Pilgrimage Sites Research Articles

Religious tourism: relevance for post-pandemic Ukraine

The article is a presentation and analysis of the main provisions of 16 works of the world's leading experts on religious tourism and pilgrimage, published in a special issue of the International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 2020. Vol.8. This special issue was dedicated to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism, and in particular pilgrimage, in the world. Religious tourism has a strong socio-cultural potential and demand - it is the value status of any person who feels the need for cultural, religious and recreational facilities important for spiritual, ideological and physical existence. It is also the availability of opportunities to meet the social and cultural needs of people in tourism services, because it has such a socio-cultural characteristic as a social practice that changes a person and positions him in the social space. Religious tourism became in the XXI century. significant, socially significant phenomenon. But the current pandemic has dealt a very painful blow to the entire tourism sector of the world economy, including religious tourism. Under the influence of the pandemic, the country banned pilgrimage. So the question arose: what's next? Is there a radical transformation of the religious life of mankind, including religious tourism? Isn't this the beginning of the end of religions, as some sociologists of the past predicted? This article is devoted to finding answers to these and other, no less complex, questions. The author set a goal - based on the analysis of the latest research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism to identify and present those important points that are already relevant for religious tourism in Ukraine, as well as those that are just beginning to appear and will be relevant in the post. -pandemic era. In almost all articles of this Special Issue, the authors emphasized that religious tourism and pilgrimage are very sustainable and will meet the challenges posed by the pandemic. The question for the religious tourism and pilgrimage industry is how they will develop and transform new approaches that will help the growth strategies of key stakeholders. However, due to pandemic restrictions, it may not be possible to resume travel to holy sites and pilgrimage sites and trails without the assistance of national governments, international agencies, and relief organizations. Thus, the authors predict that the religious tourism industry will face very difficult circumstances in the near future.
 All articles in the special issue of this journal express extremely relevant, deep and valuable opinions of scientists, which make us all think about what lessons Ukraine should learn about religious tourism, and in particular pilgrimage, and what should be its state policy and public opinion in this regard. further. And the author in the conclusions expresses her point of view on the content of these lessons, based on the views set out in this article of the world's best experts in religious tourism and pilgrimage.

Reshaping the Image of Indian Pilgrim Tourism- A Case of Vrindavan, Mathura

The research paper is about built environment and development of pilgrimage in India.to study how important is there need for pilgrimage tourism to be focused on and why it is required by analyzing the current condition of Indian pilgrim sites in context of its built environment which includes various factors of these places due to which various issues and problems are being faced by studying various pilgrim sites of different location with different cultural and architectural heritage aspect. and then understand the need for betterment of these places by finding vital solutions to improve the built environment of pilgrim sites with various strategies and increase the tourist inflow to such places as pilgrim tourism in India contribute to a large part of social, cultural heritage to maintain the dignity of Indian heritage by redeveloping or conserving of these sites. Various government bodies had also come up and private organization to heal and preserve these sites and proper management of high inflow of tourist as these sacred sites had a limited holding capacity and resources which could not fulfill an excess amount of tourist also with time the heritage infrastructure are getting deteriorated without proper care.so the aim of this research paper is to specify development strategies for Indian pilgrim sites to enhance built environment by various objectives that are to create a timeline of the development occurred in the pilgrim region by understanding the history through the impact of various invasions and various cultural, socio-economic aspects. Finding out solutions for tackling the issue of mass-gathering and mass- movement in these pilgrim sites due to increasing urban sprawl with the passing time and at the peak time where these issues increase more that are due to lack of resources, facilities, accommodation for tourist.

„Obracení“ poutních kramářských písní. Panna Marie Vranovská

The focus of this paper is on Czech pilgrimage broadside ballads and their adaptation for different pilgrimage sites. The heyday of Czech broadside ballads (1750–1850) partly overlapped with the period in which pilgrimages to both local and more distant holy sites were extremely popular. Collective singing played a very important role during the pilgrimages, and broadside ballads became the most popular medium for the spread of pilgrimage songs. The increasing demand for pilgrimage songs for local sites led to the intensive production of pilgrimage broadside ballads. This case study deals with 46 broadside ballads associated with the pilgrimage site of Vranov from the mid-18th century until the late 19th century. Through a comparison of similar broadside ballads related to different Bohemian and Moravian pilgrimage sites, this paper explores the genesis of the texts and their further development. The analysed interrelations between the pilgrimage broadside ballads show that the texts are a typical genre of popular culture, where the circulation and reuse of texts are frequent and natural.

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SANCTUARIES BEARING THE NAME OF ST. DAVID ON THE TERRITORY OF HISTORICAL ARMENIA A group of sanctuaries are known thus far bearing the name of St. David. There are about ten sanctuaries of the kind but often it is impossible to clear up who that St. David was, to whom the given sanctuary is devoted. The most prominent sanctuary of Western Armenia devoted to St. David (the monastery Apranits, XVII century, known as St. David of Dvin) was in the historical region Derjan, on the territory of which two well-known huge (5-6 m of height) khachkars were erected. Within the boundaries of the contemporary RA there are two most popular sanctuaries named St. David. One of them is situated in the vicinity of the village Getazat of Ararat region and is devoted to St. David of Dvin. This is one of the rare cases when it is certain who the saint of the sanctuary is. The second one is in the village Nor Armavir (Armavir region). That is a prominent pilgrimage site and is mentioned since the beginning of the XIX century. The both over mentioned sanctuaries are significant and beloved pilgrimage sites both for Armenians and for Assyrians of Armenia. The pilgrimage holiday for the both is the Sunday following Easter. In our days these sanctuaries maintain their mass pilgrimage in the frame of which versatile rites having special purposes are executed. A different case is the chapel Ardar (Righteous) David of the village Parpi, in the case of which it is not quite clear if it bears the name of the ogre described in legends. Nevertheless, in Parpi a different legend is told about the brave warrior Righteous David.

Problems and prospects of tourism in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand

In modern world tourism is emerged as one of the largest service-sector industry and generates national income as well as job opportunities especially for local population and become an avenue of economic and social development and cultural exchange. Tourism is not merely an activity for leisure and entertainment but it also an enriching and energizing activity. Uttarakhand known as Devbhoomi or ‘Abode of Gods’ is a site of temples and pilgrimage, endowed with salubrious climate, exotic greenery, rich flora besides its rich culture. The Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand is attracting tourist in large numbers and is becoming one of the preferred choice of visit. Beside all this the tourism industry in the region is facing some problems which need to be considered to capitalize the potential of tourism in the Kumaun region. The present paper tries to analyze the problem as well as prospects of tourism development in the Kumaun region of the Uttarakhand state, the nature of the research is Descriptive and based on the secondary sources of data. The study results reveals that no doubt there are many challenges and problems for tourism development, but with certain improvements and proper planning the prospects for tourism development can be capitalized.

Reisende Frauen im Mittelalter. Literarische Reflexionen europaweit, historisch belegte Reisende (Margery Kempe) und Reiseberichte für Frauen (Felix Fabri)

Abstract This study examines what we know about traveling women primarily in the Middle Ages. As we know already, many female aristocrats were forced to travel extensively for the purpose of marriage; other women went on long or short pilgrimages; women were certainly involved in wars as support staff and as the warriors’ wives. But we do not have many actual travelogues by women, except by the late medieval mystic Margery Kemp. Her Book thus becomes an important document of a traveling woman. The analysis of her work is then accompanied by a close reading of Felix Fabri’s Sionpilger in which the author creates a mental pilgrimage account for nuns who could not travel but wanted to visit the pilgrimage sites in their minds. There is, in addition, much evidence of traveling women throughout all of medieval literature, whether they journey voluntarily or are forced to do so.

Seeking Śākyamuni: South Asia in the Formation of Modern Japanese Buddhism by Richard M. Jaffe

Reviewed by: Seeking Śākyamuni: South Asia in the Formation of Modern Japanese Buddhism by Richard M. Jaffe Judith Snodgrass (bio) Seeking Śākyamuni: South Asia in the Formation of Modern Japanese Buddhism. By Richard M. Jaffe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2019. xvi, 309 pages. $97.50, cloth; $32.50, paper; $32.50, E-book. Richard Jaffe's new book is a brilliant addition to the series Buddhism and Modernity, adding a crucial dimension to our knowledge of the formation of Buddhism in modern Japan and, by extension, to the history of modern global Buddhism. It builds on and contributes substantially to earlier work documenting the domestic and East-West imperatives in that formation. While these tended to focus on the journeys to the West undertaken by Japanese Buddhist reformers, Jaffe instead focuses on those who traveled to India, arguing convincingly that the "road to conceptualizing Japanese Buddhism for the twentieth century ran through Colombo, Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as much as it did through Oxford, Cambridge, Paris and Heidelberg" (p. 238). Indeed, for some of the pioneering Japanese scholar priests such as Nanjō Bun'yū and Takakusu Junjirō, travel between Oxford and Japan took them through India, where the facility with Indic languages gained in Europe enabled them to study texts and work with South Asian scholars directly. And, it should not be forgotten, many of the Indian pandits with whom Japanese scholars studied, Indian scholars who would lead the Buddhist revival in South Asia, had previously worked with and been trained by British scholars. They studied in British colonial institutions. The Buddhist pilgrimage sites they visited had been reinserted into Indian memory and heritage by the colonial archaeological surveys. The Western factor is not denied, just resituated and complimented by Jaffe's Asia-centric perspective. Most of the Japanese Buddhists in this study, however, traveled directly to South Asia. Among the earliest of these was Zen Abbot Shaku Sōen, more familiar in Western scholarship for the time he would later spend in the United States. While much has been written of him, Jaffe's account, based on Sōen's diary of his journey to Ceylon and resulting publication on Southern Buddhism, greatly expands English-language knowledge of his life and work. Sōen studied Pāli, working with Theravāda scholars—Asian and European—including leaders of the Buddhist reform movement taking place in Ceylon and Siam at the time, the activity documented in Anne Blackburn's Locations of Buddhism: Colonialism and Modernity in Sri Lanka (Princeton University Press, 2001). A major contribution of the book is the way it links with earlier studies and fills gaps between them. Jaffe's Asia-centric focus also contributes significantly to research on modern Japanese Buddhism, introducing a number of important figures previously [End Page 132] unknown to English-language readers, people who should be more widely known. Among these are Kawaguchi Ekai, Akegarasu Haya, and Kimura Ryūkan. Their stories add much to our knowledge of twentiethcentury Japanese Buddhism and to intra-Asian relations in the early twentieth century. The chapters covering their journeys range from the early twentieth century to the 1930s, several decades of rapid and tumultuous change in both countries and in the relationship between them. But more of this below. The book is clearly the culmination of years of research. The diaries and personal publications of more than 20 Japanese Buddhist priests who spent substantial periods in South Asia provide a core archive (see list on p. 115). As well as revealing their observations and responses to South Asian and Southeast Asian Buddhism (Jaffe translates extensive passages on this material), the author identifies the places they visited and the people they met, studied with, and learned from. This evidence is contextualized and expanded on with reference to a comprehensive array of additional primary and secondary sources (including temple records, private papers, photographs, interviews, and a note on a business card) to reveal the networks and the historical contexts that conditioned their experiences. The result is an impressive compendium of erudite research. As the records show, the factors motivating and enabling the journeys varied greatly, but the travelers were united in seeking knowledge of the origins...

The Gravity Tree: The True Story of a Tree That Inspired the World by Anna Crowley Redding

Reviewed by: The Gravity Tree: The True Story of a Tree That Inspired the World by Anna Crowley Redding Elizabeth Bush Redding, Anna Crowley The Gravity Tree: The True Story of a Tree That Inspired the World; illus. by Yas Imamura. HarperCollins, 2021 [40p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780062967367 $17.99 Reviewed from digital galleys Ad 5-8 yrs University of Cambridge student Isaac Newton was sent home to Woolsthorpe on a 1665-1666 hiatus to avoid the plague, and he would later recount how an apple falling from a tree under which he sat would set him musing on why the apple fell straight down. Not only would Newton become famous, but so would the tree itself, becoming a pilgrimage site for science and history aficionados. After it was felled by an early nineteenth century storm, its wreckage was pilfered by souvenir seekers, but it rerooted, and subsequent caretakers have cleverly safeguarded the original by sending seeds, grafts, and saplings to institutions worldwide. This is exactly the footnote-writ-large kind of tale to entrance classroom and storytime attendees, but Redding and Imamura never fully commit to celebrating either the scientists or the Gravity Tree, leaving listeners with lots of basic, unanswered questions (Who’s in charge of the tree and how can I get a piece too? Where in that cool picture of Queen Elizabeth in her carriage is the piece of tree reported to be embedded? Is that picture of the Gravity Tree with scientific notes a reproduction of Newton’s own work?). End matter, which focuses mainly on Newton’s legacy, offers little direction in notes, Newton timeline, or bibliography to redirect kids of more arborist rather than physicist bent. [End Page 396] Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Winning Narrative: The Social Genesis of Pilgrimage Sites

The Winning Narrative: The Social Genesis of Pilgrimage Sites

Reinventing Northeastern Religious Tourism in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The current national and international scenario has specific characteristics stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic that spread throughout the planet in early 2020, motivating a series of political, social, environmental, economic and cultural discussions regarding different institutions, religious practices and social actors. In the context of social and physical distancing, decreed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and made flexible in some countries, such as Brazil, the adaptations made to reduce religious displacement significantly impacted social, economic and cultural activities in both small pilgrimage sites and large centers of national devotion. The present paper aims to problematize and describe Catholic religious celebrations present in the nine (9) Brazilian northeastern states during the pandemic. It follows a qualitative approach with digitally collected data, which brings to light perceptions and concerns that are instrumental in building an overview of religious tourism. As a result, it presents three dimensions that point to challenges for the reinvention of regional religious tourism, hierarchizing the predominance of devotional resistance over technological bets and possible partnerships with other sectors of local public life.

Barakah: The Pilgrim’s Divine Gift at the Shrine of Sunan Pandanaran

Through the ethnographic examples and a framework of the everyday life, “The Pilgrim’s Divine Gift at the Shrine of the Sunan Pandanaran” shows the important role which the shrine of saint Sunan Pandanaran, located in Bayat, Central Java, plays in the lives of the Javanese people. This paper shows how the Javanese sacred space is inclusive of a historical continuity of different faiths that make up the local culture. Exposing the unnoticed, the inconspicuous, and the unobtrusive, this paper goes beyond the settled cultural patterns and problematizes heterogeneities, ambiguities, and indeterminate classification of categories into a homogenous identity of place, culture, and state—one singular, unified entity. The shrine is an heirloom of the Javanese kingdoms of Surakarta and Yogyakarta—Sunan Pandanaran is considered an ancestor of the Mataram Kingdom—but through the efforts of a Catholic village chief, this shrine has been revitalized as an important pilgrimage site for Javanese of any religious affiliation.

Constructing and Contesting the Shrine: Tourist Performances at Seimei Shrine, Kyoto

Japanese Shinto shrines are popular pilgrimage sites not only for religious reasons, but also because of their connections to popular culture. This study discusses how tourism is involved in the construction of the shrine space by focusing on the material environment of the shrine, visitor performances, and how the shrine is contested by different actors. The subject of the study, Seimei Shrine, is a shrine dedicated to the legendary figure Abe no Seimei (921–1005), who is frequently featured in popular culture. Originally a local shrine, Seimei Shrine became a tourist attraction for fans of the novel series Onmyōji (1986–) and the movie adaptation (2001). Since then, the shrine has branded itself by placing themed statues, which realize the legend of Abe no Seimei in material form, while also attracting religious and touristic practices. On the other hand, visitors also bring new meanings to the shrine and its objects. They understand the shrine through different kinds of interactions with the objects, through performances such as touching and remembering. However, the material objects, their interpretation and performances are also an arena of conflict and contestation, as different actors become involved through tourism. This case study shows how religion and tourism are intertwined in the late-modern consumer society, which affects both the ways in which the shrine presents and reinvents itself, as well as how visitors understand and perform within the shrine.

Access to Interaction and Context Through Situated Descriptions: A Study of Interpreting for Deafblind Persons.

This article focuses on how to provide environmental descriptions of the context with the intent of creating access to information and dialogical participation for deafblind persons. Multimodal interaction is needed to communicate with deafblind persons whose combined sensory loss impedes their access to the environment and ongoing interaction. Empirical data of interpreting for deafblind persons are analyzed to give insight into how this task may be performed. All communicative activities vary due to their context, participants, and aim. In this study, our data are part of a cross-linguistic study of tactile sign language and were gathered during a guided tour for a deafblind group. The guided tour was tailored to a specific group (adult deafblind tactile signers and their interpreters) visiting one of the oldest cathedrals and pilgrim sites in Scandinavia, with interpreters following up the guide’s presentation and providing descriptions based on the given situation. The tour and the interpreters’ work were videotaped, and the ongoing interaction and communication have been studied through video-ethnographic methods and conversational analysis. The data have been investigated for the research question: What elements are involved in descriptions to provide deafblind individuals access to their environments? Theories from multimodality communicative studies are relevant for the ways tactile descriptions are presented and analyzed. Some of this is an investigation at a microlevel of interaction. An overall inspiration for this study is interaction studies with data from authentic formal and informal conversations and ways of analyzing embodied action and situated gestures in studies of human interaction. Also, concepts of “frontstage,” “backstage,” and “main conversation” are brought into our interpreter-mediated data to follow the role of building meaning in complex conversations. Theories on interaction are used in the analyses to illustrate the participating framework between the guide, the interpreter, the deafblind person, and the situated frame of their interaction. The study opens for a broader understanding of the repertoire of multimodal interaction and how such interaction may be handled as inputs in communication processes. This is of relevance for communication with deafblind persons, for professionals meeting blind and deafblind clients, and for knowledge of multimodal interaction in general.

Teológiai érvelések, hitoktatás és misztériumábrázolás a 18. századi csíksomlyói ferences színpadon (2.)

In the grammar school of Csíksomlyó (Șumuleu Ciuc), a Franciscan site of Marian pilgrimage in Transylvania, 104 school plays were produced by the pupils between 1721 and 1786. These were predominantly mysteries in the vernacular: Good-Friday Passions, Judgement-Day Dramas and the odd play for Corpus Christi Day or the Assumption. This annual tradition of education as well as pastoral care preserved the characteristics of mediaeval West European mysteries for the longest time and in the farthest geographical location. This paper addresses the question of how these mysteries presented theological or dogmatic facts as staged Poor Man’s Bibles, that is, theatrical catechesis. The first part examines the 106 types of New Testament scenes and their 71 Old Testament antitypes. The following Roman Catholic dogmas were staged in Csíksomlyó: the Trinity; the Creation of the World; the Fall of the Devils; the Fall of Humanity; the Incarnation of the Christ (the so-called Heavenly Trial, Proces de Paradis); the Immaculate Conception, Virginity, Assumption, and Intercession of the Virgin Mary (Maria Advocata); the doctrine of the Eucharist. The theological teachings were cast in the form of human and allegorical figures and presented by the grammar-school students to a numerous and predominantly illiterate audience on a three-level stage, in mother-tongue performances of illustrative verse, in a style adequately sacred as well as easy to comprehend.

Study of Impact of over Tourism on Local society at Pilgrimage Destination with reference to Mathura and Vrindavan

The widespread of visitor to a particular destination has led to a situation or problem, referred as over tourism, but now it’s the foremost common phrase for describing the negative impacts of tourism. Locals particularly destinations, have felt the impact of expanding outsiders which they need been compelled to manage the pressure altogether directions like environment, economic furthermore because the culture. Hence, the aim of the study is to clarify the results of overcrowding on the area people in pilgrimage destination. The target of this study is to see the challenges or opportunities faced by area people with relevancy over tourism. This research is distributed at two important pilgrimage sites of western Uttar Pradesh Mathura and Vrindavan. This paper provides a critical structure of issues faced by the locals and a few of the suggestion to beat the situations.

Editor's Column: “I set this matter down … to inform myself”: Steinbeck's Travels with Charley in Search of America as Private Discourse

Editor's Column: “I set this matter down … to inform myself”: Steinbeck's <i>Travels with Charley in Search of America</i> as Private Discourse

The Cultural Biography of a Pilgrimage Token: From Hagiographical to Archaeological Evidence

Abstract Across the eastern Mediterranean, the personnel of late antique pilgrimage sites distributed terracotta tokens stamped with depictions of saints, scenes from the life of Christ, and related imagery. Using primarily hagiographical sources, scholars associate tokens with healing practices, the veneration of icons, and the worship of relics. Certainly, hagiographies offer valuable representations of ritual processes, but they also make claims on the proper distribution, meaning, and use of tokens amidst a diversity of intercessory activities. How, in practice, was a token produced and distributed? How did pilgrims use tokens at and away from pilgrimage complexes beyond the assertions made by hagiographers? This article answers these questions by tracing the “cultural biography” of a token. It analyzes the archaeological contexts of tokens in order to clarify select statuses that a token might occupy during its lifetime, including commodity, gift, domestic object, funerary object, relic, rubbish, and art object. This approach lays the foundation for examining hagiographical claims regarding the use of tokens as one among many assertions in the contested process of harnessing the power of saints. It illustrates the capacity of devotees to exhibit diverse practices as well as the efforts of personnel at pilgrimage sites to shape those practices.

Who Owns Carnival?

In this article, I attempt to shed light on the complex relationship between class stratification and carnival performances in Agiasos, a mountainous village located on the Greek island of Lesbos. Rooted in fertility rites, early twentieth-century carnival there featured a collision of worldviews and attitudes between the “haves” of the village—landowners with strong links to the Church of Holy Mary, that is, one of the most important pilgrimage sites of the Aegean Sea—and the “have-nots,” the working class of the village. Following a turbulent period marked by World War ΙΙ (1939–45), the Greek Civil War (1943–49), and military rule (1969–74), the return to democracy was marked by the emergence of a new white-collar class, consisting of people with academic titles who set about to create and manage popular culture. As a result, the carnival community became informally divided between manual laborers and “the creative class,” the latter of whom appointed themselves the “guardians”’ of carnival tradition, dictating the terms under which the ritual should be performed. Based on fieldwork carried out in the village of Agiasos, this essay highlights the way the economic elite of Agiasos has been using carnival performances to exclude undesirable, unruly individuals from the village.

Pola Perubahan Ziarah Makam sebagai Arena Sosial

The changing pattern of the grave pilgrimage as a social arena has undergone various changes. The tradition of pilgrimage to the tombs has been going on hundreds of years ago and in Islam. This study aims to determine how the pattern of changes in the grave expedition as a social arena. This article discusses habitus, arenas, social capital and practices that occur in society. Qualitative data with case studies are the approach used in the analysis. The data collection technique was carried out in three different ways, including in-depth interviews, discussions with the Nazirite tombs and document studies. Secondary sources were obtained through the old Banten museum, regional libraries, Nadziran documents, news on the pilgrimage site announcement boards, previous research reports, related papers, journal articles, visualization documents in the form of photographs others. The data analysis technique starts with data reduction, data presentation and concluding. This research resulted in several findings including grave pilgrimage as an arena for a family gathering, an arena for healing mental illnesses, an arena for work images, an arena for spiritual healing, an arena for hereditary ritual habitus, and a hall for symbolic power.

Bats in a cave tourism and pilgrimage site in eastern India: conservation challenges

AbstractCaves and other subterranean habitats are crucial for the survival of many bat species, but often deteriorate as a result of visits by tourists. The aim of the study was to understand the conservation challenges associated with the cave dwelling bats at Gupteswar cave tourism and pilgrimage site in eastern India and to develop conservation recommendations. I counted bat populations and monitored tourist visits once per month for 12 months during September 2016–August 2017. Roosting and breeding activities of eight species of bats, including two nationally threatened species, were recorded from five caves. The number of bats counted during the 12 survey days was 785–940 individuals. Tourism activity occurred throughout the year but was higher during local festive seasons; the maximum number of tourist entries recorded in a single day was 2,769. Installation of gated entrances, scheduling of visits to control overcrowding, restriction of access to caves with maternity colonies during breeding seasons, and minimal use of electric bulbs for illumination would minimize disturbance to the bats. Installation of educational display boards would help to create awareness of the conservation importance of bats amongst the cave visitors.