Piggery Waste Research Articles

Sustaining Rural Livelihood through Gasification of Biomass

The applications of gasification products comprise impending use as process output that can be converted into mechanical, electrical and/or heat energy use in several industries and sectors including rural households. Different types of agricultural and forestry residues, energy crops, dairy-house, piggery, poultry, domestic and industrial wastes can be used as feedstock. There is a tremendous potential of work involving thermo-chemical and bio-chemical processes and the characterization of their products. With or without pre-treatment, the feedstock biomass can be gasified under different technological conditions viz. in bio-chemical digester (biogas plant) or in thermal digester (gasifiers), to find out what are the most suitable conditions for maximum energy outputs.

Development of Land Application System of Treated Piggery Waste Water Using a Flat Spray Hose

Development of Land Application System of Treated Piggery Waste Water Using a Flat Spray Hose

Yeast as a Bioremediation Nanoparticle Agent in Piggery-Digested Wastewater Treatment

Abstract The opportunity to produce algal biofuel cost-effectively from waste materials, such as piggery-digested waste, drives research to optimize piggery waste effluent as an algal growth medium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential of newly isolated wastewater-born yeast to optimize growth parameters and maximize pollutant degradation in digested wastewater bioremediation. One isolate was identified as Galactomyces geotrichum through morphological observation and DNA sequencing. Growth parameters regarding pH, temperature, and inoculum amount were optimized by orthogonal design to maximize pollutant removal. Results showed that optimal growth conditions were pH 6, 25°C, and 2.5 g mycelium pellet moisture weight. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 60% and total phosphorus (TP) reduction reached 45% under these conditions. Our observations demonstrate that pH had an overall significant effect on COD and TP reduction. More importantly, results suggested that pretreatment wi...

Complete reduction of highly concentrated contaminants in piggery waste by a novel process scheme with an algal-bacterial symbiotic photobioreactor

The complete reduction of highly concentrated contaminants in piggery waste was achieved with an innovative process scheme consecutively combining autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD), an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and a microalgal-bacterial symbiotic vertical photobioreactor (VPBR), followed by biomass recycling for effluent polishing. Contaminants in piggery waste, such as high organic and inorganic matter, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents, were successfully reduced in the newly implemented system. The concentrations of volatile solids (VS) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) for organic matter in the feed were reduced by approximately 99.3% and 99.7%, respectively, in the innovative system. The overall reduction efficiencies in TN, ammoniacal nitrogen, and TP were 98.8, 98.4, and 93.5%, respectively, through ammonia gas emission, coagulated sludge disposal, and the algal-bacterial symbiotic polishing process. Fecal coliform density was decreased to <1.7 × 104 CFU g−1 total solids. Biogas and CH4 in the EGSB were generated in the range of 0.36–0.79 and 0.18–0.44 L g−1 [VS removed], respectively, and contained 245 ± 19 ppm (v/v) [H2S].

Piggery Waste Management

Among animal wastes, piggery waste is the most troublesome. Pig production industries have been growing as the demand for pork meat has increased, and as a result the waste management problem of piggery waste will become more serious in the future.The land receiving the piggery wastes has already become over saturated with Nitrogen and Phosphorus in many countries and the solution to the waste problem is further complicated as the land area utilised for disposal becomes restricted.This book identifies and characterises the key issues involved in dealing with the management of piggery waste and provides recommendations on sustainable treatment regimes.All the technologies available for the treatment of piggery waste are reviewed, including conventional and emerging technologies from composting and anaerobic digestion to nitrate nitrification and denitrification, Anammox, advanced oxidation, adsorption and membrane technologies.Design procedures for biological nitrogen removal are introduced together with temperature effects. Phosphorus removal characteristics as struvite and other biological forms are also reviewed. Integrated treatment schemes are discussed to build an understanding of the systems to achieve sustainable piggery waste management.Examples of integrated systems are presented, including recent modification of lagoon systems in the US; performances of energy recovery systems in Europe; wastewater treatment systems in Korea with limited land area as well as tropical experiences in Singapore and Malaysia.This work will be an invaluable source of information for all those concerned with the research and practice of animal waste treatment. Practising engineers can use this work for planning, design and operation of treatment plants and it will also be suitable as a reference for policy makers and planners.This title belongs to WERF Research Report SeriesISBN: 9781843391319 (Print)ISBN: 9781780402031 (eBook)

English

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses and modes of application of piggery waste in the early development of maize plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized block experimental design, with treatments arranged in a 6x2 experimental scheme. Factors consisted of six doses of piggery waste (0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 m-3 ha-1) and two modes of application (incorporated into the soil and placed on the surface), with four replications. The following characteristics were evaluated during the experiment: plant height, stalk diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and root volume. Piggery waste doses led to increases in all analyzed variables, but no statistical difference was found between the modes of application, which indicates that applying the waste on the surface or incorporating it into soil did not result in significant agronomic changes. Key words: Organic fertilizing, Zea mays, animal waste.

Biohydrogen Fermentation from Sucrose and Piggery Waste with High Levels of Bicarbonate Alkalinity

This study examined the influence of biohydrogen fermentation under the high bicarbonate alkalinity (BA) and pH to optimize these critical parameters. When sucrose was used as a substrate, hydrogen was produced over a wide range of pH values (5–9) under no BA supplementation; however, BA affected hydrogen yield significantly under different initial pHs (5–10). The actual effect of high BA using raw piggery waste (pH 8.7 and BA 8.9 g CaCO3/L) showed no biogas production or propionate/acetate accumulation. The maximum hydrogen production rate (0.32 L H2/g volatile suspended solids (VSS)-d) was observed at pH 8.95 and 3.18 g CaCO3/L. BA greater than 4 g CaCO3/L also triggered lactate-type fermentation, leading to propionate accumulation, butyrate reduction and homoacetogenesis, potentially halting the hydrogen production rate. These results highlight that the substrate with high BA need to amend adequately to maximize hydrogen production.

Unpresendant Piggery Waste Resource and Resurvive Approach

Piggery waste is one the tree major water pollution sources in Taiwan. Piggery waste should be viewed as resource and not waste. Conventionally, three stage wastewater treatments are too costly and hard to operate. Direct application to soil can be a remedy if the application rate is careful managed. Taiwan EPA ambitiously launches piggery manure direct apply to soil policy. It might the panacea to water pollution control.

Energy production from piggery waste using anaerobic digestion: Current status and potential in Cyprus

In this work the current status and the potential of biogas production and energy generation through the anaerobic digestion of piggery waste in Cyprus are presented. The onsite use of anaerobic digestion for treating piggery waste not only generates renewable energy, but it is also a sustainable waste management solution. The actual values of the biogas production (20,475 m3/day) and the energy generation are compared with the theoretical values, which are in line with several units. The value 20 m3/tonne of pig waste was found to predict more accurately the biogas, heat and electricity production compared to the value of 36 m3/tonne of pig waste. Moreover, an empirical equation (R2=0.9939) is proposed for calculating the biogas production per day, according to the volume of pig waste treated per day BGP=14.64 (PWT)+535. The potential biogas production from the total pig population of Cyprus equals to 29,734,356 m3/yr and the potential thermal and electrical energy are calculated to be 90.85GWhth/yr and 63.59GWhel/yr, respectively. Finally future alternatives on anaerobic digestion in Cyprus are presented such as co-digestion, centralized anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal pre-treatment, possible use of fuel cells and efficient utilization of pig slurry.

Improving Anaerobic Methane Production from Ammonium-rich Piggery Waste in a Zeolite-fixed Bioreactor and Evaluation of Ammonium Adsorbed on Zeolite A-3 as Fertilizer

To mitigate ammonia inhibition and enhance methane production, a zeolite-fixed bioreactor was developed for anaerobic digestion of ammonium-rich piggery wastes. Ammonium adsorption on zeolite A-3 fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and can be described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Desorption of ammonium from saturated zeolite fits the first-order reversible reaction kinetic. The zeolite-fixed bioreactor with zeolite loading rate of 10 g l-1 showed the shortest startup period of 13 days and achieved the highest methane yield of 354.2 ml g-1-VS and the largest COD removal rate of 75.37%. Due to the effective mitigation of ammonia inhibition and enhancement of methane production, zeolite-fixed bioreactor is a good option for practical anaerobic digestion of ammonium-rich piggery wastes. Ammonium saturated zeolite can be directly used as fertilizer to decrease annual production of nitrogen fertilizer. Besides, regeneration of zeolite using Na2SO4 solution also obtained a (NH4)2SO4 by-product, which is nice nitrogenous fertilizer.

Characteristics of biohydrogen fermentation from various substrates

The characteristics of biohydrogen production from sucrose, slurry-type piggery waste and food waste under the effects of the reactor configurations and operational pHs (6 and 9) were examined by using heat-treated anaerobic sludge as a seed biomass. When sucrose was used in the batch test, the maximum hydrogen yield was 0.12–0.13 g COD (as H2)/g COD (1.41–1.43 mol/mol hexose) at pH 6. In contrast, 0.10–0.11 g COD (as H2)/g COD (1.12–1.21 mol/mol hexose) hydrogen yield was achieved from the reactor at pH 9. On the other hand, hydrogen production was not observed in the continuous sequencing batch mode fermenters fed with sucrose. Profile analysis at each cycle revealed hydrogen production at the initial operation periods but eventually only methane at 36 days. When slurry-type piggery waste was used as the substrate, the upflow elutriation-type fermenters produced methane but not hydrogen after 30 days operation. The fermentation intermediate profile showed that the hydrogen produced might have been consumed by homoacetogenic or propionate producing reactions, and eventually converted into methane by acetoclastic methanogens. The downflow leaching bed fermenters using food waste produced 0.013 L H2/g volatile solids (VS) (0.0061 g COD (as H2)/g COD) at pH 6 with 54% VS reduction whereas 0.0041 L H2/g VS (0.0020 g COD (as H2)/g COD) was produced at pH 9 with 86% VS reduction. The results show that the hydrogen produced should be released rapidly from the reactor before it can be consumed in other biochemical reactions, and substrates with high pH level (>9.0) can be used directly to produce hydrogen without needing to adjust the pH.

Study of thermal pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste by TGA-MS and FTIR spectroscopy

Thermogravimetric analysis coupled to mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to describe the effect of pasteurization as a hygienic pre-treatment of animal by-products over biogas production. Piggery and poultry meat wastes were used as substrates for assessing the anaerobic digestion under batch conditions at mesophilic range. Poultry waste was characterized by high protein and carbohydrate content, while piggery waste presented a major fraction of fat and lower carbohydrate content. Results from anaerobic digestion tests showed a lower methane yield for the pre-treated poultry sample. TGA-MS and FTIR spectroscopy allowed the qualitative identification of recalcitrant nitrogen-containing compounds in the pre-treated poultry sample, produced by Maillard reactions. In the case of piggery waste, the recalcitrant compounds were not detected and its biodegradability test reported higher methane yield and production rates. TGA-MS and FTIR spectroscopy were demonstrated to be useful tools for explaining results obtained by anaerobic biodegradability test and in describing the presence of inhibitory problems.

Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria isolated from sludge of commercial pig farms for producing methyl esters

The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing bacteria in enriched piggery sludge and make methyl esters from PHA for industrial applications. The strain ECAe24 isolated from piggery sludge with the highest PHA production was selected to produce PHA and then methyl ester by trans-esterification using glucose as substrate under mesophilic conditions. The final product after trans-esterification consisted of approximately 75.39% of fatty acid methyl ester and was identified as decanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, octanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, and some other contents. The novelty of this study is to use PHA-producing bacteria from piggery sludge to make fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as materials for producing biodiesel from piggery wastes.

UV and visible light photodegradation effect on Fe–CNT/TiO2 composite catalysts

Using multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) as an one-dimensional support, we have succeeded in uniformly anchoring of TiO2 and Fe nanoparticles at its surface. The as-prepared Fe–CNT/TiO2 composite photocatalysts have been investigated by degrading methylene blue (MB) under UV and differently intensified visible light irradiation. The ability of CNT to store and shuttle electrons, and Fe nanoparticles demonstrate its capability to serve as a yield and transfer electrons on demand to separate h + /e − pairs. Moreover, the MB photodegradation increase with an increase of visible light intensity can be ascribed to the enhancement MB cationic radical. In addition, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of piggery waste and reduction efficiency of Cr (IV) was done at regular intervals, which gave a good idea about mineralization of wastewater.

Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Piggery Wastes in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

A total of 2318 heterotrophic nitrogen removal (HNR) bacteria isolated from piggery wastes (after biogas container) were classified in four kinds of heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (569 isolates), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (580 isolates), nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (600 isolates) and heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (569 isolates). The virtually complete 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. The sequences from the selected HNR bacteria showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99.8%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rDNA sequences displayed high consistency, with nodes supported by high bootstrap (500) values. These presumptive HNR isolates were divided four groups that included members of genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus (high G+C content gram-positive bacteria), Staphylococcus, Bacillus (low G+C content gram-positive bacteria) and Klebsiella (gram-negative bacteria). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), heterotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bac-teria group had highest values and heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacteria group had the lowest values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism showed that heterotrophic nitrate-oxidizing bacteria group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups. The present study, the HNR bacteria from piggery wastes, showed a very diverse community of HNR bacteria with a relatively high number of species involved in solid-wastewater samples and many isolates have nitrogen utilization ability at high concentration (800 – 1200 mM) and high G+C gram-positive bacteria strain occupied higher than low G+C gram-positive bacteria strain.

양돈분뇨의 열전처리에서 기질과 접종액의 비율이 메탄생산 퍼텐셜에 미치는 영향

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio on ultimate methane potential () from piggery wastes. BMP(Biochemical methane potential) assays were executed for the three samples that have different organic characteristics (Filtrate of pig slurry, LF; Thermal hydrolysate of piggery sludge cake, TH; Mixture of LF and TH at the ratio of 4 to 1, Mix), and values obtained from BMP assays were compared with the theoretical methane potential () of each samples. While values (0.27, 0.44, and ) of TH sample that was pretreated with thermal hydrolysis were below the at all S/I ratios (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5), and values of LF (0.64 and for the S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3, respectively) at the lower S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3 exceeded the values (). And also biodegradability () of LF sample were obtained as 152.07%, 122.67%, and 95.71% at the S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, respectively, and unreasonable values were presented at lower S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3. and of Mix sample showed a similar tendency with those of LF sample. Therefore, TH sample by thermal hydrolysis pretreatment showed lower anaerobic biodegradability than those of other samples (LF and Mix) and ultimate methane potentials of LF and Mix samples were overestimated in the lower S/I ratio of 0.1 and 0.3.

Microbial 16S rRNA Ion Tag and community metagenome sequencing using the Ion Torrent (PGM) Platform

Here we demonstrate a cost effective and scalable microbial ecology sequencing platform using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). We assessed both PCR amplified 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic approaches and generated 100,000+ to 1,000,000+ reads using ‘post-light’ based sequencing technology within different sized semi-conductor chips. Further development of Golay barcoded Ion Tags allowed multiplex analyses of microbial communities with substantially reduced costs compared with platforms such as 454/GS-FLX. Using these protocols we assessed the bacterial and archaeal dynamics within covered anaerobic digesters used to treat piggery wastes. Analysis of these sequence data showed that these novel methanogenic waste treatment systems are dominated by bacterial taxa, in particular Clostridium, Synergistia and Bacteroides that were maintained as a stable community over extended time periods. Archaeal community dynamics were more stochastic with the key methanogenic taxa more difficult to resolve, principally due to the poor congruence seen between community structures generated either by nested PCR or metagenomic approaches for archaeal analyses. Our results show that for microbial community structure and function analyses, the PGM platform provides a low cost, scalable and high throughput solution for both Tag sequencing and metagenomic analyses.

Plant-available manganese in bauxite residue sand amended with compost and residue mud

Manganese (Mn) deficiency has been a constraint for revegetation on bauxite residue sand and there is still no effective strategy to remedy this problem. The effect of addition of organic amendments (piggery waste, biosolids, and commercial compost) and mineral amendments (unamended, seawater-neutralised residue mud, and carbonated bauxite residue mud) on Mn forms and availability in residue sand was studied. Incubation of residue sand with organic amendments (applied at rates of 0, 10, and 50 t/ha) over a 30-day period found little change in DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations, which remained below the critical level of 1 mg/kg. The DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations were comparable to those in the exchangeable fraction (DTPA-Mn = 0.931 × Exch-Mn + 0.358, r2 = 0.84) and, therefore, may provide an estimation of plant-available Mn. The highest Mn concentrations were consistently associated with the carbonate fraction, suggesting that Mn was either retained by surface adsorption reactions and/or co-precipitated with calcium carbonate. The addition of residue mud amendments generally reduced DTPA-extractable Mn, probably through adsorption by hydrous Fe and Al oxides. Leaching did not cause significant (P &gt; 0.05) movement of Mn in residue sand columns, possibly due to the alkaline pH and specific adsorption reactions. Given the difficulty of increasing plant-available Mn by organic amendments, residue mud additions, leaching, and/or fertilisers, overcoming Mn deficiency in vegetation on bauxite residue sand may depend on using Mn-efficient species that are able to efficiently extract Mn associated with carbonate and Fe/Al oxyhydroxide fractions.

Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with diluted primary piggery wastewater to produce lipids

Piggery wastewater that is used for microalgae cultivation has usually been treated by secondary treatment processes. The present study investigates mixotrophic cultivation of the green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa with primary piggery wastewater that has merely been diluted before use. The biomass productivity of the microalgae exhibited a positive linear correlation with the initial COD values, which ranged from 250 to 1000mg/L. Nutrients in the piggery wastewater were removed efficiently; for example, the removal rate of ammonium was over 90% in all diluted samples. Profiles of fatty acids in the algal lipids were different after cultivation in piggery wastewater medium compared to Bristol’s solution. The maximum lipid productivity of 6.3mgL−1day−1, which was achieved when the initial COD was 1000mg/L, is not superior to other reports, but it suggests a convenient way to reduce the high organic content of piggery waste with the production of algal lipids.

Fabrication and performances of MWCNT/TiO2 composites derived from MWCNTs and titanium (IV) alkoxide precursors

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composites were synthesized by sol-gel technique using titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TNB), titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TIP) and titanium (IV) propoxide (TPP) as different titanium alkoxide precursors. The as-prepared composites were comprehensively characterized by BET surface area, SEM, XRD, EDX and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The samples were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. The results indicated that the sample MPB had best excellent photocatalytic activity among the three kinds of samples. Furthermore, we also used piggery waste to determine the photocatalytic activity for the MWCNT/TiO2 composites by using a chemical oxygen demand (COD) method. It seemed all of the samples have an excellent removal effect of COD. From the results of the bactericidal test, MWCNT/TiO2 composites with sunlight had a greater effect on E. coli than any other experimental conditions.