Piece Of Cardboard Research Articles

Using Overhead Projector to Simulate X-ray Diffraction Experiments

A demonstration to simulate X-ray diffraction experiments can be performed using an overhead projector. The glass surface of the overhead projector is covered with a piece of cardboard that has an 8-mm circular or square hole in the center. The projector is focused so that a circular, or square, spot is projected onto the screen. In the light-beam path we place a pattern made of a combination of transmission diffraction gratings. The obtained diffraction pattern depends on the combination of diffraction gratings. In a dark room, third-order diffraction spots are visible when relatively good-quality gratings are used. A projection distance of 2.4 m gives an 80-cm diffraction spacing (first order, red band) on the screen. As a classroom activity, the spacing between the lines of a grating or, once the spacing is known, the wavelength of diffracted light can be calculated.

Know when to fold [box designs

Boxes made of corrugated cardboard are ubiquitous, but often overlooked. Some boxes are remarkable because they're made of a single piece of cardboard, which is neither glued nor taped. Yet they're capable of great strength, rigidity and longevity. In this article, I share a few box designs and talk a little about how I like to think about them. My goal is not so much to present specific boxes, but to get your 3D visualization skills fired up. Once you make the models and play with them and start thinking about where the pieces fold and where the clearances should be, then you can start seeing the entire shape in your head. The simple 2D layout transforms into an imminent 3D object: the template seems to want to jump up and fold itself up into a box, and you can see in your mind's eye just how cleanly everything fits and how strong and stable the result will be.

Laboratory Evaluation of Food Placement and Food Types on the Feeding Preference of Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Two pieces of cardboard or filter paper were placed in a paired or split design in a choice test to examine the effect of food placement on termite food choice. When cardboard pieces were presented within an experimental unit to Reticulitermes virginicus Banks, one piece was significantly consumed more than the other in experimental units for 24 and 48 h in the paired design. In the filter paper treatments, significant differences in consumption on pieces in the split design were detected at 48 and 72 h. Bioassays that result in significant differences when food types are the same may lead to spurious conclusion about preference when food types that are not equivalent are tested. Although the paired design may overcome the tendency for termites to feed on the 1st food source encountered, the split design was a more sensitive bioassay for detecting consumption differences between cardboard and filter paper under these conditions. Feeding behavior under our conditions was affected by food placement, indicating that termites did not feed randomly. Food type also affected feeding behavior. Because termites do not feed randomly regardless of whether the paired or the split design is used, replicating control experimental units sufficiently to overcome significant differences in consumption when food types are the same is paramount.

Drought or Mechanical Stress Affects Broccoli Transplant Growth and Establishment but Not Yield

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica cv. Green Duke) seedlings were subjected to brushing with a piece of cardboard (40 strokes/min, 1 min twice daily), wind (7 m·s-1 for 5 min twice daily) or drought (visible wilt for 2 hours daily) treatments. Plant response to treatment was affected by seasonal or environmental conditions. All conditioning treatments reduced leaf dry weight and area, stem dry weight and length, and the total shoot and root dry weights in an experiment conducted in Sept. 1986 (Fall 1986). However, in experiments conducted the following year, broccoli transplants treated in March (Spring 1987) showed little response to the treatments, while transplants treated in August (Fall 1987) showed only a moderate response. In Fall 1986 and 1987, brushing improved field establishment as measured by the rate of shoot dry weight gain over the period of field establishment. Yield of the primary head of broccoli transplants treated in either Spring or Fall 1987 was not affected by the conditioning treatments. Brushing may provide an effective alternative to drought or plant growth retardants in conditioning broccoli transplants prior to field planting.

Wooden foreign body in the lung parenchyma.

A 29-year-old pregnant woman came to the emergency department because of sudden shortness of breath. She had a history of intermittent respiratory tract infections that she attributed to smoking. A remote history of left chest trauma was obtained. The patient was unable to remember details of the incident but recalled that, while sledding supine on a piece of cardboard 1 2 years earlier, she had suddenly experienced severe chest discomfort. She was taken to a local hospital. A chest radiograph was obtained, and she was sent home to convalesce for 1 week. She was informed that she had residual “scarring” in the left lung. Physical examination at the current admission showed pronounced clubbing of the fingers and decreased breath sounds over the left hemithorax. A scar was noted at the inferior aspect of the left chest posteriorly, which the patient claimed was the result of the remote sledding accident. A chest radiograph showed a 50% hydropneumothorax. The chest radiographs made 12 years earlier were not available for comparison. The pneumothorax was treated by percutaneous aspiration. A follow-up chest radiograph showed complete resolution of the pneumothorax, a residual faint tubular density in the left upper lobe, mild volume loss of the left lung, and blunting of the left costophrenic angle (Figs. 1A and 1 B). During the ensuing months, the patient complained of intermittent cough with purulent sputum, hemoptysis, and left-sided chest discomfort. A CT scan of the chest obtained i 6 months after discharge from the hospital showed a cylindrical cavity in the left upper lobe containing a calcific density. This was interpreted as a calcified hematoma in a posttraumatic cyst (Fig. iC). The thickness of the wall of the cavity varied, up to 7 mm. Linear parenchymal densities surrounded the lesion, and localized bronchiectasis extended from the hilum. A transthoracic needle biopsy of the abnormality was performed. The lesion was described as “rock hard,” and the aspirate was “scanty”; Gram stain and cultures were negative. Because the patient had no clinical improvement after a long-term course of antibiotics, an inferior lingular segmentectomy and wedge excision of the anterior segment of the left lower lobe were performed. The excision specimen contained a wedge-shaped piece of wood 8 x 1 .6 x 1 cm (Fig. 2), which was enveloped in granulation tissue with fibrosis. Immediately adjacent to this in the lung was localized postobstructive bronchiectasis and organizing obstructive pneumonia.

Children in the Field

CHILDREN IN THE FIELD / Roger Weingarten I was on my back in a blizzard of milkweed down the chUdren were flinging into the wind gusting like geese suddenly changing direction. The silks caught in my beard reminded me of a scarf over my face, leggings, and boots that buckled over my shoes—it was almost a müe through snow to my waist on my way to Mrs. MUler's first-grade extravaganza of AU Baba, air-raid sirens ricocheting off the basement waUs at our heads tucked between our knees, and fingerpainted Ughtning taped to the back of the upright piano, when a blue dot grew into Jake the cop standing over me in the no-man's-land of the five-way intersection, who said I knew you'd show up. He ducked a snowbaU that came out of nowhere and said Tm sorry about your friend. He was a good kid. I cupped my hands to my scarf and to the red ear under the gold-rimmed cap, shouting that Mike wasn't afraid of germs or bugs. He ate candy off the street, and almost destroyed his buUy of an older brother with a fish hook tied to an arrow. Jake took a swipe at my tears with his mitten, then turned me around in the drift, blindfolded by the white blur, Uke it was my turn to pin the taU on the donkey, and wished me luck as he pushed me back into the buzzard of chUdren trying to bury me aUve under armloads of leaves. I wheeled around a corridor of men staring at the ceiling, catheters dangUng off the side of their beds, then returned to eighth-grade Biology, where my girlfriend was dissecting the lungs and heart 92 · The Missouri Review of a frog pulsing between the curtains of its skin, puUed back and pinned to a piece of cardboard. She passed me a formaldehydescented note under the table: Please don't poke fun at Hyman Lipschitz's acne anymore. We're going steady. I looked up at the bold letters of his name engraved on the bracelet swaying from her wrist as she performed a last incision with her eyes closed because she didn't want to see the hash she was making or me whispering maybe we could jitterbug at his bar mitzvah. Leaning closer to steal a last kiss, I gagged at the smeU between us and threw up with several others close by foUowing suit. She crawled toward the door, while Mr. Schwartz puUed me by my hair wrapped around his knuckles to the blackboard, bounced my head against it, screaming FUth and Nincompoop, then he told me I had four minutes to clean it up. This was PainesviUe, where my sister never smiled or stepped outside our father's house, the richest farm between Erie and Sandusky, our closest neighbor a thief everyone caUed Reuben the Stick, because he chewed twigs and spat the bark wherever he pleased, or Reuben the Conqueror because he'd never been caught. Once, my father on a ladder was finishing a pyramid of süver doUars. I interrupted the sun setting on his masterpiece to read him a letter from Reuben, who praised my sister's inner beauty and demanded thirty thousand for a dowry or else he'd take an axe to our vineyards and bleed our prize Nubians with his own teeth. Please inform Mr. Reuben Mintz, said my father, that he may kiss my ruchas, then Ufted his velvet sUpper to the next to the highest rung. Men with guns Roger Weingarten The Missouri Review · 93 answered my knock and brought me to an easy chair across from Reuben the Conqueror, who offered me wine and a word about my future prospects in his firm. Barefoot, I entered my sister's room. She snored into her piUow, a string of drool trailing off under the quUt. I shook her, whispering that she should prepare a feast fit for an emperor and herself with ointments and a crown of miniature roses in her hair. DeUghted with the powdered cinnamon scattered over the pigeon pie, my father pretended not to...

Cheap substitute

Mrs Jackie Snowdon (letters, week ending December 19) has left me confused. Does she mean for all male nurses to start wearing pieces of cardboard to help with patient reassurance?

Perception of illusory occlusion in apparent motion

We began with a random matrix of 8 dots displayed briefly on the CRT screen. The pattern was switched off and replaced by an identical array shifted horizontally and the procedure was repeated in a continuous cycle. One of the dots in the second frame was then masked off by an opaque white piece of cardboard. The dots in the surround continued to oscillate as expected but we found that the single unpaired dot also continued to oscillate behind the occluder even though it has no “partner” in the second frame. We found that the magnitude of this illusion (“entrained motion”); (a) increased as we reduced the distance between the inducing dots and the test dot; (b) was unaffected by increasing the number of inducing dots; (c) was enhanced by using slow speeds of alternation; (d) was reduced considerably if there was no visible occluder and the dot in the second frame was simply deleted; (e) was specific to the distance moved by the inducing dots in the surround; the strongest effect was seen when the distance between the occluder and the unpaired dot was approximately the jump-size of the inducing dots. The results suggest that the motion signal derived from the whole dot cluster or “blob” (low spatial frequencies) is spontaneously attributed to the unpaired dot. However the motion of this dot is more readily accepted by the visual system when an opaque occluder is simultaneously visible.

Cathedral Window Quilt

Cathedral Window Quilt by Colleen Anderson Last week when Andrew Thompson tried to kill his whole family, including himself, I was up at Birdie's place, learning to make a Cathedral Window quilt. The Cathedral Window, which is technically not a quilt at all, is hard to explain in words; you almost have to have a set of pictures or, better yet, somebody to sit you down and show you, which is what Birdie was doing with me. The way Andrew tried to kill everybody was like this: He and Doreen were having a big fight. Neither one of them remembers what the fight was about, but Andrew was drinking. When he started hitting on Doreen, she took the two kids, Crystal Ann and Andrew Junior, shut herself up in the bedroom, and pushed the head of the bed against the door. Then she and Crystal Ann and little Andrew sat at the foot of the bed and dug their heels into the rug. Andrew banged on the door hard enough to shake the bed, but he couldn't get inside, and when Crystal Ann said, "Go away, Daddy," he went for the gasoline. He siphoned it out ofmy car. That's how I got involved in this mess. I know I shouldn't feel responsible, but I keep thinking that if only I had bought that locking gas cap, like Harry Pauley said I should, there wouldn't have been any fire, and Doreen and Crystal Ann and little Andrew would still have a place to live. If only I had driven up to Birdie's, instead of walking—but Andrew could have gotten the gas from anybody's car. I keep telling myself that, too, but I feel bad—I must, or I wouldn't be sitting in this hospital lobby, waiting for Doreen. At least I have something to do. The Cathedral Window is just right for waiting. Once you have the fabric cut and ironed, you can carry a week's worth of stitching in the side pocket of your purse. You have to cut the squares and iron them at home first, though. You start with a seven-inch-square piece of unbleached muslin. I have seen Cathedral Window quilts made ofbleached muslin, but they were mistakes, in my opinion. Then, you need a piece of cardboard , exactly six inches square. Put the muslin down on the ironing board, lay the cardboard square right in the center, and turn up the raw edges with the iron. It's close work, and you have to use a hot iron—you want that crease to stay put. That's about all you need to get started, the muslin squares with all four edges turned up, a needle, and some offwhite thread. The different calico prints come later. After Andrew got the gas from my car, he came back in the house and drank some more. Doreen said he yelled at all of them for at least half an hour, about how he was going to make them sorry, and she could tell by the way his 55 voice sounded that he was stretched out on the red vinyl sofa getting drunker by the minute. That sofa was Doreen's favorite piece of furniture, and she was broken up that it got destroyed in the fire. That's one of the many ways Doreen and I are different. How she could even think about a sofa, under the circumstances, I can't figure; besides, I always thought it looked like a big, fat, sunburned body with stretch marks. Anyway, Doreen liked the sofa, and she started thinking that Andrew would probably drop a cigarette on it, in his drunken state, and burn a hole in it. She was scared of him—he was a mean drunk for such a small man—but from inside the bedroom she yelled back at Andrew. "That sofa," she told him, "is the only piece of store-bought furniture I have ever owned in my whole life. You hear me, Andrew Thompson? You better not burn a hole in that sofa!" Well, Andrew started laughing like a crazy man then. At first Doreen...

Enhanced Viewing of Dark Fluorescein Angiographic Negatives

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Routine fluorescein angiography occasionally produces an overexposed set of negatives. When these negatives are viewed against a brightly illuminated background, such as an x-ray film view box, glare surrounding the dark photographic image can obscure detail. I have been using a simple device to screen out glare, improving visibility in this situation. <h3>Materials and Methods.</h3> —A thin piece of cardboard is cut to the approximate dimensions of the bottom of a stereo viewer. A hole of approximately the same size as a single angiographic frame is cut in the cardboard so that most of the light coming through the clear film around the image is screened out. A second hole is positioned so that two adjacent frames can be viewed simultaneously when the screen is placed over a strip of angiographic negatives (Figure). Elastic bands allow this device to be hooked onto and removed from a stereo

The Wheel Bellows

A characteristic feature of the dwelling house in most parts of Ireland was the open hearth or the hearth on floor level. With such hearths some means of creating a draught was necessary, particularly with certain types of fuel. Draughts were induced in many ways, ranging from the ordinary primitive method of using a piece of cardboard, a thin metal sheet, or an apron, to the more sophisticated hand bellows:The ordinary hand-bellows (worked with both hands, the wind being expelled through a pipe) is used (and was). People who were too poor to afford a bellows got a sheet of paper or some solid light object, stood in front of the fire and with the object held extended in both hands moved it fastIy up and down with a perpendicular motion.

Chemical Suppression of the Meadow Spittlebug in Strawberries, 1980

Abstract This study was conducted at the Snyder Farm of OARDC located at Wooster, OH on a 3-year old planting of ‘Midway’ strawberries. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications was utilized. Plot size was 76 inches long by 20 inches wide with rows 48 inches apart. Insecticides were applied on May 27 when plants were in full bloom. They were sprayed with a CO2 powered constant sprayer equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and No. 23 core at the rate of 100 gal/acre. To confine the insecticides to their respective plots in the continuous rows a piece of cardboard 3 ft x 3 ft was secured at each end of the plot. Fungicides were applied to the entire experimental area on May 20 and Jun 2 at the following rates: Benlate 50WP 0.5 lb + Captan 50WP 1.5/100 gal. Nymphal counts were made by tossing a wire frame I ft2 near the center portion of a plot and counting the number of spittle masses present on any part of the plants Inside the square.

Simulated Three-Point Problems

Visualizing and solution of three-point-problems can be simulated by burying a piece of cardboard in a box of sand. Three wires representing well holes are sunk into the sand, and strike the buried stratum. The depth of each well hole and its relative position are measured. From these data, diagrams can be constructed that illustrate the strike, dip, and position of outcrop. Traditional mathematical analysis of the data determines these parameters.

Concentration

The rules for this game are similar to the rules for the television game. A “Concentration” board is needed. On a large piece of cardboard, rule off a number of squares (or rectangles)—the number will depend on the ability and grade level of the class the teacher is teaching. The examples used will depend on the kind of drill the teacher wants to provide. Suppose a teacher wants to drill students on equivalent fractions. Then the board might look like the one in figure 1.

Preference for mirror-image stimulation in finches ( Passer domesticus domesticus) and parakeets ( Melopsittacus undulatus)

When given a continuous choice both finches and parakeets were observed to spend appreciably more time in front of their own reflection in a mirror than in front of another bird, food, or a blank piece of cardboard. The preference for mirrors not only persisted over days, but showed a tendency to increase in both species. An attempt to explain these data in terms of what are considered to be unique psychological properties of mirror-image stimulation was presented.

Additional notes onsclerolinum brattstromi(pogonophora) and the establishment of a new family, sclerolinidae

Abstract Sclerolinum brattstromi inhabits various types of decaying wood, old pieces of rope, and was found on old pieces of cardboard and leather. The body terminates in a multisegmental structure without setae or terminal sucker but with metamerically arranged septa dividing the coelom into serially arranged coelomic pouches. Because of the obvious differences between this genus and all other known Pogonophora a new family, Sclerolinidae, is proposed to accommodate the two known species, sibogae (Southward, 1961) and brattstromi (Webb, 1964c). It is not possible to place this family in either of the orders, but the opinion expressed is that it might form a separate order.

Differential Illumination within a Microscope Field for Making a Photomicrograph

Variations in density and/or coloration of stained sections involving distinct tissues often make attractive photographic rendition difficult because a proper filter for the light-colored areas renders dark-colored areas too black in the final print. This happens when the necessary filter is placed at the light source. In many cases the difficulty can be overcome by removing the light-source filter and inserting a perforated gelatin filter between the slide and the upper surface of the condenser lens. The filter is prepared by punching holes in a 1 cm wide strip of gelatin with a sharp needle and then gluing the filter to a piece of cardboard to serve as a handle. To manipulate, the condenser is lowered slightly, the filter inserted under the slide and moved until one of the tiny holes serves as a window and directly illuminates the dense portion of the section; then the condenser is raised to its normal position, thereby holding the filter in place. Thus, depending upon th light value of the filter, the ...

Techniques de préparation des Ichneumonides facilitant leur étude systématique

We find it necessary: 1. To pin the Ichneumonids, even those of the small size when they can still stand a pin No 0. The finer pins, however, are not advisable, The sticking badly done often produces more difficulties than the pinning with the aid of inoxidable pins. 2. The wings should be opened and as far removed from the body as possible. On the contrary the legs should be folded and the antennae spread apart. 3. The very small species can only be studied when they are stuck on a thin piece of cardboard with a pointed end or fixed to an extra fine pin (minutie). The pointed end of the cardboard should be kept at a right angle and the insect glued at the end on the sides, the head always pointing in the same direction that is towards the left to keep to a uniform method of preparation and to facilitate comparisons. 4. Finally, it is essential that every specimen should be provided with a label where the name of the locality and the district are mentioned in capital letters alongwith the exact date of capture or hatching.

The oldster and his doctor.

In medical practice at its best, no one factor is more important than the proper relation between doctor and patient. This factor assumes particular significance in dealing with older patients. So much of pediatric practice consists of giving routine immunizations, recording weights and measurements, and prescribing formulas for various ages that a well-trained nurse can take over a great many of the pediatrician's duties. The doctor can usually stay in the youngster's good graces by giving him a lollipop or bright piece of cardboard after the nurse has done the dirty work of puncturing his skin. The oldster, however, is not so easily managed. The years have taught him caution in bestowing his confidence, and his diseases are apt to be of a chronic or recurrent nature. A satisfactory relation with his doctor is most important to the patient's well-being and peace of mind. Such a relation is most often

Devices for the Mathematics Classroom: Fishline and Sinkers

A fishline plus a few lead sinkers and a piece of cardboard are all that is needed to produce a dynamic model of a polyhedral angle.