Piezoelectric Substances Research Articles

Fabrication and properties evaluation of chitosan/BaTiO3 composite membranes for the periodontitis treatment

Periodontitis gradually damages the hard and soft tissues surrounding the tooth, leading to tooth loss. In recent years, the use of biomaterials in periodontitis treatment has expanded, including gels, nanoparticles, microparticles, fibers, and membranes. Among these, membranes have more clinical applications. Due to the ability of the piezoelectric material to regenerate damaged tissues, the aim of this study was to create piezoelectric composite membranes. To achieve this, Barium titanate powder (BaTiO3 powder)—a piezoelectric substance—was synthesized using the hydrothermal method and analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Four types of membranes were fabricated using solvent casting method: three composite membranes with chitosan matrix and BaTiO3 fillers (at 3%, 6%, and 9% weight), and one chitosan membrane without BaTiO3. The microstructure of the membrane surfaces, agglomeration of BaTiO3 in membranes, and hydrophilicity, antibacterial, and electrical properties of the membrane were also investigated. The results indicated that membranes containing 3 and 6% BaTiO3 had suitable surface structure for the periodontitis treatment. Agglomeration of BaTiO3 particles was higher in the membrane containing 9% BaTiO3. The large amount of BaTiO3 improved the antibacterial properties of the membranes. Additionally, the membranes containing BaTiO3 had high electrical properties, especially those with 3% and 6% BaTiO3. Therefore, composite membranes containing BaTiO3, especially membranes containing 6% BaTiO3, are more favorable options than those without BaTiO3 for periodontitis treatment.

Employing Piezoelectricity to Generate Sustainable Energy with Green Harmonics

This paper examines the potential of piezoelectric substances in presenting sustainable and renewable energy solutions, that specialize in energy harvesting and self-maintaining smart sensing mechanisms inside numerous systems. Highlighting the inefficacy of conventional construction substances like simple cement paste in energy capture, this study delves into current methodologies that expand the piezoelectric abilities of cement-based composites through innovative admixtures and physical treatments. Additionally, the research explores the broader utilization of piezoelectric materials across various sectors together with healthcare, environmental tracking, and consumer electronics, propelled by using the need for wireless sensing nodes and embedded microsystems to have a reliable power source. Emphasizing the environmental advantages, this paper affords a comparative analysis of cutting-edge developments, challenges, and future possibilities within the area of piezoelectric power harvesting (PEH), which include the exploration of lead-free substances and the advancement in hybrid energy harvesting devices.

Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Piezoelectric Thin Film From Chitosan Using Solvent Casting Method

The application of biopolymer in piezoelectric application provides a great potential to replace traditional piezoelectric substances like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and lead zirconate titanium (PZT), because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity properties and sustainable production. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide has been found to fulfil all the characteristics and can be used safely for piezoelectric applications in agricultural, food industries and biomedical fields. This study aims to assess how piezoelectric characteristics are affected by different acid solvents and solvent casting volumes during chitosan thin film production. Chitosan thin film prepared using acetic acid and formic acid were fabricated using solvent casting method on petri dish at different volume of acids solvent. Chitosan thin films produced using acetic acid and 25 mL solvent loading provided the most significant mechanical quality factor (2.8). Moreover, the dissipation factor (0.80) was the lowest, indicating comparability to traditional thin PVDF film piezopolymer. Hence, thin chitosan films produced using acetic acid is proven to have the potential in piezoelectric application

Power Generation Using Footsteps

Abstract: Some quantity of power is utilized by us anyplace we go. Since time is immemorial power is wanted for the health and sustenance of our lives. The usage of waste power used withinside the foot energy could be very a great deal beneficial and crucial for the vicinity wherein there might be a big crowd every day. When the floors are engineered with piezoelectric technology, the electric power produced via way of means of the stress is captured via way of means of the ground sensor and transformed to an electrical via way of means of the piezo transducer, then saved and used as an energy supply. This energy supply is used withinside the domestic application, crowded regions like railway stations, streetlights, schools, and colleges. The Footstep Power Generation, right here we proposed a complicated footstep energy generator device that makes use of the piezoelectric sensors to generate energy via footsteps as a supply of renewable power that we will attain at the same time as strolling on a sure association like stepping foot on piezo tiles. This undertaking describes using piezoelectric substances to reap power from humans strolling vibration for producing and gathering the power. The fundamental running precept of the “footstep energy era device” is primarily based totally on piezoelectric sensors. When the floors are engineered with piezoelectric technology, the electric power produced via way of means of the stress is captured via way of means of ground sensors and transformed to an electrical fee via way of means of the piezo-electric powered transducer. These sensors are positioned in this kind of manner that generates the most output voltage. This output is supplied to our tracking circuitry which is a microcontroller-primarily based totally circuit that lets customers screen the voltage and expenses a battery, and this energy supply has many applications. Our undertaking version is cost-powerful and clean to implement. Keywords: waste power, foot energy, piezoelectric technology, transducer, sensors.

An overview on the art of piezosurgery in the maxillofacial practice

Introduction: Piezosurgery is an emerging boom in the field of maxillofacial surgery for precise, safe and effective osteotomies sparing the adjacent vital structures compared to conventional surgery. Corpus: It works on the principle of piezoelectric effect in which crystals in the piezoelectric substances get deformed on the application of an electric field. Various studies gave the evidence of improved wound healing and bone formation compared to conventional approaches. The soft tissue sparing capability with improved patient comfort and decreased blood loss gave the utmost importance for this surgical technique in the present as well as future world of surgery. Conclusion: Piezosurgery has emerging as a promising surgical modality with a wide range of clinical applications throughout the whole field of surgery.

Ion Channels in Biophysics and Physiology: Methods & Challenges to Study Mechanosensitive Ion Channels.

In a seminal work published in 1950, Sir B. Katz showed that the electrical response of the frog muscle spindle varies directly with the rate and amplitude of muscle stretch. This observation led him to propose the existence of a piezoelectric substance in this organ, setting the stage for the field of mechanobiology (Katz, J Physiol 111, 261-282, 1950). Despite this early work, the identity of the molecules responsible for the conversion of mechanical stimuli into biological signals has remained hidden for decades. This delay is often attributed to the inherent difficulty to precisely quantify the mechanical deformations of biological samples. In contrast to other forms of stimuli such as ligand concentration and membrane potential, quantifying mechanical deformations of cell membranes is not trivial. Mechanical forces produce a complex array of membrane deformations including bending, thinning, compression, expansion, and shear, and thus, have components in many strain dimensions. In addition, due to the viscoelastic nature of cells, these deformations may have linear and nonlinear components. In spite of these experimental challenges, Sukharev et al. cloned the first mechanosensitive ion channel from the bacteria E. coli in the mid-1990s (Sukharev et al. Nature, 265-268, 1994). Two decades later, several protein families encompassing dozens of eukaryotic mechanosensitive ion channels have been identified, depicting an astonishing diversity of force-activated molecular machines. In this chapter, we intend to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and technical challenges to study how cell membranes deform upon mechanical stress and how ion channel proteins detect these deformations to engage homeostatic cellular responses.

Design and Simulation of Piezoelectric Bimorph Cantilever Beam

This paper discusses the design and simulation of cantilever beams for mechanical vibration power. On this paper an optimal power output is configured in a biomorphic cantilever beam configuration for the single piezoelectric substances. The structure of the beam modeled in COMSOL 5.1. The LZT (PZT-5A) material used and the size taken as 21x0.14mm in case of active bimorph layers and in case of structural steel the size taken as 21x0.16mm. This cantilever structure produces a max. power of 1mw, and 5.39V at a resistive load of 12k at resonating frequency of 75.5 Hz with an acceleration of 1 g (g = 9.81 m /s2). In the area of the MEMS sensors and WiFi networks, this power harvesting machine can be used for many purposes.

PROPERTIES OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS AND METHODS OF THEIR APPLICATION AS ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATORS

In the paper the properties of piezoelectric substances are studied and the possibilities of their application as a source of electric energy are analyzed. The characteristics of piezoelectric substances properties are considered and the main analytical connections during their calculation are given. The piezoceramic elements as energy converters with reference to the basic schemes of their application are investigated. The schemes of constructing piezogenerators for the systems and devices of electric power generation are presented

A predicted Mechanism for Biological Effects of Radio-Frequency Electro-Magnetic Fields: Piezoelectric Rectification

Currently, safety guidelines for exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) from cellphones or other wireless devices consider only thermal heating. Although some non-thermal effects are well established experimentally (microwave hearing effect, cellular release of calcium and free radicals, stress response and DNA damage), for many effects the physical mechanism remains unclear. It has long been known that bones, and in particular, the collagen in bones, exhibit the piezoelectric effect on the same scale (0.7 pC/N) observed in quartz crystals. It has been proposed that this effect is fundamental for regulating bone growth. Less well known is that piezoelectric substances have been shown to rectify RFR at frequencies up to at least 2.9 GHz. The rectified voltage is proportional to the power of the incident RF field. We claim, that exposures to cellphones, cordless phones, Wi-fi and microwave ovens may result in DC fields comparable to those used by the body to regulate growth of bones and possibly other tissues, given that collagens are found throughout the human body and throughout the kingdoms of life. The scale of such currents is a few milliamps or less, perhaps even less than a microamp. Applied DC electric fields of 1V/m can affect nerve firing rates. In animal experiments, microwave exposure comparable to or weaker than a cellphone has caused permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier, an effect previously seen after brain stimulation with a DC current of 5 mA. In the absence of a clear mechanism for explaining health effects (leukemia, Alzheimer's) associated with high-voltage transmission lines, biological rectification of RFR (present due to corona discharge and “dirty power”) might play a role, as RFR is more penetrating than 60 Hz electric fields, and may induce more current than 60 Hz magnetic fields.

Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions

Multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, which simultaneously exhibit ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, have recently stimulated a sharply increasing number of research activities for their scientific interest and significant technological promise in the novel multifunctional devices. Natural multiferroic single-phase compounds are rare, and their magnetoelectric responses are either relatively weak or occurs at temperatures too low for practical applications. In contrast, multiferroic composites, which incorporate both ferroelectric and ferri-/ferromagnetic phases, typically yield giant magnetoelectric coupling response above room temperature, which makes them ready for technological applications. This review of mostly recent activities begins with a brief summary of the historical perspective of the multiferroic magnetoelectric composites since its appearance in 1972. In such composites the magnetoelectric effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric substance. An electric polarization is induced by a weak ac magnetic field oscillating in the presence of a dc bias field, and/or a magnetization polarization appears upon applying an electric field. So far, three kinds of bulk magnetoelectric composites have been investigated in experimental and theoretical, i.e., composites of (a) ferrite and piezoelectric ceramics (e.g., lead zirconate titanate), (b) magnetic metals/alloys (e.g., Terfenol-D and Metglas) and piezoelectric ceramics, and (c) Terfenol-D and piezoelectric ceramics and polymer. The elastic coupling interaction between the magnetostrictive phase and piezoelectric phase leads to giant magnetoelectric response of these magnetoelectric composites. For example, a Metglas/lead zirconate titanate fiber laminate has been found to exhibit the highest magnetoelectric coefficient, and in the vicinity of resonance, its magnetoelectric voltage coefficient as high as 102V∕cmOe orders has been achieved, which exceeds the magnetoelectric response of single-phase compounds by many orders of magnitude. Of interest, motivated by on-chip integration in microelectronic devices, nanostructured composites of ferroelectric and magnetic oxides have recently been deposited in a film-on substrate geometry. The coupling interaction between nanosized ferroelectric and magnetic oxides is also responsible for the magnetoelectric effect in the nanostructures as was the case in those bulk composites. The availability of high-quality nanostructured composites makes it easier to tailor their properties through epitaxial strain, atomic-level engineering of chemistry, and interfacial coupling. In this review, we discuss these bulk and nanostructured magnetoelectric composites both in experimental and theoretical. From application viewpoint, microwave devices, sensors, transducers, and heterogeneous read/write devices are among the suggested technical implementations of the magnetoelectric composites. The review concludes with an outlook on the exciting future possibilities and scientific challenges in the field of multiferroic magnetoelectric composites.

Boundary acoustic wave device

A dielectric substance is laminated on one surface of a piezoelectric substance, and an IDT and reflectors are disposed as electrodes at a boundary between the piezoelectric substance and the dielectric substance, and the thickness of the electrodes is determined so that the acoustic velocity of the Stoneley wave is decreased less than that of a slow transverse wave propagating through the dielectric substance and that of a slow transverse wave propagating through the piezoelectric substance, thereby forming a boundary acoustic wave device.

Cancellation techniques in underwater scattering of acoustic signals

Advanced materials made of a combination of viscoelastic coating and piezoelectric substances are fast emerging as important acoustics materials that can be used to reduce or eliminate scattered acoustic signals of submerged structures. In this paper, we considered the underlying principles that govern the acoustic performance of viscoelastic and piezoelectric materials. Analytical treatments such as the invariant embedding techniques, potential method, Floquet theory and asymptotics approximation, are employed to derive the mathematical model for predicting the acoustics performance of viscoelastic and piezoelectric materials. Numerical implementations in finite difference methods coupled with boundary integral formulation, and commercial finite elements code, such as ANSYS, are demonstrated for some practical configurations. Results for a few representative canonical examples of the problem, which include two-dimensional acoustic scattering from a fluid-loaded plate embedded with viscoelastic material or piezoelectric elements served as useful benchmarks for future works in this direction.

Coseismic piezoelectric effects due to a dislocation: 1. An analytic far and early-time field solution in a homogeneous whole space

Piezoelectricity is a property that arises from the crystal anisotropy of substances. Piezoelectric substances generate electromagnetic (EM) field variations related to the temporal variations of the stress field. Since piezoelectric substances are abundant in the earth’s crust, the presence of a coseismic piezoelectric EM phenomenon in the real earth is a reasonable expectation. This paper examines the fundamental characteristics and detectability of coseismic EM signals relating to the piezoelectricity of crustal substances. Combining the fundamental equations of EM fields and the motion of an elastic medium, we derived analytical expressions of EM fields related to the variation of the stress field caused by slip of a point dislocation in a uniform whole space filled with an elastic, conductive, and piezoelectric substance. Numerical calculations, with physical parameters permissible for crustal rocks and a unit step function substituted as the source time function, show that the initial phase of EM signals, amounting to 1 nT and 10 2 mV/km, are observable at a 10 km distance from the slip about 0.01 s after slip occurs, when the seismic moment magnitude is around 7–8. This result suggests difficulty in detecting such piezoelectric EM signals related to earthquakes. However, it is shown that if the observations are succeeded due to a dense observation network installed around the epicenter, information on piezoelectric property relating to the direction of the symmetry axis in the deep seismogeneic zone can be obtained.

NIST ‘acmat’ database on ferro-, piezoelectric and related materials

The NIST ACMAT database contains a broad spectrum of fundamental and applied data on ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and related substances and materials. The materials may be compounds or solid solutions in the form of single crystals, ceramics, and composites. The main database record format includes numeric or non-numeric data fields, which comprise general data (crystal structure, phase transition data, chemical composition, preparation technique, application areas, etc.), dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and optical parameters, conducting properties, thermal and thermodynamic quantities. Each data field may have its own text supplement of unlimited size which contains information complementary to that given in the main fields (e.g. nonstandard measuring conditions and the results of other authors.). The main database is complemented by a separate database of all references cited in the main database. The current release contains over 1100 records and 3000 references in a complementary bibliographical database; about 3000 data fields have text supplements.

New version of acmat - database on ferroelectric and related substances and materials

Abstract The new version of ‘ACMAT’ (active materials) database has been developed. In the database, information concerning properties and parameters of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrostrictive and related substances and materials have been compiled. A record for each substance consists of eight boxes which are associated with: general data (chemical composition, preparation technique, crystal structure and phase transition data), dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, optical parameters, conducting and some thermic and thermodynamic quantities. Information on applications and manufactures of materials is also provided. Besides ACMAT includes the two subDatabases ‘References’ and ‘Piezoelements’. The latter contains design description and parameters of commercial piezoelements. The ACMAT database can be used by materials researchers, solid state physicists and chemists, as well as by new devices development engineers. ACMAT software runs on any IBM PC.

Volume-sensitive piezoelectric composites for electroacoustic transducers

Abstract High volume (hydrostatic) sensitivity of piezoelectric substances can be achieved by increasing piezoelectric properties and their anisotropy. The object of work is to create artificial anisotropy, i.e. to increase the product of volume sensitivity coefficient gh and volume piezomodulus d h (g h·d h) = ζ h in heterogeneous piezoelectric structures-composites-containing a piezoelectric phase (ceramics or modified crystals SbSJ) and an inactive (polymeric or inorganic) phase. In case of structures containing SbSJ the problem was to increase not only g h and ζ h but also Curie point T c and thermal stability of the material. The developed materials and piezoelectric elements were applied in receiving hydroacoustic transducers (hydrophones).

An Automated System for Measuring Elastic Properties by the Piezoelectric Resonance Method and Its Applications to Elastic Phase Transitions

Experiments have been performed to construct an automated system for measuring elastic constants of piezoelectric substances by the piezoelectric resonance method. The measuring system was automated by introducing a network analyzer controlled through a GP-IB interface by a personal computer. The system was applied for investigating the ferroelectric phase transition of KDP and the ferroelastic phase transition of LAT. Excellent data were obtained for both compounds, and it was confirmed that the measuring system was applicable to the investigation of the phase transitions with large elastic anomalies.

Domain structures in PbZr0.95 Ti0.05O3

Lead zirconate titenate (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, PZT) is a well known piezoelectric substance. Three phases have been reported in modified PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3 (PZT 95/5) bodies -- a low temperature rhombohedral ferroelectric phase (FR1), a high temperature rhombohedral ferroelectric phase (FR2) and a cubic paraelectric phase (PC). A pressure induced ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase transformation has also been reported in modified PZT 95/5 ceramics. These phase transformations are of technological importance, as this ceramic has practical applications as a power source in which large quantities of charge are released by shock wave depolarization.Both as-fired and pressure de-poled samples of PZT 95/5 ceramics with 0.8% Nb were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens for electron microscopical study were prepared from thin sections, which had been sliced by diamond saw and then mechanically polished with 600 grit SiC paper followed by diamond polishing to about 100 μm thickness. These specimens were then argon ion milled to electron transparency; a liquid N2 cooled stage was used to try and prevent the occurrence of phase transformations due to heating during ion beam thinning. Special care was also taken to minimize beam heating during electron microscopical observation.

Absolute configuration of piezoelectrics-a bibliography. II

This bibliography of 136 references updates and replaces one published in 19731. (All references from the 1973 bibliography are repeated here.) It lists references to determinations of the absolute configuration of the more than 500 known piezoelectric substances.2 All of the papers listed in this bibliography relate the absolute configuration to some physical property of the crystal; many other studies not deriving such a relationship are listed in the two reviews by Allen, Neidle, and Rogers; and Srinivasan (Refs. 11 and 113 of this bibliography).Entries are arrnaged alphabetically by author. Each entry bears a serial number. Serial numbers bearing an asterisk indicate entries which appeared in the 1973 bibliography. Author and substance indexes follow the bibliographic listing. The substance index is arranged alphabetically by substance name; chemical formulas also appear. Substances commonly referred to by acronym, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), are listed under both the name and the acronym.

Biological significance of piezoelectricity in relation to acupuncture, Hatha Yoga, osteopathic medicine and action of air ions

Piezoelectric properties of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and mucopolysaccharides are reviewed in this paper. It is indicated that the structural elements of the human body composed of these piezoelectric substances are capable of transducing a mechanical energy into an electric current. Such a transduction may be brought about by movements of an acupuncture needle, osteopathic manipulations, Hatha Yoga postures or action of negatively charged air irons. It is postulated that electric current induced by stimulation of the specific sites on the surface of human body flows towards the internal organs along the semiconductive channels of biologic macromolecules. Electric current induced either by the piezoelectric transduction or directly applied from an external source may in turn stimulate individual cells in the target organ. Involvement of electrical phenomena in regulatory mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels is discussed.