Pile Density Research Articles

Physical Quality Test Of Rice Bran From Different Milling In Tanah Laut District

This research aims to determine the physical quality of rice bran from different mills in Tanah Laut Regency. Data were collected in this research by means of observation and interviews at five different mills in Tanah Laut, namely Panyipatan, Bumi Makmur, Takisung, Kurau and Pelaihari Districts. Data collection was continued with analysis of the physical quality of the bran in the laboratory. Data was processed manually and analyzed descriptively. The parameters measured for the physical quality of rice bran are water content, pile density, pile compaction density, pile angle and specific gravity. The results of this research show that the physical quality of rice bran from different mills in Tanah Laut Regency has good criteria in terms of water content, namely: 11.18 – 13.31%; stack density 300.00 - 430.00 gram/cm3; pile compaction density 395.04 - 693.45 gram/cm33; stack angle 32.09 - 53.85° and specific gravity 0.219 - 0.143 gram/cm3.

Testing The Physical Properties of Various Onggok Balance with Tofu Making Liquid Waster as Alternative Feed Ingredients

Onggok is a by-product of tapioca flour processing which can be utilized by adding tofu making liquid waste. This study is to determine the difference and the best balance on physical properties, namely specific gravity, stack density, and stack compaction density. Carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Feed Chemistry, Padjadjaran University. The study used an experimental method with a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) using five treatments and four repeats consisting of P0 (2 kg onggok: 0 liters of tofu liquid waste), P1 (2 kg ongdok: 2 liters of tofu liquid waste), P2 (2 kg onggok: 1 liter of tofu liquid waste), P3 (2 kg onggok: 700 ml of tofu liquid waste), and P4 (2 kg ongdok: 500 ml of tofu liquid waste). The results showed a noticeable effect (P<0.05) of physical properties testing. The P2 treatment produced the highest value in the specific gravity test of 1.111 g/mL, the P1 treatment produced the highest value in the pile density test of 0.237 g/mL, and the result of the stack compaction density in P1 of 0.282 g/mL. This study concluded that the addition of tofu making liquid waste can increase pile density and pile compaction density

Numerical parametric study of embedded geosynthetic-reinforced soil abutment

Three-dimensional numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the performance of embedded geosynthetic-reinforced soil abutments. The numerical model was validated using field-monitoring data. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the key factors affecting the performance of the embedded abutment under the working conditions, including the pile offset distance, pile diameter, pile spacing, and bridge load. The piles exhibited a retaining rather than a pushing effect in these cases due to the relatively high stiffness and negative skin friction of the piles, thus reducing the loads exerted on the facing wall. The lateral displacement of the facing wall significantly increased as the pile offset distance decreased mainly due to the reduced anchor length of the reinforcement and enhanced retaining effect of the piles. As the pile diameter increases, the deflection of the facing wall is constrained by factors such as increased bearing width, limited displacement, and enhanced retention effect of thepiles. This is an efficient way to increase the pile density near the abutment centerline to control thedeformation of the facing wall. An increase in the vertical bridge load resulted in a decrease in negative skin friction, leading to increased foundation settlement and lateral displacement of the facing wall.

Mass-production of biomimetic fur knitted triboelectric fabric for smart home and healthcare

Mass-production of biomimetic fur knitted triboelectric fabric for smart home and healthcare

A novel framework for ascertaining the safety factor and critical slip surface of 3D slopes reinforced with piles

A novel framework for ascertaining the safety factor and critical slip surface of 3D slopes reinforced with piles

Textured Polyester Fiber in Three-Dimensional (3D) Carpet Structure Application: Experimental Characterizations under Compression-Bending-Abrasion-Rubbing Loading.

In this article, textured polyester fiber was used as pile yarn in three-dimensional woven carpet structures. The properties of developed polyester carpets under various mechanical loading were studied. A statistical method was used to analyze the experimental data. Regression models were proposed to explain the relationships between carpet pile height and density. The study showed that the bending rigidity and curvature of dry and wet polyester pile fiber carpets were influenced by pile height and pile density (indirectly weft density) in that the downward concave large bending curvature was obtained from very dense carpet structures. In addition, the average dry bending rigidity of the carpet was over eight times higher than the average wet bending rigidity of the carpet. The thickness loss (%) and resilience (%) for each recovery period of various polyester carpets were proportional depending on the pile density. It was broadly decreased when the pile density was increased due to the compression load carrying capacity per polyester fiber knot, which was higher in carpets having dense knots compared to sparse knots per area. On the other hand, the polyester pile density and height largely affected the carpet mass losses (%) of all textured polyester carpets under an abrasion load. The number of strokes received after completely fractured polyester pile yarns during a rubbing test were increased when the pile heights for each pile density were increased. Findings from the study can be useful for polyester carpet designers and three-dimensional dry or impregnate polyester fiber-based preform designers in particularly complex shape molding part manufacturing.

Evaluasi Ciri Fisik Media Terfermentasi Jamur Pleurotus ostreotus sebagai Pakan Ternak Alternatif bagi Ruminansia

By-products such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel cake, and sawdust can be used as alternative feed. It contains nutrients needed by ruminants but is constrained by its high crude fiber content, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and is low in protein. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical characteristics of the fermented media from plantation by-products using Pleurotus ostreotus as an alternative to ruminant animal feed. The experimental design was a completely randomized (CRD) with 3'3 factorial patterns with three replications. Factor A was the type of substrate, namely palm kernel cake, EFB, and acacia sawdust. Factor B was the length of fermentation, namely 0, 30, and 60 d. The data collected were analyzed by variance (ANOVA), and the results were significantly different. The observed variables were the mycelium growth rate, media weight, dry matter, organic matter, particle size, specific gravity, pile density, and compacted pile density. We conclude that the fermented sawdust gave the best growth speed of the P. ostreotus mycelia. The palm kernel cake substrate without storage showed good physical quality concerning particle size, pile density, and pile-compaction density. P. ostreotus fungus grew effectively and did not negatively impact the substrates' biomass, dry matter, and organic matter. Different substrate types give different physical characteristics to the P. ostreotus-fermented media.
 
 Keywords: acacia, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel cake, fermented media, Pleurotus ostreotus

Measuring and modeling the effect of density and pile height on sound absorption of double base Persian rug

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of density and pile height on sound absorption coefficient in Double Base Persian (DBP) rug and possibility of prediction the acoustic behavior of DBP rug using the mathematical model. For this aim, in the first step, three double base rug samples were produced at different base densities (2, 4, and 6 warp yarn/cm) and the sound absorption coefficient of samples was measured with Impedance tube in two thicknesses (15 & 13 mm) to study the pile height effect. Moreover, the sound absorption of the double base zone was also measured by shaving off the pile from the double base rug samples. Three rug samples at different base densities were produced with very thin warp and weft yarns to avoid the base effect in this sample. Besides, the macroscopic empirical model (Johnson–Champoux–Allard (JCA)) was implemented on obtained data. The results showed that the sound absorption of the double base rug samples increases with increasing the pile height and base density. The role of the base zone in the sound absorption of the rug is bolder than the pile zone. What leads to improve the rug sound absorption by increasing density is increasing the sound absorption of base zone and the pile density changes do not play a major role in increasing the rug sound absorption. In addition, by assuming DBP rugs as a two-layer porous (pile + base zone) absorber, JCA model shows a good consistency with experimental data.

Fuzzy logic model expansion and optimization for predicting polyester cut-pile carpet thickness-loss

Thickness-loss is the most common problem in carpet after static and dynamic loading. Pile yarn properties as well as carpet structural parameters are mainly responsible for carpet thickness-loss. In the present research, an advanced version of recently developed fuzzy logic model is introduced. The model is able to predict thickness-loss of polyester carpets based on carpet pile density, pile height, and pile yarn count. Experimental work was performed to provide data for model knowledge base. Genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the fuzzy logic model parameters. Finally, lowest possible thickness-loss value together with corresponding values of carpet and pile yarn parameters bring this result was defined, using developed model. Modeling results showed that the model attained correlation coefficients as 0.9932, 0.9911, 0.9950, and 0.9957 between predicted and experimental values of carpet thickness-loss after low and high dynamic loading and static loading with short and long relaxation times, respectively. On the other hand, model predictions in four new unsighted conditions have brought correlation coefficients as 0.82, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.90 for low and high dynamic loading and static loading after short and long relaxation times, respectively. These results denote acceptable reliability of new developed model. Eventually, it is defined that levels of 850, 7.5, and 957.5 for carpet pile density, pile height, and pile yarn linear density, respectively, bring minimum carpet thickness-loss.

Recent estimate of Asian elephants in Borneo reveals a smaller population

Asian elephants occurring in northern Borneo form a geographically isolated and genetically distinct population. Of this, the subpopulation of Central Sabah holds the greatest opportunity for long‐term survival, due to a relatively large population size and occurrence over a vast, contiguous and protected habitat. We surveyed this subpopulation in 2015 using advanced methods to obtain a population size estimate. We used the distance‐sampling framework and laid out transects following a stratified random design for counting elephant dung piles; measured dung decay following the ‘retrospective' method; and used Bayesian analysis to estimate dung decay rate and dung pile density. Thus, we estimated a posterior mean dung decay rate of 212 days (95% BCI: 133–319), an overall elephant density of 0.07 per km2(95% BCI: 0.03–0.11) and a population size of 387 elephants (95% BCI: 169–621). These estimates were far lower than the population size of 1132 individuals and density of 1.18 per km2estimated in 2008. It is unlikely that there has been a steep population decline, as there were no drastic land‐use changes between 2008 and 2015, nor were there other identifiable causes for a population decline. Therefore, it appears that the methodological and analytical flaws in the previous estimate are the most plausible reason for this observed difference. Given that the new estimate suggests a much smaller population, it is prudent and precautionary to use the new estimate as the basis for all policy decisions and conservation actions for elephants in Sabah.

KUALITAS FISIK PAKAN PELLET BERBAHAN AMPAS SAGU DENGAN PENAMBAHAN INDIGOFERA MENGGUNAKAN LEVEL TEPUNG TAPIOKA YANG BERBEDA

This study aims to determine the physical quality of water content, specific gravit, stack angle, pile density, pile compaction density, and collision resistance pellet product with sago pulp utilization and indigofera leaves. This research used CRD Factorial. Factor A consist of 5 treatments A4 = 40% Sago Pulp (SP) + 60% Indigofera Leaves (IL), A3 = 30% SP + 70% IL, A2 = 20% (SP) + 80% (IL), A1 = 10% (SP) + 90%, (IL), A0 = 100% (IL) and Factor B consisting of 2 treatments B1 = 5% Tapioca Flour B2 = 10% Tapioca Flour with 3 replications each. The results showed that the interaction between sago pulp feed ingredients with the addition of indigofera leaves used adhesive material at different levels. It was concluded that the combination of sago and indigofera dregs (40% SP + 60% IL) levels can improve the quality of pellets in terms of density, pile angle, and pellet stack density

TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AS A PRESERVATIVE OF ANIMAL FEED INGREDIENTS

This research was conducted in the Laboratory of Feed Industry Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using organic acids as preservatives in feed ingredients in the form of pollard and wheat bran based on physical parameters. This study used a completely randomized design with 2 factorials in the form of feed type and organic acid type with 3 replications, samples were stored for 6 weeks and then data were collected in the form of moisture content, pile angle, pile density and specific gravity. The results showed that organic acids affected the moisture content but had no effect on pile density, pile angle and specific gravity. The type of feed affects the value of moisture content, pile angle, pile density and specific gravity. Based on the results of the effectiveness index test, it is known that the total yield value on pollard with 1% lauric acid is 0.64, sorbic acid is 0.35 and propionic acid is 0.77, while wheat bran with lauric acid is 1.07 at -1 sorbic acid. .39 and in propionic acid 2.64. The conclusion of this research is that propionic acid can be used as a preservative for pollard and wheat bran
 

Study on the Physical Quality of Complete Rabbit Feed Pellets Using Different Forage Protein Sources

This study evaluated the physical quality of complete rabbit feed containing different legumes. The study design was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were as follows: P1 =complete feed without legume;P2 = complete feed with 10% moringa leaves meal; P3 = complete feed with 10% Leucaena leaves meal; P4 = complete feed with 10% turi leaves meal. Parameters measured were hardness, durability, density and specific gravity of rabbit pellet complete feed. Data analysis uses analysis of variance and if there is a treatment with a significant effect, then it is continued with Duncan's multiple distance test. The results showed that legumes had no significant effect on impact resistance, friction resistance, pile density, and specific gravity of the rabbit pellets produced. It was concluded that the use of legumes, namely Moringa, lamtoro and turi did not reduce the physical quality of the pellets.

Nonlinear Influence Model of Built Environment of Residential Area on Electric Vehicle Miles Traveled

In this study, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and ordinary least squares (OLS) models were constructed to systematically ascertain the influencing factors and electric vehicle (EV) use action laws from the perspective of travelers. The use intensity of EVs was represented by electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT); variables such as the charging time, travel preference, and annual income were used to describe the travel characteristics. Seven variables, including distance to the nearest business district, road density, public transport service level, and land use mix were extracted from different dimensions to describe the built environment, explore the influence of the travel behavior mode and built environment on EV use. From the eVMT survey data, points of interest (POI) data, urban road network data, and other heterogeneous data from Chongqing, an empirical analysis of EV usage intensity was conducted. The results indicated that the deviation of the GBDT model (9.62%) was 11.72% lower than that of the OLS model (21.34%). The charging time was the most significant factor influencing the service intensity of EVs (18.37%). The charging pile density (15.24%), EV preference (11.52%), and distance to the nearest business district (10.28%) also exerted a significant influence.

Performance of wool-nylon cut pile carpets in relation to their structural parameters

The change in performance parameters of hand-tufted cut-pile carpets has been studied with respect to variation in their constructional parameters. Carpet samples are prepared from 80/20 wool-nylon blended pile yarn by varying pile density and pile height. The influence on deformation, abrasion and tuft withdrawal force properties has been investigated. Carpet samples are evaluated for compression, abrasion and tuft withdrawal force. The experimental results are statistically analyzed using general linear model through regression analysis and analysis of variance. From the statistical analysis of test results, it has been established that the carpet structural parameters, such as pile height and pile density, have a significant influence on thickness loss, recovery under compression and durability properties of hand-tufted carpets.

Experimental evidence that effects of megaherbivores on mesoherbivore space use are influenced by species' traits.

The extinction of 80% of megaherbivore (>1,000kg) species towards the end of the Pleistocene altered vegetation structure, fire dynamics and nutrient cycling world-wide. Ecologists have proposed (re)introducing megaherbivores or their ecological analogues to restore lost ecosystem functions and reinforce extant but declining megaherbivore populations. However, the effects of megaherbivores on smaller herbivores are poorly understood. We used long-term exclusion experiments and multispecies hierarchical models fitted to dung counts to test (a) the effect of megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) on the occurrence (dung presence) and use intensity (dung pile density) of mesoherbivores (2-1,000kg), and (b) the extent to which the responses of each mesoherbivore species was predictable based on their traits (diet and shoulder height) and phylogenetic relatedness. Megaherbivores increased the predicted occurrence and use intensity of zebras but reduced the occurrence and use intensity of several other mesoherbivore species. The negative effect of megaherbivores on mesoherbivore occurrence was stronger for shorter species, regardless of diet or relatedness. Megaherbivores substantially reduced the expected total use intensity (i.e. cumulative dung density of all species) of mesoherbivores, but only minimally reduced the expected species richness (i.e. cumulative predicted occurrence probabilities of all species) of mesoherbivores (by <1 species). Simulated extirpation of megaherbivores altered use intensity by mesoherbivores, which should be considered during (re)introductions of megaherbivores or their ecological proxies. Species' traits (in this case shoulder height) may be more reliable predictors of mesoherbivores' responses to megaherbivores than phylogenetic relatedness, and may be useful for predicting responses of data-limited species.

Study On the Influence of Micro-Steel Pipe Pile Reinforcement and Soil Structure on Landslide Stability in Geological Engineering

Micropile is a new type of supporting structure, which is characterized by rapid and convenient construction, flexible pile layout and significant reinforcement effect. In this paper, combined with a landslide case, the influence of micro steel pipe pile reinforcement on the displacement, stress, strain and stability of the landslide is preliminarily studied by using finite element analysis simulation software. The results show that the reinforcement of micro-steel pipe piles improves the slope stability, but it is still in an unstable state. In the later stage, the landslide can be effectively controlled by adjusting the reinforcement scheme and the parameters of piles, such as material grade and pile density.

Variation in sage-grouse habitat quality metrics across a gradient of feral horse use

Feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) grazing can alter arid shrubland habitat in the western United States to the detriment of sympatric wildlife species, including the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). To date, studies of horse-influenced habitat alteration have only occurred in a few locations and have infrequently represented gradients of horse use. We investigated whether greater sage-grouse habitat quality metrics were negatively associated with feral horse use in southcentral Wyoming, USA. We also tested whether utilization distributions generated from feral horses tracked with global position system transmitters were correlated with dung pile density, our index of horse use. Dung pile density did not vary among utilization distribution levels, indicating utilization distributions were a poor predictor of cumulative horse use. Bare ground increased with dung pile density (β = 0.06, 85% CI = 0.04–0.18), and grass height exhibited a threshold response and began to decline after 638 piles/ha. Other habitat metrics including percent shrub cover, native perennial grass cover, and visual obstruction were better explained by topographic and temporal variation. Our results suggest that herd size reduction may limit soil erosion potential and improve desired herbaceous structure, though additional management actions regarding feral horse use are needed to sustain high-quality greater sage-grouse habitat.

Pile contribution to slope stability: application to open quays

Foundation piles can contribute to the stability of a slope thorough which they are installed as they have to be sheared or fail in bending for the full collapse of the slope. The classical design of open quays, consisting of a piled platform with a slope beneath, can benefit from the consideration of the piles for its overall stability. The methods currently available for the consideration of piles are the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the finite-element method. Although the former requires some side computations for the pile contributions, it has the advantage of identifying the failure mode. This can be used to make changes to the piling design in order to increase pile contribution to stability. The LEM approach, by Bishop's method, which considers circular slip surfaces, is particularly practical. A typical quay is studied with both approaches and the main parameters of such projects – pile density, slope angle and soil shear strength – are evaluated. The results of the analyses indicate that the consideration of the piles leads to an increase in the factor of safety of the slope. It is also suggested that the LEM approach can be used to advantage in everyday practice.

Root Biomass Estimation in Natural and Planted Mangrove

Belowground root biomass plays an essential role in the mangrove ecosystem as potential carbon storage, nutrient gain, or sediment accumulation yet is still overlooked. Therefore, estimation of root biomass is necessary. The objective was to determine and compare the belowground root biomass at the natural and planted mangrove ecosystem. We also measured the forest structure and the aboveground biomass. This study was conducted at four stations in Pramuka Island, Pari Island, Rambut Island (2 stations), Seribu Islands, Jakarta. The first island represented planted mangroves, whereas the latter two as natural stems. Rhizophora stylosa was the dominant species in three stations except for Rambut Island 2 that dominated by Ceriops Tagal. Stand densities were 2730±5 stems ha-1, 1733±5 stems ha-1, 1311±2 stems ha-1, and 1300±2 stems ha-1 for Pramuka Island, Pari Island, Rambut Island 1 and 2. The highest pile density was counted in Rambut Island 2 for 1612±8 stems ha-1 and the lowest in Pramuka Island (780±5 stems ha-1). The aboveground biomass was estimated as follows 109.13±11.91 Mg ha-1 in Pari Island, 89.45±19.53 in Rambut Island 2, 68.41±17.12 Mg ha-1 in Rambut Island 1, and 14.05±5.74 Mg ha-1 in Pramuka Island. Belowground root biomass in planted mangrove Pramuka Island (3.63±0.82 Mg ha-1) and the other two natural mangroves Pari Island (6.56±0.47 Mg ha-1) and Rambut Island 1 (7.17±0.81 Mg ha-1), were similar except for Rambut Island 2 (49.23±6.77 Mg ha-1). The contribution of root biomass ranges from 6-24% of the total biomass of mangrove trees, whereas the fine roots (&lt; 2 mm) biomass occurred 28-74% in the entire root biomass. The results confirm the high contribution of belowground root biomass to the total biomass pool and the importance of maintaining the planted mangrove as a part of ecosystem rehabilitation.