Pigeon Pea Seeds Research Articles

A review article on health benefits of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)

Pigeon pea is a perennial tropical crop primarily grown in Asia and Africa, and its seeds are consumed as a rich source of protein and carbohydrates both in fresh and dried forms. It has been used as an important part of the folk and traditional medicine in India, China, and South America to prevent and treat various human diseases. This crop has been successfully grown in some southeastern states but still considered as a novel pulse here in the US with the majority of the work focused on its non-consumable parts like leaves, stems, and roots. Literature studies indicate that pigeon pea has the potential to prevent and treat many human diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, measles, hepatitis, yellow fever, ulcers, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. Nutritionally along with protein and fiber, it has a decent number of health-promoting phytochemicals. Foremost phytochemicals found in pigeon pea seeds are phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phytic acid. These minor components predominately exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. It is an excellent source of inexpensive plant-based protein. Some studies describe the bioactive role of protein fractions, especially as an antihyperglycemic factor. Seeds are the edible and non-perishable part of this crop with the feasibility of addition in food products. Functional properties of the pigeon pea flour make it a suitable ingredient for food products like bread, pasta, and nutritional bars which can make it a gluten-free substitute for cereals.

Natural Fumigant Efficacy of Giloy Leaf Essential Oil for Control of Fungal Infections and Enhancement of Shelf Life of Pigeon Pea Seeds

Natural Fumigant Efficacy of Giloy Leaf Essential Oil for Control of Fungal Infections and Enhancement of Shelf Life of Pigeon Pea Seeds

Therapeutic molecules for multiple human diseases identified from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) through GC–MS and molecular docking

Molecular mechanism behind the therapeutic potential of pigeon pea over the human diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, breast cancer, type II diabetes, malaria, measles and sickle cell disease were revealed through docking of GC–MS identified phyto-compound ligands with candidate disease proteins. Of the 242 ligands, three dimensional structures of 47 compounds had to be drawn using ChemSketch and the remaining structures were retrieved from PubChem and docked with the active sites of candidate proteins. The molecules identified through docking were further subjected to ADMET analysis and promising drug candidates were identified for each disease. This paper presents a precise account of the chemoprofile of pigeon pea leaves, stems and seeds, interaction of these molecules with target proteins and suggests 26 highly potential molecules which are drug candidates for multiple human diseases. Pigeon pea seeds are especially proven as invaluable source for therapeutic molecules.

Effet De La Fertilisation Phospho-Potassique Sur Le Rendement Grainier Et La Qualite Des Semences De Cajanus Cajan L. Millsp. Sur Un Ferrasol A Yamoussoukro, Region Centre De La Cote D’ivoire

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the production and the quality of pigeon pea seeds produced on a ferrasol type sol. A completely randomized block design was used, in a 2x3x3 factorial set with three replications. A density of 20 000 plants ha -1 was used. The treatments were 0, 40, 80, units for phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (KCl). Treatment which received P80K80 fertilization had greater productivity (650 kg) but a low germination rate (30 %). The optimal dose (523 kg and 90 % germination rate) was obtained with P40K80, followed by P40K40 dose (516 kg and 82 % germination rate). Phosphorus and potassium had mutually acted and influenced positively the production and the quality of the seeds of C. cajan.

Effect of Combined Processing Methods on the Proximate and Mineral Composition of Pigeon Pea ( Cajanus Cajan ) Flour

The combined effects of different processing methods on the proximate and mineral composition of pigeon pea flour samples were investigated. The pigeon pea seeds were soaked (control), soaked and boiled, soaked and fermented, soaked, boiled and fermented, soaked and sprouted, soaked sprouted and boiled, soaked, sprouted and fermented and soaked, sprouted, boiled and fermented. The proximate result (dry weight basis) showed increased protein The highest protein content (33.21%) was observed in the soaked, sprouted and fermented pigeon pea flour (SoSpFPPF) and this was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that (32.20%) of the soaked, sprouted, boiled and fermented pigeon pea sample (SoSpBFPPF) and other flours, ash, fibre but decrease in fat and carbohydrate contents of sprouted, fermented, and combined sprouted/fermented processes while the boiled processes had decreased protein, ash, fibre, fat and increased carbohydrate contents. The results equally showed that sprouting and fermentation significantly (p<0.05) increased the minerals analyzed and combined sprouting/fermentation tremendously increased them (calcium 141 – 176mg/100g, magnesium 115.5 – 166.28mg/100g, potassium 1205 – 1577mg/100g). The boiled processes recorded decreased mineral contents. This study gives an insight on the combined effects of sprouting, boiling and fermentation on the nutrients composition of pigeon pea. The results of this study leads to a better understanding of this legume (pigeon pea) thereby leading to their increased utilization at domestic and industrial levels.

Improvement the boiled pigeon pea seeds by adding different concentrations of yoghurt as improver

Improvement the boiled pigeon pea seeds by adding different concentrations of yoghurt as improver

Influence of seed polymer coating with Zn and Fe nanoparticles on storage potential of pigeonpea seeds under ambient conditions

Present laboratory experiment was conducted with an objective to know the effect of seed polymer coat-ing with Zn and Fe nanoparticles (NPs) in comparison to their bulk forms on storage potential of pigeonpea seeds. Results revealed that seed polymer coating with Zn and Fe NPs had significant effect on storability of pigeonpea seeds. Among the treatments Zn NPs at 750 ppm was found to be superior in all the studied parameters viz., seed germination (96.00, 88.67 and 81.67 %), seedling length (25.67, 22.57 and 18.60 cm), seedling dry weight (85, 81.45 and 78. 45 mg), field emergence (89.67, 77.67 and 63.33 %), seedling vigour index (2556, 2001 and 1519), alpha amylase and dehydrogenase enzymes activities at 0, 6 and 10 months, respectively and it was statistically on par with Zn NPs at 500 ppm and Fe NPs at 500 ppm. The nanoparticles treatment didn’t affect the seed moisture content (%) and insect infestation (%), however the significant difference was observed between polymer coated and uncoated seeds. In over all, the results of the study demonstrated the possibility of application Nanotechnology in Seed Science Research.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS OF FERMENTED COMPLEMENTARY FOODS BASED ON MAIZE PIGEON PEA FLOUR

Complementary foods were formulated by fermentation based on maize (Zea-mays) and pigeon pea seeds (Cajanus cajan) and mixed in different proportions (25:75%, 50:50% and 75:25% respectively). The physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standard analytical methods. The proximate composition show that the protein content ranged from (7.69% (A) to 16.49 (B). The carbohydrate level ranged from 68.33% (B) to 77.20% (C) while the Ash content and Crude fibre ranged from 2.32% -2.97% and 4.50% - 6.59% respectively. Moisture content was low (2.29% - 2.97%). The functional properties recorded a closely related bulk density 0.69 g/ml (B), 0.71 g/ml (C), 0.72 g/ml (A) respectively. The water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity ranged from 2.709 mg/g – 3.10 mg/g and 1.00 mg/g to 1.70 mg/g respectively. The level of anti-nutritional factor ranged from oxalate (93.75-219.36 mg / 100 g), tannin (ND), saponin (0.95- 2.18%), alkaloid (2.05 – 2.50%), cyanogenic glycosides (0.16 mg / 100 g), and phytate (0.39 – 0.57 mg / 100 g). The level of these anti-nutritional content reduced due to the processing methods adopted. There are significant difference in the level of anti-nutrients. The mineral composition show that calcium is the highest value in the mix which ranged from 480 mg/g(C) to 640 mg/g(B) while magnesium is the lowest value (2.05 mg/g to 16.60 mg/g), Sodium (75.6 -94.4 mg/g), Potassium (13.9 -278.5 mg/g), Iron (46.0 -148.2 mg/g), phosphorus (2.16 -212 mg/g) and all the minerals were significantly different (P<0.05). The sensory evaluation unveiled sample B (50:50FMF:FPPF) as the most acceptable with the highest value(7.40). Nutrend (control) scored second with 7.10. Sample B should be recommended as a substitute to the more expensive commercial complementary foods.

Effect of Processing Treatments on the Quality of Bread Supplemented with Pigeon Pea Seed Flour

Effect of Processing Treatments on the Quality of Bread Supplemented with Pigeon Pea Seed Flour

Effect of Processing Methods on the Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Pigeon Pea Seed

Flour samples were prepared from raw, toasted, fermented and germinated pigeon pea seedds. The flours were analyzed for chemical composition, antinutrient contents and functional properties. The processing treatments had varied effects on the properties analyzed.

Effect of Processing Methods on the Quality of Biscuit Supplemented with Pigeon Pea Seed Flour

Effect of Processing Methods on the Quality of Biscuit Supplemented with Pigeon Pea Seed Flour

Influence of Water Content on the Quality of Pigeonpea Seeds

The species Cajanus cajan L. where pigeonpea is from presents a harvest potential in tropical regions for it is used as human and animal feed, besides being used as green fertilizer. However, the harvest area of this Fabaceae is still insignificant, due to especially the lack of quality seeds. In this context, it is possible to affirm that drying and store are portrayed as important steps for obtaining superior quality seeds. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physiologic quality of dwarf pigeonpea seeds, with different water content during storage. A factorial scheme 3 × 6 was adopted in the delimitation completely randomized, with four replications. Treatments were constituted by the combination of lots of seeds containing three different water contents (11%, 14% and 16%), submitted to a 10-month storage period, with evaluations every two months (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Seeds were stocked in a bag type kraft under normal lab conditions, that is, no control. Physiologic quality of the seeds was evaluated through the following tests: Germination Pattern Test—GPT, first count of germination, accelerated aging and electric conductivity. It can be concluded that pigeonpea with hard seeds containing water content at 11% existing superior physiologic quality throughout the 10-month storage, under no controlled condition, certainly promoted by the less intense breathing from the reserves cumulated in the seed lot. Pigeonpea seeds storage with water content superior to 14% promotes a sharp decrease of physiologic quality, due to an increase in metabolic activity.

Effect of Combined Processing Methods on the Functional and Pasting Properties of Pigeon Pea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cajanus Cajan&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Flour

The study investigated the combined effects of different processing methods of pigeon pea on the functional and pasting properties. Soaked pigeon pea seeds (control) were subjected to sprouting, boiling, fermentation and combinations of these operations and the seeds were dried and milled into flour. The functional and pasting properties of the flour samples were analyzed using standard methods. The result of the functional properties showed that combined sprouting/fermentation reduced bulk density (0.647 – 0.599g/cm 3 ), increased water absorption capacity (1.683 – 1.803%), increased oil absorption capacity (1.623 – 1.634%), increased swelling capacity (2.077 -2.1625) and decreased foam capacity (13.213 – 12.232%). The pasting results recorded low values for sprouted and combined processes and high values for fermented processes in peak viscosity, trough viscosity, pasting temperature and peak time.

Effect of different treatments on the microstructure and functional and pasting properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) flours from the north‐east Argentina

SummaryThe effect of germination (G; 5 days), soaking‐cooking (SC; 6 h–20 min, 6 h–40 min, 6 h–60 min) and microwave (M; 50%, 70%, 100%) treatments on pigeon pea (PP), dolichos bean (DB) and jack bean (JB) seeds was studied. Microstructure of seeds and functional (protein solubility, water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion stability) and pasting properties of flours were determined. Germination and microwave treatments modified the protein matrix of cotyledon cells preserving the shape of the starch granule, whereas the SC treatment (6 h–60 min) affected both. The soaking‐cooking is the most influential treatment on the functional properties of PP, DB and JB flours, as increased water absorption capacity (73–96%), decreased protein solubility (&gt;80%) and the tendency to retrogradation of amylose (69–85%) also improved emulsion stability.

Two Major Clades of Bradyrhizobia Dominate Symbiotic Interactions with Pigeonpea in Fields of Côte d'Ivoire.

In smallholder farms of Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in the northeast of the country, Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) has become an important crop because of its multiple beneficial facets. Pigeonpea seeds provide food to make ends meet, are sold on local markets, and aerial parts serve as forage for animals. Since it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with soil bacteria collectively known as rhizobia, C. cajan also improves soil fertility and reduces fallow time. Yet, seed yields remain low mostly because farmers cannot afford chemical fertilizers. To identify local rhizobial strains susceptible to be used as bio-inoculants to foster pigeonpea growth, root nodules were collected in six fields of three geographically distant regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Nodule bacteria were isolated and characterized using various molecular techniques including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and DNA sequencing. These molecular analyses showed that 63 out of 85 nodule isolates belonged to two major clades of bradyrhizobia, one of which is known as the Bradyrhizobium elkanii super clade. Phylogenies of housekeeping (16S-ITS-23S, rpoB) and symbiotic (nifH) genes were not always congruent suggesting that lateral transfer of nitrogen fixation genes also contributed to define the genome of these bradyrhizobial isolates. Interestingly, no field-, plant-, or cultivar-specific effect was found to shape the profiles of symbiotic strains. In addition, nodule isolates CI-1B, CI-36E, and CI-41A that belong to distinct species, showed similar symbiotic efficiencies suggesting that any of these strains might serve as a proficient inoculant for C. cajan.

Studies on influence of modified atmospheric storage conditions on biochemical parameters in pigeonpea seeds

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of modified atmospheric storage conditions on biochemical parameters of pigeonpea seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Raichur, Karnataka. The seeds are exposed to various gaseous combinationsand stored in 700 gauge polyethylene bag for ten months during July-2012 to April- 2013. The results revealed that, the seeds exposed to gaseous combination of 40% N2+00% O2+ 60% CO2 showed less reduction in dehydrogenase enzyme activity and protein content (0.276 OD (optical density) value, 19.33 % respectively) as compared to the control (0.211 OD value and 18.13 % respectively) after ten months of storage. In addition less seed leachate (2.029 dSm-1) was recorded in gaseous combination of 40% N2+00% O2+ 60% CO2 as compared to control (2.207dSm-1). It indicates the potential use of modified atmospheric storage technology for maintenance of seed viability and vigour during storage in pulses.

Studies on the effects of mutagens on cytotoxicity behaviour in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) Var.CO-7.

The cytological studies provide more information regarding the response of a genotype to the particular mutagen and also provide chances to select desirable characters. The seeds of pigeon pea were subjected to different doses and concentrations of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). The effects of different mutagenic treatments on mitosis chromosomal behavior have been studied in both the mutagens. Different types of mitotic aberrations like stickiness, precocious movement, bridge, clumping of chromosome and laggards, etc., were observed in all the treatments. However, the gamma rays treatments proved to be more effective in inducing mitotic aberrations as compared to EMS. The frequency of laggard was high when compared to other mitotic aberrations. The reduction in mitotic index and relative deviation rate frequency were observed with increase in doses and conc. of both the mutagenic treatments and gamma rays were found to be more effective than EMS treatments.

Seed polymer coating with Zn and Fe nanoparticles: An innovative seed quality enhancement technique in pigeonpea

A laboratory study was undertaken to know the effect of seed polymer coating with Zn and Fe nanoparticles (NPs) at different concentration (10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) in pigeonpea at Department of Seed Science and Technology, UAS, Raichur. Among the treatments seed polymer coating with Zn NPs at 750 ppm recorded significantly higher seed germination (96.00 %), seedling length (26.63 cm), seedling dry weight (85.00 mg), speed of germination (32.95), field emergence (89.67 %), seedling vigour index (2556), dehydrogenase activity (0.975 OD value) and ?-amylase activity (25.67 mm) and lowest abnormal seedlings (2.50 %) over their bulk forms and control followed by Fe and Zn NPs at 500 ppm. However, in contrast to beneficial effects, these NPs also shown inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth at higher concentration (nano Zn &gt;750 ppm and nano Fe &gt; 500 ppm). Hence, from the results it is concluded that Zn NPs at 750 ppm can be used to enhance quality of the pigeonpea seeds.

Change in Water Activity and Fungal Counts of Maize-pigeon Pea Flour During Storage Utilizing Various Packaging Materials

Maize-pigeon pea fortified flour has been processed with the potential to address protein-malnutrition, especially among children. This combination is preferred since cereals lack amino acids, such as methionine, and legumes lack lysine. When mixed together, the amino acid concentrations can be complemented. However, stored maize is an excellent substrate for Aspergillus spp., especially under warm (20-300C) and humid conditions (70-900C). This study investigated the changes in water activity and fungal counts in maize-pigeon pea flour stored for up to 8 weeks using different packaging materials. Maize pigeon flour was processed at different concentrations of 90:10 to 70:30 from fermented, dried, and milled maize and blanched, dehulled, and milled pigeon pea seeds. The flour samples were packaged into four different packaging materials: low and high density polythene bags, as well as plastic and aluminum containers. These containers were stored under simulated tropical conditions of 28+20C and 83+2% relative humidity in an incubator. Water activity (aw) of the flours was determined and fungi were enumerated using Petrifilm. Initial (day 0) aw of samples ranged from 0.15 to 0.17; after 8 weeks, aw ranged from 0.20 to 0.32 in low density polyethene, while lower aw was recorded for samples stored in the plastic and aluminum containers. Initial fungal counts ranged from 1.69 to 2.31 log10 CFU/g which increased from a range of 2.45 to 2.78 log10 CFU/g after 8 weeks of storage, with higher counts in samples stored in low density polythene bags. These results indicate that aw and fungal counts of the flours increased slightly over time in the different packaging materials, but values appear to be within tolerable limits. Further research will evaluate the stability of amino acids, as well as the level of fungi and resulting aflatoxin production up to 11 months under the storage conditions, formulations, and packaging materials described above.

Zinc delivery to plants through seed coating with nano-zinc oxide particles

ABSTRACTIn India, zinc (Zn) has been recognized as the fourth most important yield-limiting nutrient after nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Supplementing the zinc (Zn) requirement of agricultural crops through water soluble zinc sulfate ZnSO4 fertilizer is a costly management option whereas, utilization of ZnO (water insoluble and a cheaper material) as a source of Zn could be an alternative cost effective option to encourage farmers for wider adoption. In this present investigation, in order to supply the requisite amount of Zn to the plants, a protocol has been developed to coat the seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) with microns scale (<3 µm) and nano-scale (<100 nm) ZnO powder at 25 mg Zn/g seed and at 50 mg Zn/g seed. Different Zn sources, ethyl alcohol, and crude pine oleoresin (POR) were used for coating of seeds. The germination test carried out with coated and uncoated seeds indicated better germination percentage (93–100%) due to ZnO coating as compared to uncoated seeds (80%). Pot culture experiment conducted with coated seeds also revealed that the crop growth with ZnO coated seeds were similar to that observed with soluble Zn treatment applied as zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) (at 2.5 ppm Zn) which is evident from the periodic SPAD reading taken after 20, 25, 30 and 45 days after sowing. Application of Zn through different sources also enhanced the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in plant roots, which subsequently improved the overall growth. The most important advantage of seed coating with ZnO (both micron/nano-scale) is that it did not exert any osmotic potential at the time of germination of the seed, thus, the total requirement of Zn of the crop can be loaded with the seed effectively through nano-scale ZnO particle.