Piece-rate Research Articles

PEMBERIAN UPAH BURUH TANI KELAPA SAWIT DI DESA KERITANG KECAMATAN KEMUNING KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI SYARIAH

The purpose of this study to: (1) find out how the wage system for oil palm farm workers is (2) to determine welfare in the view of Islamic economics (3) to find out whether the given household can meet the needs of oil palm farm workers. This study uses a qualitative method. Methods of collecting data through interviews, observation, and documentation. The population in this study were farm laborers and farmers in the village of Keritang who found 30 people. The results show that the wage system used in Keritang Village uses a piece rate system. Pricing in the view of Islamic economics is in accordance with Islamic principles. However, offering gifts that have not been able to fulfill the eligibility, because the life that has been set has not been able to meet the needs of farm workers. The provision of wages has also not been able to meet the needs of life and has not been able to improve the welfare of the families of the farm workers.

Modern Dating and Performance

This article explores dating as/in performance, especially regarding the ‘first date’. It shows that modern data-driven Internet/app dating can seem quite mundane and lead to work-like 'burnout', which is most likely why dating-performers such as the infamous 'Tinder Swindler', a male dater who often played the 'role' of an heir to a diamond tycoon on Tinder to defraud women, opted to make the app dating experience more exceptional and 'immersive' – and at the same time dangerous and fraudulent. He thereby arguably responded to a heightened yearning for exceptional, emotional experiences in the face of a growing datafication and rationalization that is in line with current developments in capitalist culture. The article demonstrates that a blended performance of the mundane and the exceptional can work against such extremes of 'burnout' or capitalist exploitation, by giving a voice and agency to those who have not been listened to – or have often been viewed as passive – in the dating process, for instance due to their gender and ethnicity. Theories of the performance of the everyday and of digital everyday performance are employed to enhance the understanding of how such blended pieces work, but it will also be shown that the 'mundane' and the 'exceptional' can take on a multiplicity of meanings in this context, or even resist a fixed meaning altogether at times, in order to counteract simplistic readings or (pre-)conceptions regarding gender and ethnicity. The case studies analysed here – Lían Amaris Sifuentes’ and Luke DuBois' Fashionably Late for the Relationship (2007-8) and Jacob Boehme's Blood on the Dance Floor (2016) – work with feminist and queer-indigenous-HIV-positive dramaturgies to shed light on the dating process, embrace the performance of the mundane, but, as I argue, also work creatively with blendings between the mundane and the exceptional in order to provoke socio-political change.

Working in heat: Contrasting heat management approaches among outdoor employees and contractors

Exposure to high heat and humidity in the workplace is a critical health and safety issue. In Australia, where heat waves are occurring with more frequency and intensity the risks posed by occupational heat exposure have been acknowledged by employer groups, trade unions, and statutory government agencies. In this study we investigate the employment context in which heat stress is experienced, and whether the mode of employment affects the capacity to manage it. We examine the experience of workplace heat exposure for two groups of affected outdoor workers: contracted pieceworkers in bicycle delivery and permanently employed municipal workers in parks and road maintenance. Data was collected in Sydney during the summer of 2019 via surveys and in-person interviews with the two sets of workers. Research findings reflect the well-established nexus between outside temperature, humidity and work effort in producing heat stress. The comparative findings reveal that more secure forms of employment enable social organisation and workflow to manage heat stress and that, conversely, more contingent forms of employment such as contractual piece work can exacerbate exposure. The research demonstrates that the mode of employment has a direct bearing on the capacity to address workplace heat stress: growth in contract or ‘gig’ work may exacerbate impacts; this issue is likely to become more important with advancing climate change.

Wage System Given By Plantation Lords to Contract Coolie Workers In East Sumatra

This study tries to find out the wage system that coolies obey in tobacco plantations in Deli, East Sumatra, the methods used by the authorities to punish coolies there, and the influence of the wage system on the colonial life of coolies in tobacco plantations in Deli. East Sumatra. using research techniques and libraries to obtain the necessary facts (library research). The research findings indicate that Development has emerged as a key attraction for other parties wishing to make financial investments in Deli. The gardeners' piece rate scheme is used only for their benefit. The coolies actually suffered a lot under this regime because their 35 cents per hour work was too little to meet their needs. Another problem is if the garden owner withholds wages when the employees are disciplined and pays for tools that the employees will use at work according to the wage system. The porter was responsible for paying for everything in bulk. This causes the life of the coolies to become even more difficult, because for their daily needs they have to toil with lives that are threatened.

How Does Environmental Temperature Affect Farmworkers' Work Rates in the California Heat Illness Prevention Study?

Estimate the association between environmental temperature (wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT]) and work rate over the course of a workday. Repeated-measures regression was used to identify characteristics impacting work rate in a cross-sectional study of Latino farmworkers. Minute-by-minute work rate (measured by accelerometer) and WBGT were averaged over 15-minute intervals. Work rate decreased by 4.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], -7.09 to -1.59) counts per minute per degree Celsius WBGT in the previous 15-minute interval. Cumulative quarter hours worked (2.13; 95% CI, 0.82 to 3.45), age (-3.64; 95% CI, -4.50 to -2.79), and dehydration at the end of workday (51.37; 95% CI, 19.24 to 83.50) were associated with counts per minute as were gender, pay type (piece rate vs hourly) and body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 . The effects of pay type and body mass index were modified by gender. Increased temperature was associated with a decrease in work rate.

Impact of Hiring Contractual Workers on Sustainable Supply Chain in Exporting Textile of Pakistan

Textile industry is one of the major sources of revenue generation for Pakistan. For the last two decade this has been the key source of the inflow of foreign exchange through export of garments and textiles goods. Many global retailers and brands like Tesco, JC Penny, Wal-Mart, and Next etc. are sourcing their goods from Pakistan. These Retailers purchase garments and textile on some specific conditions such as cheap merchandising, quality standards and social and environmental compliance. In order to comply with social standards these multinational buyers enforce their vendors to follow the land law and their own code of conduct. The severity of issues varies from violation to violation. For example, nonpayment of overtime violations is taken as serious issues. In contrast, failure to pay legal benefits to labors as EOBI, group insurance and leaves are less threatening. Hiring contractual employment especially on piece rate is one of the core factors that lead to these non-compliances (NCs). A total of 60 unpublished social compliance onsite audit reports of textile and garment factories working with foreign buyers in Pakistan were analyzed. Chai-Square test applied to test the hypothesis. The result reflects that there is an association exists between hiring contractual piece rate workers, employment old age benefit, and group insurance and leaves violation. Current study may be helpful in exploring the major factors that may lead to overtime, employment old age benefit, group insurance and leaves violation. The findings may also help NGOs, government and global buyers to develop policies that provide better control over workers’ rights in developing countries like Pakistan for sustainable business growth.

KOMPARASI UPAH BORONGAN DAN UPAH HARIAN TERHADAP KINERJA

The objective of this research is to compare the performance of workers paid by the piece and the performance of those paid by hour. The research object is CV Albizzia Sinar Gemilang. This company applies two payment system to its workers. The respondents of this research are 83 production employees. The hypotheses of this research were tested using T test. This study finds different performance between workers paid by the piece and those paid by the hour. It advised that CV Albizzia Sinar Gemilang improve the performance of their employees and apply piece rate pay to all of its workers. Furthermore, the company is suggested to increase production supervision to improve the quality of its products.

Principal’s distributive preferences and the incentivization of agents

Do principals' distributive preferences affect the allocation of incentives within firms? We run a Principal-Agent lab experiment, framed as a firm setting. In the experiment, subjects are randomized in the principal or worker position. Principals must choose piece rate wage contracts for two workers that differ in terms of ability. Workers have to choose an effort level that is non-contractible. Principals are either paid in proportion to the output produced (Stakeholder treatment) or paid a fixed wage (Spectator treatment). We study how principals make trade-offs between incentive concerns (motivating workers to maximize output) and their own normative distributive preferences. We find that, despite the firm-frame and the moral hazard situation, principals do hold egalitarian concerns, as principals are on average willing to trade off their firm's performance (and so their own income) for more wage equality among their workers. The willingness to reduce inequality among workers is sensitive to both extensive and intensive margin incentives, which shows that principals' choices are shaped by incentives that they face themselves.

Performance Analysis of the LoRaWAN Protocol for Data Transmission In Urban Area Scenarios

Long Reach Wide Region Organization (LoRaWAN) is a kind of organization for remote media transmission region intended to empower far off correspondence with significant distance correspondence and low piece rate. LoRaWAN can be utilized on correspondence networks that have a wide reach utilizing end gadgets. LoRaWAN offers a great many benefits to the test of IoT execution, however the ongoing execution of LoRaWAN innovation is still exceptionally restricted, requiring practicality testing and examination how much LoRaWAN innovation is equipped for being carried out in metropolitan regions in Indonesia. In this examination, an investigation of the exhibition of the LoRaWAN convention for information transmission with metropolitan region situations in Malang City is done. The strategy utilized in this study is to reproduces LoRaWAN convention in Organization Test system 3 (NS-3) application by changing the boundaries to decide the impact on the quantity of end gadgets, sweep of the passage reach, and information sending period to the boundaries throughput and parcel misfortune. From the aftereffects of exploration demonstrated that for the utilization of convention LoRaWAN in metropolitan regions, the more end gadgets utilized, the more prominent the throughput esteem and the more prominent the worth of bundle misfortune acquired. What's more, the more extensive the region required, the throughput and bundle misfortune acquired are steady. And afterward, the bigger the time of information transmission, the more modest the throughput esteem is acquired and the more modest the worth of bundle misfortune got

PERSPEKTIF MAQÂ?ID SYARI’AH TERHADAP SISTEM SADOH BURUH TANI DALAM TRADISI NGERAMPEK DI DESA KURIPAN SELATAN KECAMATAN KURIPAN KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

The form of muamalah transaction that is often carried out by the Sasak tribe community, especially the people of South Kuripan Village, Kuripan West Lombok is the tradition of the ngerampek sadoh (Wage) system, this tradition of the ngerampek sadoh (Wage) system has been going on for a long time, and has even become a tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation until now. This. The discussion in this research concerns the sadoh system of farm workers in the "ngerampek" tradition in Kuripan Selatan Village, Kuripan District, West Lombok, NTB and what is the Maqhasid Syari'ah Perspective on the sadoh system of farm workers in the ngerampek tradition in Kuripan Selatan Village, Kuripan District, West Lombok, NTB. Sadoh System (Wages) in the Ngerampek Tradition in Kuripan Selatan Village, Kuripan, West Lombok, the rental period for agricultural labor services in the ngerampek tradition does not have clear time provisions for mu'jir and musta'jir, only the rental period for services is until the end of the harvest (conditional), wages depending on the harvest, if the harvest is 9 quintals then the wages are 1 quintal, the wages depend on the harvest location, if the location is difficult then the wages are a lot, otherwise the wages are small, wages are based on a piece rate or batch system and depend on the harvest, and if viewed from the perspective of maqâ?id syari'ah then The wage system in this ngerampek tradition has legal consequences which are detailed as follows: the rental period for agricultural labor services and wages depending on the harvest that apply in this tradition are permitted because in the custom what is seen is that its existence is carried out for the sake of maintaining ?aruriyyatil khamsah and achieving benefit between both parties, while the wage system depends on the harvest and wages with a piece rate or bangketan system and depending on the harvest are prohibited in order to prevent conflict (sadd al-?ari'ah)

Symbols of the Sentient House of Usher: An Ecocritic Approach

This analysis is an attempt to examine usage of symbols in the ‘sentient’ house of Usher, a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. The short narrative is commonly renowned to as The Fall of the House of Usher. The paper has been premised on an ecocritic approach. Ecocriticism is a study that uses an interdisciplinary lens in its view on literature and environment. Mainly it concentrates on the relationship betwixt literary work and the surrounding, emphasizing on a habit of scrutiny that is vigilant to environmental issues. The main objective of such a reading is to highlight more ways of curbing environmental exploitation, minimizing or eliminating environmental violence, as well as end ecocide. This work evaluated Poes’ work and explored how symbolism has depicted nature and environmental concerns in his work. The analysis was guided by some of the major tenets of ecocriticism theory and hence, has been anchored on an ecocritic approach. Some of the tenets that guided it are death, tradition, and environmental rights. Symbolism is a technique of constructing literary and artistic work that is depicted through employment of symbols either because of interest in the craft and furnishing the piece work with an appealing literary fragrance or for whatsoever reason, such as portray environment. One of the main functions of symbolism in literary work is to censure society obscurely, securely, and devoid of any possible harm or victimization that may fall upon the author.

Assessing associations between insecure income and US workers’ health: An IPUMS-MEPS analysis

Gig economy compensation policy initiatives, such as California Prop 22, are increasing the number of US workers receiving piece rate pay (PRP) and other forms of insecure income. However, there is limited evidence about how this trend affects people's health. Using data from the 2008-19 IPUMS Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we examined associations between insecure compensation and US adults' self-reported overall health as well as psychological distress. We report significant associations with three types of insecure income — PRP, hourly, and daily pay — on overall health and psychological distress. These effects were robust to adjustment for suspected confounders, but point estimates suggested that the effect of each type of non-salary compensation differed by sex, level of education, income level, and health insurance coverage. These findings warrant policy makers' consideration as they balance the purported benefits of gig economy non-salary compensated work with implications for workers' health.

Piece‐rate cuts and ratchet effects

AbstractI use a quasi experiment, conducted in the field, to evaluate how the workers of an economic firm responded to threats to cut their piece rates. During the study, the piece rate paid to workers was initially set above the regular rate, given working conditions. In a commitment treatment this high rate was paid without any threat of revision. During a non‐commitment trial, the high rate was accompanied by a threat from management to reduce the rate if, after two days of work, average earnings were too high. The empirical results display strong ratchet effects. Workers withheld output by 16% under non‐commitment relative to commitment. The firm eventually reduced the piece rate from the initial high rate, but left it above the regular rate, giving workers the possibility to extract rents. Workers showed no tendency to restrict output during this phase of the study.

Etika Al-Ghazālian dan Titik Temunya dengan Etika Kantian

With his immense intellectual stature and his encyclopaedic knowledge, al-Ghazâli has influenced Islamic thought and defined its practice for nearly nine centuries. Like many legal experts and philosophers, al-Ghazâli divides the universe into the transient world and the eternal hereafter. This world, or temporary existence, is subject to the will of God. It is not governed by a set of scientific laws, but is maintained, governed and driven by the direct and continual intervention of God (rejection of causality). God is not only the creator of the universe and of its attributes and laws (or the cause of existence). He is also the cause of every event in the world, great and small, past, present and future. As a Sufi, al-Ghazâli does have a theory of ethic as a part of his tasawuf discipline. Some experts come to consider al-Ghazâli as a Sufi figure, some other also goes to classify him as a prominent figure of philosophy. This is understandable actually, because from the books he wrote all indicates his interest on both tasawuf as well as philosophy. By considering his books Maqâshid al-Falâsifah or Tahâfut al-Falâsifah, or through his Mi’yâr al’Ilm, one would consider him as a true philosopher. But one might also comes to conclude him as a real Sufi or a true mystic simply by looking at his master piece works such as Ihyâ al-Ulûm al-Dîn, or Kitab al-Arbâ’in dan al-Munqidz min al-Dhalâl.

Payment of Labour Wage for Construction Site Operations with Safety Risk

Abstract The increasing rate of unsafe acts by construction workers during construction operations to earn more wages is raising new concerns due to its negative effects; including accidents on construction sites. This study, therefore, examined the relationship between the level of safety risk in different building construction operations/trades and methods of payment of wages for construction operatives to determine if the wage payment method was predicted by the level of risk in each operation. Prior to this, the study prioritised selected construction operations based on their safety risk level and rated the method of payment of wages for each operation based on their frequency of utilisation. A site-based survey was conducted using structured questionnaire and interview, administered to building tradesmen and labourers in South-East Nigeria. The study identified 12 high-risk level and 7 medium-risk level operations/trades. The study ranked roofing work as the riskiest building operation. It also found that negotiated lump sum, piece rate and time rate wage systems respectively, were the most prevalent wage payment systems in the payment of wages for operatives. Although the study also found that the level of risk has positive effect on the method of payment of wages (β = 0.214; t-stat = 0.640), it revealed that the level of risk involved in each operation/trade does not significantly predict the payment method used in payment of workers’ wages (F-Stat (0.409) < F-Critical (4.451); p (0.531) > 0.05). It identified negotiated lump sum wage payment method as an emerging wage payment system in Nigeria construction industry and suggested for further investigation to unravel the circumstances behind its high acceptance. The study then craved for review of existing labour laws in Nigeria to capture the new trends in the labour management of risky operations on construction sites.

Sweated Labour among Clothing Outworkers at the Start of the Twenty-First Century

This study examines whether sweating existed in clothing outwork in Australia at the start of the twenty-first century. A history from below investigation is conducted of the working lives of immigrant outworkers, interviewed in their own language in their own homes. Content and textual analyses of their narratives show that outwork was sweated labour. Individuals worked intensively for long hours, sometimes through the night, and often helped by family members. They worked so hard because piece rates were very low, work was irregular, and they could gain no other job. However, individuals disliked the job the least when they could pay the bills by working themselves to exhaustion. The results contribute to debates by showing that outwork was not undertaken for reasons of entrepreneurship, flexible working hours, or “pin money.” Outworkers carried out large volumes of repetitive sewing tasks to meet tight deadlines so they could make a basic living.

No Higher Risk-Seeking Tendencies or Altered Self-Estimation in a Social Decision-Making Task in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with a tendency towards more risky decisions. However, the commonly used paradigms typically neglect the social context. Here, we investigated social decision-making and self-estimation in a competitive experimental task. A computerized experimental setting was used in which 86 PD patients (age = 66.5 [50-79], 62.8% male, H&Y = 2 [1.5-3]) and 44 healthy controls (HC; age = 67 [54-79], 54.4% male) in groups of four performed mathematical addition tasks in which they were asked to calculate as many sums as possible in five minutes. Participants had to choose their preferred compensation scheme ("piece rate" versus "tournament") and retrospectively rank their performance in comparison to the suspected performance of the others. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was also conducted. No significant difference was found in overall social decision-making and self-estimation between PD patients and HC. However, for those individuals who made inadequate decisions, PD patients engaged in significantly more risk-averse and HC in more risky decisions. Concerning those inadequate decisions, the PD patients made more extreme decisions (severity of social decision-making) in both directions (risk-averse, risk-seeking). Our data indicate that social decision-making behavior and self-estimation are largely intact in PD patients with mild to moderate disease stages and intact global cognition, executive functions, and social cognition. Future studies with more heterogeneous PD samples regarding their neuropsychological profile will have to examine at which state social decision-making may be affected and by which factors this behavior might be influenced.

Does Minimum Wage Increase Labor Productivity? Evidence from Piece Rate Workers

I examine worker effort as a potential margin of adjustment to a minimum wage hike using unique data on piece rate workers who perform a homogenous task and whose individual output is rigorously recorded. By employing a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits the increase in Florida’s minimum wage from $6.79 to $7.21 on January 1, 2009, and worker location on the pre-2009 productivity distribution, I provide evidence consistent with incumbent workers’ positive effort responses.

Pay for performance schemes and manufacturing worker productivity: Evidence from a kinked design in China

This paper examines workers’ response to a nonlinear payment system with a penalty and a reward design in a manufacturing firm in China. Using bunching methods, our estimates show that about 31% of workers make decisions with errors, and the structural elasticity of output response to the piece rate is 0.28. The focal nonlinear payment scheme generates 4% output gains compared with a linear payment scheme given the same total wage costs. Further decomposition analysis shows that the reward aspect of the nonlinear scheme mainly contributes to total output gains. Counterfactual analyses show that total output generated by the nonlinear payment system falls with the reduced worker heterogeneity. Our results illustrate the role of worker heterogeneity in designing compensation schemes and provide new insights into the increasing adoption of nonlinear payment systems in modern manufacturing production.

Performance pay, productivity, and strategic opt-out: Evidence from a community health center

We use data from a health center serving primarily low-income patients to examine medical providers’ output responses to a change from a salary-based compensation plan to one that rewards providers for seeing more patients each month. Providers working for piece rates produce 18 percent more patient encounters, but only a small portion of this increase was due to individual responses to the incentives. The remainder resulted from changes in workforce composition and from providers’ strategic choices about when to join the piece-rate plan. The small incentive effect is consistent with experimental evidence that effort is less sensitive to financial incentives when individuals work for an organization whose mission is aligned with their values.