - granite screening has been investigated.Conclusion. compositions of heavy concrete have been developed with the use of crushed stone screenings and chemical additives to regulate concrete properties. A pilot batch of reinforced concrete products was produced at the Rotor reinforced concrete plant in Vinzili, Tyumen Region.

Hypoglycemic Effects of Polyphenol Complexes from Bilberry Leaves and Fruits Sorbed on Brown Buckwheat Flour -- Experimental Evaluation and Prospects of Use

The effects of plant polyphenols on carbohydrate and/or lipid metabolism disorders have wide experimental and clinical justification; however, their effects are limited due to low bioavailability. Thus, the development of technological approaches enhancing their effectiveness and stability is relevant.The aim of this work was to evaluatein vivothe effects of polyphenols from bilberry leaves and fruits, sorbed on the brown buckwheat flour, on C57Bl/6c mice with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. We assessed in vivothe effect of a food matrix (FM1: bilberry leaf polyphenols sorbed on brown buckwheat flour) on C57Bl/6c mice with induced carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of prolonged prophylactic consumption of another food matrix (FM2: billberry fruit polyphenols, sorbed on brown buckwheat flour) by C57Bl/6c micewith induced carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. Technological approaches were developed and pilot batches of the food matrices FM1 and FM2were obtained. According to the in vivo testing, a significant decrease in the glucose levels and normalization of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were found in animals treated with FM1. When assessing the in vivo effects of FM2, the hypoglycemic effect of bilberry fruit polyphenols in the composition of the matrix was established. The results of these studies can be used to justify the testing of the developed matrices in a clinical setting and using them as functional food ingredients for preventative nutrition in cases of carbohydrate metabolism disorders.
 Keywords: polyphenols, food matrix, functional food ingredient, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism

Analysis of the feasibility of the reuse of polyamide 11 rejected in the manufacturing process of thermoplastic hoses of umbilicals

Thermoplastic hoses are composed of thermoplastic liner, synthetic fiber reinforcement, and thermoplastic sheath. Pilot liner batches, generally polyamide 11 (PA 11), are produced for checking the extruder calibration. Pilot batches out of specification are discarded and considered production waste. The objective of this work was to study the possibility of reusing this rejected material, in the sheath manufactured of PA 11 with carbon black (PA 11 Black). Initially, a comparative analysis was performed using FT-IR (infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformed), TGA (thermogravimetry analysis) and DSC (differential exploratory calorimetry) characterization techniques between the rejected material and PA 11 in pellets, in order to verify possible degradation during the extrusion process and the similarity of materials. The characterization showed that the rejected PA 11 is similar to pellet. Thus, specimens with different percentages of PA 11 and PA 11 Black were manufactured to analyze the effects that the decrease in carbon black concentration would cause on materials when subjected to ultra violet (UV) aging. PA 11, PA 11 Black, and their blends were aged by UV for 720 h and then thermal, spectroscopic, and mechanical tensile tests were performed. All the mixtures showed similar thermal behavior of PA 11 Black. The FT-IR analysis showed a tendency for the appearance of bonds representative of degradation in the blends with higher percentage of PA 11. The tensile test showed that PA 11 Black as well as all blends became more brittle after aging by UV due to the appearance of unsaturation along the chain. There is no evidence that the insertion of PA 11 impacted the mechanical properties.

Pharmaceutical standardization of Nagaphani Phalasava (fermented dosage form of Opuntia elatior Mill. fruits)

BACKGROUND: Fruits of Opuntia elatior Mill. (OE) Cactaceae, commonly recognized as Red Prickly pear, is reported for multiple pharmacological actions, yet under-utilized due to its perishable nature and seasonal availability. Asava not only helps in elongation of shelf life but also offers continued extraction of the active compounds. Hence, the study has been carried out to develop and standardize a novel dosage form Nagaphani Phalasava (fermented preparation of OE fruits). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Asava was prepared in two seasons, that is, winter (December 2020–January 2021) and summer (April 2021–May 2021). A total of nine pilot batches were prepared in each season, that is, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 days, considering the duration of fermentation. Each batch was opened the next day, that is, 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th, 19th, 22nd, 25th, 28th, and 31st day, respectively, to observe the tests of perfectness and carry out physicochemical analysis including pH, specific gravity (Sp gr), density, total solids, alcohol percentage, and sugar analysis. The batch that showed all the tests of perfectness was considered ideal and repeated in triplicate. RESULTS: In both seasons, 30 days batch was considered ideal and repeated in triplicate. Yield was 68.73% in winter and 59.44% in summer season. Organoleptic features were more prominent in winter batch compared to summer batch. Average pH, Sp gr, density, total solids, alcohol percentage, total sugar, reducing sugar, and nonreducing sugar were 2, 1.0591, 1.0225, 20.48, 11, 17.56, 4.6, and 12.9 in winter and 2, 1.1198, 1.0707, 27.31, 4, 12.3, 7.5, and 4.8 in summer, respectively. CONCLUSION: Preparation of Nagaphani phalasava requires a duration of 30 days in both winter and summer seasons. The winter batch Asava possessed more evident organoleptic features compared to summer batch. Product yield was comparatively high in winter. The alcohol percentage was under the limits prescribed for Asavarishta in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).

Формування макроструктури залежно від вмісту та співвідношення основних компонентів у зливках сталі залізничного призначення

The purpose of the work is to establish the influence of the basic elements of the chemical composition of steel for railway axles on the features of the formation of the primary structure. The problem of macrosegregation of alloying elements, which occurs during the solidification of a cast billet during continuous casting, remains relevant; it is the subject of countless experiments and theoretical judgments. A large percentage of these studies are devoted to carbon segregation, which is understandably highly relevant for the production of carbon steels. The relationship of processing, microstructure and properties indicates that the morphology and properties of the various phases at the microscopic level are largely closely related to the macroscopic behavior of materials. Basic knowledge about the mechanism of segregation shows that this is a very complex effect and it is necessary to take into account a wide range of factors that affect the continuous casting process. Due to the limited solubility of individual elements in the crystal lattice of steel, during the solidification of the melt, the residual liquid is enriched, resulting in the formation of micro- and macrosegregations (segregations, heterogeneities). The aim of the work is to reveal the influence of chemical elements on the formation of reverse segregation. As part of this work, pilot batches of steel samples were made and analyzed, which are used for the manufacture of railway axles - steel grades OS according to DSTU 31334, F according to AAR M 101 and EA1N according to EN 13261. Separate emphasis was placed on the ratio of content in steel Si and Mn. The formation of the so-called "reverse segregation" zone, observed in the studied ingots, is most likely due to the contamination and gas contamination of steel. The nature of the formation of this zone coincides with the features of the formation of places of contact between the branches of higher-order dendrites. It is established that the presence of structural heterogeneity reduces the mechanical properties. It has been shown for the first time that an increase in the ratio of Mn to Si content in axial steels of the EA1N, OC, and F grades contributes to an increase in the gas saturation of the steel and the appearance of anomalous structures.