Pigeonpea Pod Research Articles

Ontogenetic Changes in the Feeding Behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera Larvae on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Flowers and Pods.

Despite substantial research examining caterpillar-plant interactions, changes in the feeding behaviour of lepidopteran larvae as they develop are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated ontogenetic changes in the behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera larvae feeding on reproductive structures of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Specifically, we examined the preference for and avoidance of pigeonpea flowers and pods of first, second, third, and fourth instar H. armigera larvae. We also conducted a no-choice assay to compare the ability of third and fourth instar larvae to penetrate pigeonpea pod walls, which act as a physical defence against herbivory. When presented with a choice between pigeonpea pods and flowers, different instars behaved differently. First and second instar larvae largely avoided pigeonpea pods, instead feeding on flowers; third instar larvae initially avoided pods, but by 24 h, did not strongly discriminate between the structures; and fourth instars demonstrated a preference for pods. When initially placed on pods, first instars were slower than other instars to leave these structures, despite pods being suboptimal feeding sites for small caterpillars. We identified a clear instar-specific ability to penetrate through the pod wall to reach the seeds. Most third instar larvae were unable to penetrate the pod wall, whereas most fourth instars succeeded. Third instars suffered a physiological cost (measured by relative growth rate) when boring through the pod wall, which was not observed in fourth instars. Our study further illuminates the insect-plant interactions of the H. armigera-pigeonpea system and provides evidence for the significant changes in feeding behaviour that may occur during lepidopteran larval development.

The plant specialized metabolite epicatechin- 3-gallate (EC3G) perturbs lipid metabolism and attenuates fat accumulation in pigeonpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera

Control of pod borer Helicoverpa armigera, a notorious polyphagous pest requires paramount attention with focus on environment-friendly management approaches. Overproduction of catechins (epigallocatechin-EGC and epicatechin-3-gallate-EC3G) in the pod borer-resistant pigeonpea wild relative, Cajanus platycarpus during continued herbivory prodded us to assess their underlying molecular effect on H. armigera. Significant reduction in larval and pupal growth parameters was observed when reared on artificial diet incorporated with 100 ppm EC3G vis a vis 100 ppm EGC and EGC + EC3G. Comparative RNAseq analyses of larvae that fed on normal and EC3G-incorporated diet revealed 62 differentially expressed genes dominated by detoxification and lipid metabolism. While lipase and fatty acid-binding protein 2-like were up-regulated, delta9-FADS-like involved in fatty acid synthesis was downregulated, indicating effect of EC3G on fat metabolism. Validation of RNAseq data by qPCR; midgut glutathione-S-transferase and esterase assays depicted increased lipolysis and reduced lipogenesis in EC3G-fed larvae. Additionally, differential accumulation of stearic acid and oleic acid in EC3G-fed and control larvae/adults ascertained perturbation in lipogenesis. Supported by modelling, molecular docking and simulations, we demonstrate the possible involvement of the insect adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR) in the EC3G-mediated response. The study demonstrates plant specialized metabolite EC3G as a potential candidate for H. armigera control.

Evaluation of Botanical Soaps for the Management of Pigeonpea Insect Pests

A two year consecutive trial was conducted during kharif 2014-15 and kharif 2015-16 to evaluate neem and pungam soaps @ 10 g l-1 in alone and in combination with indoxacarb (0.5 ml l-1). First spray was given during flowering and second spray was given after fifteen days of the first spray. In both the field trials, neem soap followed by indoxacarb was effective against pigeonpea pod damaging insects followed by pungam soap and indoxacarb. During kharif 2014-15, two sprays of neem soap was on par in efficacy with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb against H. armigera and M. vitrata. When the damage of the pod damaging insects in botanical sprays alone treatments and untreated control was compared, these treatments were effective and good control was achieved. During kharif 2015-16, two sprays of neem soap was on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb and pungam soap followed by indoxacarb in reducing the damage of H. armigera. In case of M. vitrata, two sprays of neem soap and two sprays of NSKE recorded 50.4 and 44.9% reduction over control and were on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb in effectiveness. Against plume moth, two sprays of neem soap (4.3% damage) and two sprays of NSKE (5% damage) were on par with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb (4.7% damage).

Nutritional and phytochemical compositions and their interrelationship in succulent pods of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.)

Malnutrition remains one of the major human health issues affecting millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Hence, the objective of this study was to quantify the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of immature pods of pigeonpea genotypes to select promising lines with unique nutritional quality for production and cultivar development. Seven preliminarily tested and identified pigeonpea genotypes were grown under field conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replicates to quantify the nutritional and phytochemical contents in the immature pods. Significant (P ≤ 0.01) genotype effect was detected for the assessed nutritional and phytochemical compositions. Relatively higher contents of iron (15.53 mg/100g), zinc (1.59 mg/100g), magnesium (114.60 mg/100g) and total flavonoid (8.47 mg CE/g) were present in genotype Ilonga_14m1 ICEAP-0054. Higher compositions of beta-carotene (2.84 mg/100g), total phenolics (20.42 mg GAE/g), and vitamin-C (95.84 mg/100g) were detected in genotypes, Mali ICEAP-00046, PigeonP-3018 and Kiboko ICEAP-00932, respectively. Cluster analysis allocated the tested genotypes into three main groups. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlations were recorded among the assessed nutritional and phytochemical compositions that will allow direct and indirect selection of the evaluated genotypes for nutritional and phytochemical quality improvement. The principal component analysis resolved four components that cumulatively explained 76.85% of the total genetic variation in nutritional and phytochemical compositions among the tested genotypes of pigeonpea. Genotype PigeonP-3021 exhibited high levels of beta-carotene and vitamin C, while Kiboko ICEAP-00932 and PigeonP-3018 had high contents of aluminium, iron, phosphorus and total phenolics. Genotype Ilonga_14m1 ICEAP-0054 had high compositions of zinc, potassium, magnesium, copper and calcium. Unique pigeonpea genotypes (i.e., PigeonP-3021, Kiboko ICEAP-00932, and PigeonP-3018) were identified for quality breeding or direct production with promising nutrient profiles for food and nutrition security.

Seasonal abundance of pigeon pea pod borers in relation to meteorological parameters in North Gujarat

Seasonal abundance of pigeon pea pod borers in relation to meteorological parameters in North Gujarat

Different Agricultural Wastes as Substrates for Growth and Production of Pleurotus florida

Abstract: The present study was done impact of agricultural wastes on growth and production by oyster mushrooms i.e., Pleurotus florida which have a rich source of protein and also has important medicinal properties. The yield and Biological efficiency of different lignocellulosic agricultural wastes viz. Wheat straw, Maize leaves, Cob leaves, Jawar residue, Bajra residue, Bamboo leaves, Paddy straw, Sugarcane, Cotton, Soyabean, Safflower (Pods residue), Pigeon pea (Pods residue), Mung bean (Pods residue), Cowpea (Pods residue). the paddy straw showed the highest yield 892.25 gm with the highest biological efficiency 89.09 % followed by Cowpea pods residue gives 879.65 gm yield of Pleurotus florida and shows biological efficiency of 87.72%, followed by Wheat straw substrate showed 871.18 gm yields with 87.27 % biological efficiency. The Pigeon pea pod residue showed 865.85 gm yield during three harvestings having 86.36% biological efficiency. Similar result was seen Bajra residue and soybean pod residue in bajra residue showed 792.45gm yield during three harvestings having 79.245% biological efficiency, in soybean pod residue showed 791.63 gm yield during three harvestings having 79.163 % biological efficiency. The lowest yield was seen in Bamboo leaves and cotton residues. In cotton residue substrate 433.22 gm total yield along with 43.32% biological efficiency, Bamboo leaves substrate total yield were seen 438.12gm with 43.81 % biological efficacy. Keywords: Pleurotus florida, Agricultural waste, Substrates, Biological efficiency

Evaluation of Biorational Insecticides Against Pigeonpea Pod Borer

A field study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of biorational insecticides against pigeonpea pod borer Maruca vitrata (F.) at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh during kharif, 2016 and 2017. From the cumulative mean data, it was found that among the ten biorationals evaluated, spinosad 45SC @ 0.4 ml/ l led to the maximum % larval incidence reduction (90.32 and 93.61% during 2016 and 2017, respectively) and also led to maximum reduction in % pod infestation (65.31 and 65.29%) with maximum % increase in yield (77.63 and 77.37%). This treatment also gave a C:B ratio of 1:3.36 and 1:3.74. Comparably, the next best was emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 0.3 g/ l, with 86.93 and 90.89% reduction in larval incidence and 62.52 and 62.63% reduction in pod infestation, with 76.38 and 75.49% increase in yield with a C:B ratio of 1:9.80 and 1:10.34.

Study the natural enemies associated with pigeonpea pod fly

The experiment were carried out under field conditions during two consecutive crop season Kharif, 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Student’s Instructional Farm at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.). During the course of investigation “Study the natural enemies associated with pigeonpea pod fly” The extents of larval and pupal parasitism 100 pods were started to collect randomly from first fortnight of January 2019 to first fortnight of April and bought to the laboratory of entomology department. The Torymoides spp. and Ormyrus orientalis spp. was recovered for the first time from the pods collected on second fortnight of February from cultivar Narendra Arhar 1 and the level of parasitization was 14.28 per cent, respectively. The parasitization in pod fly ranged between 14.28 to 25.71 per cent. The parasitization increased on first fortnight of March and reached to its maximum level 25.71 per cent, respectively. The parasitization was constant in first fortnight of April during Kharif, 2018-19. During Kharif, 2019-20 parasitization 18.18 per cent was recorded first fortnight of February in the cultivar Narendra Arhar 1, respectively. The parasitization increased on first fortnight of March and reached to its maximum level 25.00 per cent, respectively. The parasitization decreased gradually and reached to 12.50 per cent in first fortnight of March. The parasitization in pod fly ranged between 12.50 to 25.00 per cent.

Determination of Profenofos Residues using LC-MS/MS and Its Dissipation Kinetics in Pigeonpea Pods

Background: Pigeonpea is a drought resistant legume crop, cultivated in semiarid tropical and subtropical regions of the world mainly for its protein enriched seeds. Insect pests are major biotic constraints implicating yield losses of staggering dimensions. Profenofos is being used for management of pigeonpea pod borer and studying the pattern of dissipation, residual occurrence and hazard index for consumption of pigeonpea grain contaminated with profenofos is very important. Methods: A simple, sensitive and reproducible method for analysis of profenofos in pigeonpea green pods and dry grain was standardized and validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electro spray ionization (ESI+). Modified QuEChERS methods with 1 % ethyl acetate in acetonitrile involved in the extraction of profenofos residues from green pods and mature dry grains. Results: The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD and LOQ) were 0.002 and 0.006 µgg-1, respectively. The recovery ranges from 88.75 to 101.36 % for the green pods and 88.34 to 98.77 % for mature dry grains with relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 0.99 to 4.05 %. The field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation kinetics of profenofos in pigeonpea. Two applications of profenofos 50 % EC at 500 and 1000 g a.i.ha-1 at 15 days intervals in pigeonpea at the time of pod formation recorded initial deposits of 20.28 and 41.64 ìgg-1 in the green pod, respectively. At15 days after application, residues gradually dissipated to the level of 0.78 and 1.98 µg g-1 accounting to the loss of 96.15 and 95.58 % at 500 and 1000 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The half-life values were 5.18 and 5.93 days. Hazard index (HI) was found less than 1 at 25th and 35th day after application at 500 and 1000 g a. i. ha-1, respectively.

Bioenvironmental Trace Elements in Warm Climatic Plant, Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan).

Bioenvironmental trace elements play a vital role in plant, animal, and man metabolism. This study aims to determine trace element concentration in different parts (pods, pericarp, seeds, cotyledon, and taste) of the warm climate plant pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). The pigeon pea pods were collected from the farms on the shore of the High Dam Lake, Egypt. Elements (Ag, Au, Co, Cr, Sr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn) in the pods and its different parts were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis (cluster, Pearson correlation coefficient, and factor analysis) was applied to trace elements in different parts of pigeon pea. The results reveal that seeds exhibited the highest concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Zn, while Ag, Co, Pb, and Fe in the pods. Factor and cluster analyses explain a good relationship among the trace elements in pigeon pea. Also, transfer factor of the elements between plant and soil shows that the high transfer factor of most elements was observed for pods and pericarp. The studied elements in the pods and its different parts were in the safety baseline levels for both man and animal uses.

Radiation biology of a serious tropical pigeon pea pest, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and potential of radiation mediated ‘inherited (F1) sterility technique’ for the pest suppression

Purpose: The impact of gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of the spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was ascertained to explore the potential of the radio-genetic ‘Inherited (F1) Sterility’ technique (modified Sterile Insect technique) to control this serious pigeonpea pest in India.Materials and methods: Radio-biological investigations involved dose–response studies, at a range of 100–250 Gy, with respect to radiation induced adverse effects on reproductive behavior in substerilized parent (P1) moths, inheritance of sterility and associated metamorphic disruption in F1 progeny. The reproductive competence of P1 male moths and their F1 progeny was evaluated by ascertaining the survival, mating success, sperm transfer and amphimixis of gametes from irradiated male parents and their F1 progeny. Daily ovipositional and egg fertility profile were evaluated as crucial parameters for simulation modeling for this radio-genetic technique.Results: Radiation-induced check in insemination rate and sterility in P1 and F1 generation had a positive correlation with gamma dose. The metamorphic adverse effects in F1 progeny of substerilized P1 males were influenced by P1 irradiation. A higher dose of 200 Gy that resulted in 21.1% fertility in parent cross (P1♂x N♀) could form only 14.4% F1 adults that were all malformed. A gamma dose of 150 Gy (administered to P1 males) could be considered as a suitable dose for F1 sterility, that induced 57.4% control of reproduction in parent generation, followed by 72–85% control of reproduction in F1 progeny involved in three crosses -F1♂xN♀, N♂xF1♀, F1♂xF1♀. Daily fertility profile of the eggs laid indicated a marked reduction on 4th day onwards during the ovipositional span in P1 and F1 generation. High degree of mating competitiveness value (CV) was noticed for 150 Gy irradiated male P1 moths (0.78–0.93), and their F1 male progeny (0.70–0.89), released in different sex ratios in the field cages having untreated moths. Reduced relative damage to the pigeon pea plants by the released F1 progeny in the field cages was observed in comparison to control.Conclusion: The present study indicated the potential use of a dose of 150 Gy to apply the ‘F1 sterility’ technique for parabiological suppression of the pigeon pea pod borer. The present findings and reproductive performance of the irradiated moths in F2 generation along with other compatible biorational pest control tactics (that are in progress), might help in formulating an effective integrated pest management module, including the F1 sterility technique as an integral component.

Climate change and its impact on insect-pest incidence of dry land crops in the scarcity zone of Maharashtra state

The recent impact of climate change influencing insect-pest incidence in important dry land crops revealed that incidence of insect-pests during last decade viz., sorghum shoot fly (5-13% dead hearts), stem borer (2-10% dead hearts), delphacids (4-5 to 12-15 Nos./ shoot/plant) increased, respectively. Sunflower bud necrosis was increased from 4-5% to 9-10% whereas on safflower the occurrence of three new emerging pests viz., leaf eating caterpillar, stem borer and stem fly was also noticed to the extent of 15-18% infestation. Castor semi-looper and capsule borer were increased respectively @ 3-6 larvae/leaf/plant to 9-10 larvae/leaf/plant and 8-10% capsule damage to 12-15% capsule damage. The congenial climate condition required for the survival and development of sorghum shoot fly is min. 22 0C and max. 37 0C temp., RH-I 44% and RH-II 93%, stem borer min. 19 0C and max. 36 0C temp., RH-I 38% and RH-II 94%, delphacids min. 18 0C and max. 30 0C temp., RH-I 35% and RH-II 75%, safflower aphid min. 10 0C and max. 28 0C temp., RH-I 40% and RH-II 60%, safflower caterpillar min. 19 0C and max. 33 0C temp., RH-I 50% and RH-II 80%, chickpea pod borer min. 20 0C and max. 35 0C temp. with cloudy and hot weather, sunflower bihar hairy caterpillar min. 22 0C and max. 34 0C temp, pigeon pea pod borer min. 30 0C and max. 33 0C temp. and castor semi-looper min. 22 0C and max. 35 0C temp., RH-I 50% and RH-II 73%.

Lc-esi-ms/ms method for determination of chlorantraniliprole residue and its dissipation kinetics in pigeonpea

A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated for determination of chlorantraniliprole residue in green pigeonpea pods, dry grains and soil. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.002 and 0.06 μg g−1, respectively. Samples were extracted with 1 per cent ethyl acetate in acetonitrile and cleaned up with primary secondary amine. Average recoveries were in the range of 91.91 to 109.84 per cent with the relative standard deviation of less than 12 per cent. The validated method was applied to analyse chlorantraniliprole residue in pigeonpea matrices. The chlorantraniliprole 18.5 per cent SC was applied in pigeonpea at 30 and 60g a.i. ha-1 at 10 d intervals. The initial deposits of chlorantraniliprole residue on green pigeonpea pods were 0.685 and 1.334 μg g−1 respectively at the recommended and double the recommended doses. The dissipation pattern followed first order kinetics with half-life of 0.48 to 1.47 d at 30 and 60 g a.i.−1 ha, respectively. The safe waiting period (SWP) of 5 d was suggested for safe consumption of green pods at the recommended dose.

PRODUCTION AND STORAGE STABILITY OF ANTIOXIDANT FIBER FROM PIGEON PEA (CAJANUS CAJAN) POD

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) pods were considered byproducts obtained from food industry which was raw material for the production of antioxidant fiber powder in this investigation. The effects of pretreatment (washing and blanching) and drying temperatures (60, 70, and 80C) on total crude fiber contents, total phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity by the method of DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP were evaluated. The results showed that blanched (60C) samples had the shortest drying times of 9.03 h. However, blanching significantly (p≤0.05) reduced antioxidant capacity of dried pigeon pea pod powders when compared to washing with tap water and fresh sample. Higher drying temperature tended to decrease fiber contents and antioxidant activity of dried powder. The pigeon pea pod powders were stored in ziplock bags or vacuum packaging at room temperature for 8 weeks. The moisture content of the powder kept in both packaging increased over time, which correlated with the water activity during 8 weeks of storage. In addition, storage times caused a decline in the levels of total phenolic concentration, DPPH, and FRAP values. The amount of total phenolic concentration, DPPH and FRAP of vacuum-packed samples were significantly higher than those stored in ziplock bags during storage. It could be concluded that washing with tap water and drying temperature of 60C was the most suitable condition for the process of fiber powder with antioxidant activity preparation from pigeon pea pod. Moreover, vacuum packaging method was sufficient to maintain the antioxidant capacity of the sample for 8 weeks.

Variability in Morpho-biochemical Traits Associated with Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) Resistance in Pigeonpea Pods

Pigeonpea contributes to food and nutrition security among poor households in urban and rural areas. Globally it is characterized by stagnant and unstable yield due to its susceptibility to various stresses including the pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) which causes substantial damage to the crop and may result in absolute economic yield loss. The existing cultivated pigeonpea are susceptible to pod borer with only a few genotypes reported to be tolerant based on pod and seed damage. Limited information is available on morphological and biochemical traits associated with pod borer resistance among the existing genotypes. This study was therefore carried out to identify diversified sources of resistance against pod borer damage. The study was set up to assess traits that may contribute to pod borer resistance among 12 selected elite pigeonpea genotypes in three replicates and means were separated based on LSD test using Genstat software. The field study was carried out in Kerio Valley during the long rains of April-September of 2017. The genotypes varied significantly for all the parameters measured at P≤0.05 with a mean of 608.33 g/100 g (crude protein), 175.61 mg/100 g (total phenol), 19.85 mg/100 g (total flavonoid), 0.448 mm (trichome length), 210.6 / 4 mm2(trichome density) and 0.353 mm(depth of locules). Significant negative correlation was also observed between total phenol, total flavonoid, depth of locules, trichome length and trichome density with pod damage. However, a positive correlation was recorded between crude proteins with pod damage. These results reveal that, host plant resistance is an association of several morphological and biochemical traits. Therefore, these genotypes with elevated levels can be selected and utilized in breeding towards improving resistance to pod borer in pigeonpea.

Parasitisation of pigeon pea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa and its population dynamics as influenced by genotypes

Three hymenopteran chalcidoid parasitoids viz., Euderus sp. (Eulophidae), Torymus sp. (Torymidae) and Systasis dasyneurae Mani (Pteromalidae) were observed as ectoparasitiods of maggots of pigeon pea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch). Parasitism increased with pest population irrespective of the parasitoid species. The peak activity of Euderus sp. was observed during 5th SMW (52.38%), whereas Torymus sp. attained its peak activity during 3rd SMW (61.54%) and S. dasyneurae during 4th SMW (4.76%) on the pigeon pea genotype ICP-8863. The maximum parasitism by Euderus sp. was observed on the genotype BSMR-736 (25.53%) and Torymus sp. on ICP-8863 (12.16%). Parasitisation showed negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and wind velocity, and it was more on the susceptible genotypes.

Evaluation of sequential application of insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa (Mall)

Evaluation of sequential application of insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa (Mall)

Population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera and Melanagromyza obtusa on Pigeonpea

Field experiment carried out during kharif 2016–17 revealed that incidence of the pigeonpea pod borer Helicoverpa armigera started in the 1st week of October and reached a peak level 1.39 larvae/five plants in the 4th week of October (at 14.80–33.50°C and RH 47.30–66.30%). Correlation coefficients between incidence and weather parameters showed that maximum temperature had a positive, and minimum temperature had negative relationship. About pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa incidence began with 1st week of November and reached a peak (1.20 maggots/10 pods) in the 1st week of December (9.9022.90°C and RH 51.00–87.10%). Correlation coefficients between pod fly incidence and weather parameters showed that maximum relative humidity had a positive and minimum relative humidity and rainfall had a negative relationship.

Field evaluation of spinetoram 12 sc mixture against pod borer complex in pigeonpea

Pigeonpea pod borer complex comprising of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Maruca vitrata (Geyer), Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus), Exelastis atomosa (Walshinghan) and Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) in Tamil Nadu cause considerable yield loss. Efficacy of a new insecticide, Spinetoram 12SC alone and in combination with quinalphos 25EC 350 g a.i./ha, carbendazim 50WP 125 g a.i./ha and urea (2%) was evaluated against this complex under farmers’ field conditions during 2012–2013 and 20132014 kharif at Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that Spinetoram 12SC 45 g alone and in combination with quinalphos 25EC 350 g a.i./ha, carbendazim 50WP 125 g a.i./ha and urea (2%) was significantly superior, when sprayed thrice at 15 days interval with increase in grain yield, and without any phytotoxic symptoms.

Bioefficacy of newer insecticides and botanicals against population of pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch)

Bioefficacy of newer insecticides and botanicals against population of pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch)