Paint Formulations Research Articles

Green synthesis of insecticidal, bactericidal, UV absorbent, sustainable paint formulations using Mentha piperita (peppermint)

The present study aims to develop a natural insect-repellent paint formulation derived from plant-based materials with UV absorption and antibacterial properties.

New sustainable yellow pigments in scheelite-type solid solutions: (LiLaCa)1/3MoO4−BiVO4 with high NIR reflectance as cool colorants

Abstract New toxic-metal-free sustainable yellow pigments have been developed in scheelite-type solid solutions: [(Li0.33Ca0.33La0.33)xBi1−x][MoxV1−x]O4. The developed pigments show a structural transition from monoclinic to tetragonal scheelite-type structures upon the substitution of LiCaLaMoO4 into the BiVO4 system. The absorption edge is gently blue-shifted from the parent BiVO4 by widening the bandgap upon the incorporation of various metal ions such as Li, La, Ca, and Mo into the lattice, allowing different intense yellow hues to be produced. The typical pigment [(LiLaCa)0.198Bi0.8][Mo0.2V0.8]O4 showed the most vivid yellow hue with a b* value of 78.32, which is comparable to the commercial Sicopal yellow (b* = 76.9). Further, the developed toxic-metal-free pigments have high near-infrared reflectance, making them sustainable as eco-friendly cool colorants for paint and plastic formulations.

Разработка водно-дисперсионного лакокрасочного материала для создания декоративного эффекта по технологии «мытый бетон»

The article presents the formulation of water-dispersion paint and varnish material containing concrete hardening inhibitor. The authors investigated the rheological characteristics of the water phase, pigment paste, and paint. The paper determines the correlation of the penetration rate with the amount of inhibitor and concludes the selection of concrete hardening inhibitor.

Development of water-dispersion paint and varnish material for creating a decorative effect using "the washed concrete" technology

The article presents the formulation of water-dispersion paint and varnish material containing concrete hardening inhibitor. The authors investigated the rheological characteristics of the water phase, pigment paste, and paint. The paper determines the correlation of the penetration rate with the amount of inhibitor and concludes the selection of concrete hardening inhibitor.

Investigating the phase behaviour of binary suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals and montmorillonite with nonlinear rheology, SAXS and polarized optical microscopy

Using microscopy imaging techniques, X-ray scattering, and nonlinear rheological measurements, we have examined microstructural changes, and phase behavior of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite colloidal systems. Fourier-transform (FT) rheology-stress decomposition methods, Lissajous-Bowditch plots, and other techniques are used to both qualitatively and quantitatively determine the various phases that the suspensions exhibit. In the MAOS (medium amplitude oscillatory shear) region, multiple scaling regions, as well as quadratic scaling regions are obtained. The dependence of the normalized third relative intensity (I3/1) values on angular frequency (ω) also provided new insights into how nonlinear parameters depend on the various CNC/MMT phases. These findings allow us to differentiate various phases exhibited by the composite system, including the isotropic, biphasic, and chiral nematic liquid crystalline (LC) phases. The CNC/MMT nanocomposite system exhibits a variety of liquid crystalline phases, which may contribute to improved mechanical properties for the system, including increased mixture strength, stiffness, and toughness because of the particle alignment in the LC phase. Additionally, the field of optics and photonics may find use for this nanocomposite system in the fabrication of sensors, polarizers, and optical films; energy storage applications where the aligned structures facilitate ion transport; and the formulation of paints and coatings where the strain stiffening and shear thinning behavior of the CNC/MMT composite system are critical.

Near-field exposures and human health impacts for organic chemicals in interior paints: A high-throughput screening

Interior paints contain organic chemicals that might be harmful to painters and building residents. This study aims to develop a high-throughput approach to screen near-field human exposures and health impacts related to organic chemicals in interior paints. We developed mass balance models for both water- and solvent-based paints, predicting emissions during wet and dry phases. We then screened exposures and risks, focusing on Sri Lanka where residential houses are frequently repainted. These models accurately predict paint drying time and indoor air concentrations of organic chemicals. Exposures of both painter and household resident were estimated for 65 organic chemicals in water-based and 26 in solvent-based paints, considering 12 solvents. Chemicals of concerns (CoCs) were identified, and maximum acceptable chemical contents (MACs) were calculated. Water-based paints generally pose lower health risks than solvent-based paints but might contain biocides of high concern. The total human health impact of one painting event on all household adults ranges from 1.5 × 10-3 to 2.1 × 10-2 DALYs for solvent-based paints, and from 4.1 × 10-4 to 9.5 × 10-3 DALYs for water-based paints. The present approach is a promising way to support the formulation of safer paint, and is integrated in the USEtox scientific consensus model for use in life cycle assessment, chemical substitution and risk screening.

Room-Temperature Processable TiO2 Solar Paint for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional silicon photovoltaics owing to their environmentally friendly nature, easy preparation, and low cost. However, a critical bottleneck in DSSC fabrication lies in the high-temperature treatment required for the metal-oxide, primarily titanium dioxide (TiO2), photoanode. This study presents an advanced approach aimed at overcoming this challenge by developing a facile and cost-effective room temperature processable TiO2 paste for large-scale device production and commercialization. In our investigation, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel hydrothermal method. The resulting material served as the basis for a solar paint formulation, utilized as a precursor for the photoanode in tertiary butyl alcohol. Applying this paint, achieved with a simple paintbrush, eliminated the need for high-temperature curing, binders, and reduced chemical additives. This minimizes energy consumption during fabrication and enhances the interface quality and charge transport properties of the photoanode, as evidenced by photovoltaic impedance spectroscopy measurements.

Protecting Street Art from Outdoor Environmental Threats: What Are the Challenges?

Street Art is an artistic expression in constant development, whose interest has grown in recent years among society, public administrations, conservators, and heritage scientists. This growing awareness has given rise to a series of debates between professionals with the intent to expand the knowledge relating to conservation practices and possible protection solutions. Additionally, the paint materials used by contemporary artists are in constant development; therefore, difficulty has emerged in the identification of their degradation processes when exposed to environmental conditions and in the consequent selection of a specific protection system. This review presents an overview of the recent literature and experiences in the field of knowledge and preservation of Street Art, focusing on the type and nature of paint formulations, the main deterioration processes of painted artworks in outdoor conditions, and the most recent advances in materials and methods for the conservation and protection of Street Art. This review aims to emphasise how the approach to the challenge of preservation of Street Art is complex, aspiring to the need for optimised diagnostic protocols for the development of innovative and effective protective coatings. This paper is a starting point to provide suggestions and indications for the development of further research projects within the framework of preservation and protection of contemporary muralism.

EXTRACTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EPOXIDATION OF CASTOR SEED OIL

Chemical epoxide modification appears to be one way toward the objective of substituting raw materials for industrial products, and epoxidized vegetable oils offer intriguing options as a raw material substitute for industrial chemicals.. The oil from castor seeds was extracted using a soxhlet extractor and the percentage yield for castor oil was 49 %. The characterization of castor oil yielded the following results: iodine value 88.52g I2/100g, acid value 1.148 mgKOH/g, saponification value 185.8 mgKOH/g, specific gravity 0. 9223 g, peroxide value 156.2 mEq/kg, and pH value 5.7. The oil was epoxidized in the presence of sulphuric acid using 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor and glacial acetic acid as an oxygen carrier. The fresh oil and the product of the epoxidation reaction were characterized using FTIR analysis, which revealed the disappearance of the carbon-carbon double bond peak at 1746.71 cm-1 and the formation of the epoxide peak at 1743.93 cm-1. Curing time analysis revealed the strength of the synthesized epoxide, with castor epoxide hardening at 25 min and commercial epoxide hardening at 8 min. Castor oil can be utilized as a raw ingredient in a variety of industrial applications, including water treatment, soap production, paint formulation, and laminate production.

Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges.

Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.

Alkyd coating containing metal phosphomolybdate/cobalt ferrite nanocomposites as efficient corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel 316L in saline solution

Nanocomposites of some metallo-phosphomolybdates (ZrO, VO, Mn and Mg-POMs) with cobalt and manganese ferrites (CoFe2O4 or MnFe2O4) were synthesized and evaluated as efficient and inexpensive green anti-corrosion coatings for commercial stainless – steel (SS) in a 3.5% NaCl medium. The synthesised composites were characterized using electron microscopic (SEM and TEM), spectroscopic (XRD, EDX and AFM) techniques and contact angle measurements. The resultes confirmed the incorporation of both the M-POMs and the ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) in the composite matrices. Paint formulations based on the new M-POM/ferrite nanocomposites and containing alkyd resins were prepared and applied to Stainless-Steel substrates. Electrochemical techniques such as EIS (Nyquist, Bode) and Tafel were used to investigate the anticorrosive properties of the prepared coating materials. The measurements revealed that the POM/Ferrite composite coatings onto SS exhibited enhanced anticorrosive properties compared to those of both the separate ferrite or POM. The value of Rp of the ZrO- and Mn-POM coatings compared to its POM/cobalt ferrite composites as obtained from Tafel measurements increased from 1395 kΩ cm2 to 6770 kΩ cm2 and 112.8 kΩ cm2 to 692 kΩ cm2 respectively indicating high corrosion protection of the coated steel panels.

Manufacturing technique for Jizhou painted porcelains in the Yuan dynasty and its influence on coloring

The Jizhou kiln was an important production center of the painted porcelains in Southern China during the Song and Yuan dynasties. The manufacturing technique of the painted porcelains in the Jizhou kiln potentially facilitated the emergence of the well-known blue-and-white porcelains in Jingdezhen. Herein, the chemical compositions and microstructures of the bodies, glazes and paintings of Jizhou painted porcelains from the Yuan dynasty were investigated through X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy (OM), Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‒EDS) to clarify the manufacturing characteristics of Jizhou painted porcelains and their impact on the coloring mechanism. The results showed that the bodies of Jizhou painted porcelains were made of local clay and those transparent glazes were made of local sericite-rich clay and botanic ashes. Black‒brown painted porcelains and red‒brown painted porcelains were methodically made by ancient potters by controlling pigment formulation, painting techniques and firing schedules. The colors of the black‒brown painting and the red‒brown painting were related to the α-Fe2O3 particles in the iron-rich minerals used in the pigment and the iron oxide crystals (α-Fe2O3 and ε-Fe2O3) precipitated on the glaze surface, respectively.

Color-Changing Paints Enabled by Photoresponsive Combinations of Bio-Inspired Colorants and Semiconductors.

Modern paints and coatings are designed for a variety of applications, ranging from fine art to extraterrestrial thermal control. These systems can be engineered to provide lasting color, but there are a limited number of materials that can undergo transient changes in their visual appearance in response to external stimuli without requirements for advanced fabrication strategies. The authors describe color-changing paint formulations that leverage the redox-dependent absorption profile of xanthommatin, a small-molecule colorant found throughout biology, and the electronic properties of titanium dioxide, a ubiquitous whitening agent in commercial coatings. This combination yields reversible photoreduction upon exposure to sunlight, shifting from the oxidized (yellow) form of xanthommatin, to the reduced (red) state. The extent of photoreduction is dependent on the loading density and size of titanium dioxide particles, generating changes in hue angle as large as 77% upon irradiation. These coatings can be blended with non-responsive supplemental colorants to expand the accessible color palette, and irradiated through masks to create transient, disappearing artwork. These formulations demonstrate energy-efficient photochromism using a simple combination of a redox-active dye and metal oxide semiconductor, highlighting the utility of these materials for the development of optically dynamic light-harvesting materials.

Evonik introduces TEGO® Guard 9000, TEGO® Rad 2330, carbon-fiber reinforced PEEK medical 3D-printing filament, TEGO® Foamex 8880, and TEGO® Rad 2550 slip and defoamer.

On October 26, 2023, Evonik Coating Additives announced the introduction of TEGO® Guard 9000. While the formulation of exterior paints may differ around the world, the challenge of protecting buildings from environmental impact seems universal. With the new additive TEGO® Guard 9000 it is claimed to be possible to protect building facades from the moment of application.

Hygienic coatings with nano-functionalized diatomaceous earth by Equisetum giganteum – Mediated green synthesis

BackgroundMicrobiological growth on indoor surfaces has a negative impact on human health. Antimicrobial materials are intensely studied to prevent biodeterioration in an indoor environment. The present work seeks the green synthesis of an eco-friendly and cheap antimicrobial nano-functionalized filler from diatomaceous earth to be applied to the formulation of paints. MethodsAdsorption of silver ions and a green synthesis with Equisetum giganteum L. aqueous extract of nano-functionalized diatomaceous earth was carried out. The nano-functionalized fillers were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The antimicrobial activity was also assessed. Waterborne paints were formulated and prepared, then bioassays were performed to assess their antimicrobial efficiency. Significant findingsFor the first time E. giganteum aqueous extract has been employed for the nano-functionalization of diatomaceous earth (DE). Functionalized DE has the potential to prevent biodeterioration with 25 mg of silver per 100 g of paint, which has resulted in an eco-friendly alternative for hygienic coatings.

Low-cost fabrication and physicochemical characterization of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient multifunctional inorganic pigment

The pursuit of low-cost manufacturing of newly effective pigments is a pressing economic need. Thus, in this work, low-cost ZnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles (ZF-NPs) with an average diameter of 20 nm were successfully synthesized using a simple sol–gel method, which can be extended for large-scale fabrication of a reddish nano pigment. TGA/DTA, XRD, DRS, HRTEM, and SEM/EDX investigations were used to characterize the as-prepared product. The color of synthesized NPs was studied using CIE L*a*b* colorimetric method with color coordinates of L* = 41.7, a* = 72.2, and b* = 48.8. The newly developed pigment was examined to be superior to the traditional pigment (M6001/Fe2O3: L* = 30.4, a* = 42.16, and b* = 45.7). After that, the synthesized nano pigment was integrated into both ink and paint formulations as a multifunctional coating. The inclusion of synthesized nano pigment in metal coating printing ink formulation was done to produce a good alternative and cost-effective substitute for the commercially available pigment used in the inks industry. Also, the effect of the fabricated nanoparticles on corrosion resistance and thermal stability of epoxy-based paint formulations was evaluated using different standard tests. Therefore, the ZnFe2O4 pigment should be applied as a highly efficient inorganic nano pigment.

Paint and Coating Physics

Paints and Coatings are ubiquitous with wide ranging applications in architectural and construction, aerospace, automotive, electronic, food, and the pharmaceutical industries. The manufacture and storage of paints, their application on a substrate, and the film formation process all involve fluid flow whose understanding and control is important for achieving the desired finish. Within this context, this special issue presents developments in advanced computational models, experiments, and analysis related to the various stages of paint formulation and their applications.

AkwaIbom (Iba Oku) Clay as Extender Pigment in Formulation of Anti-Corrosive Alkyd Paints for Saline Medium

AkwaIbom (Iba Oku) Clay as Extender Pigment in Formulation of Anti-Corrosive Alkyd Paints for Saline Medium

Formulation of calcium based 8-HQ fluorescent paint for fluorescent paint applications

We report the formulation of luminous paints with calcium-based quinoline complex, bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) (calcium) – Caq2 as a pigment (where Ca = Calcium, q = 8-hydroxy quinoline). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, UV–Visible absorption, Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photometric evaluation of the pigment were probed to evaluate its structural, optical and photometric properties. The excitation spectra of Caq2 pigment portrays a broad excitation peak at 370 nm, while emission spectra reveal a broad peak, registered at 473 nm which falls in the bluish-green region of the visible spectrum. Further, fluorescent paints were formulated on glass slides with epoxy resin/ urea formaldehyde as binder and toluene as solvent. The results reveal the change in intensity of the painted panels in the following order IZnO Epoxy(50%) > IEpoxy based pure pigment > IUF based pure pigment > IZnO Epoxy(10%) > IZnO UF(10%). These results reveal the potential of the pigment as one of the components of fluorescent paint.

The green synthesis of nanoparticles using Costus pictus leaf extract blended with paint and its potential applications

Nanoparticles are important due to their unique properties that may lead to new and exciting applications. Green synthesis has many advantages amongst physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis since the method is simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. This research work describes the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles using leaf extract of Costus pictus and the characterization studies were carried out by Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Ultra Violet-Visible spectrophotometry. Incorporation of the nanoparticles of Costus pictus leaf extract into the paint formulation increases the corrosion protection properties. The inhibitive effects were investigated using weight loss, polarization, and impedance studies. The surface analysis techniques of Scanning Electron Microscope and Atomic Force Microscopy were used to investigate the morphology study. Findings show that synthetic nanoparticles mixed with paint function as more effective and thermally stable agents, serving as an alternative environmentally acceptable anticorrosion addition for cleaning and pickling processes in industries.