Pictures Of Objects Research Articles

Object color knowledge representation occurs in the macaque brain despite the absence of a developed language system.

Animals guide their behaviors through internal representations of the world in the brain. We aimed to understand how the macaque brain stores such general world knowledge, focusing on object color knowledge. Three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments were conducted in macaque monkeys: viewing chromatic and achromatic gratings, viewing grayscale images of their familiar fruits and vegetables (e.g., grayscale strawberry), and viewing true- and false-colored objects (e.g., red strawberry and green strawberry). We observed robust object knowledge representations in the color patches, especially the one located around TEO: the activity patterns could classify grayscale pictures of objects based on their memory color and response patterns in these regions could translate between chromatic grating viewing and grayscale object viewing (e.g., red grating-grayscale images of strawberry), such that classifiers trained by viewing chromatic gratings could successfully classify grayscale object images according to their memory colors. Our results showed direct positive evidence of object color memory in macaque monkeys. These results indicate the perceptually grounded knowledge representation as a conservative memory mechanism and open a new avenue to study this particular (semantic) memory representation with macaque models.

Coloring in the world of others: color use in visual orientalism, 1890–1920

This study investigates the impact of media on color sense: our ability to see different colors and use them to interpret the world. Specifically, we examine the role of color in the cultural construction of the Orient—an ‘imagined geography’ used to justify colonial domination—in two turn-of-the-twentieth-century types of color(ed) photographs: photochromes, where a printer added color, and autochromes, where colors were captured during exposure. While most research on visual Orientalism has focused on content, we use machine learning methods to study the most important formal element of visual Orientalism: color. After using K-means clustering to extract sixteen dominant colors from each photograph in our dataset, we train three different random forest classification algorithms to make a distinction between (A) the two color media (B) photochromes of the Orient and the Occident; and (C) autochromes of the Orient and the Occident. Subsequently, we apply Shapley Additive Explanations, an explainable AI method, to interpret the output of the classifiers. This allows us to examine how specific features (colors) impacted the classifiers’ predictions. While the algorithm can easily separate photochromes from autochromes (0.95) and Oriental from Occidental photochromes (0.93), it struggles with the same task in the autochrome collection (0.68). These findings support three interconnected conclusions: (1) color sense became mediated in the late nineteenth century, (2) in photochromes, the presence and absence of specific colors was a vital aspect of visual Orientalism, (3) the autochrome, where color was derived from light, provided a more objective picture of countries in the near and middle East than the photochrome.

Alexander Maksimovich Kolchin as a Church Artist of the Classical Era

New Age church art is one of the most dynamically developing areas of contemporary Russian art history. The constant process of reconstruction and restoration of churches requires a scientific approach and documentary substantiation. The artistic merits of church art in the Classical era are highly appreciated by specialists, but biographies of masters of mural painting and iconography are rarely published and are little known. The study of biographies and works of painters who devoted themselves entirely to temple decoration is important for compiling an objective picture of Russian culture of the 19th century.Alexander Maximovich Kolchin (1812-1866) was born and grew up in Yaroslavl, was on the staff of the bishop’s house masters, received the title of a non-class artist at the Imperial Academy of Arts (Academy of Arts) in St. Petersburg, worked in six rural and several urban churches in Yaroslavl province, renewed murals in Vologda and painted a new church in Kashin, Tver province. In this article for the first time all available information about the painter, scattered in different editions, is brought together; new archival documents are published and the artist’s work is analyzed in the context of classicism stylistics. Documents from the personal file of A.M. Kolchin from the Russian State Historical Archive are introduced into the scientific turnover, which inform that the master painted portraits from life, the whereabouts of which are still unknown. Although there are few surviving works by A.M. Kolchin, they demonstrate the high skill of the painter, which was documented by the exacting council of the Academy of Arts in 1853. A.M. Kolchin was distinguished by his knowledge of Old Russian sources of church art and full awareness of its theological and liturgical meaning; his fluent mastery of the basics of academic drawing and masterly ability to combine mural painting with architectural forms; a wide range of subject compositions and depictions of individual figures.The article allows to expand the corpus of information about the artist and his works, and this publication will serve as a basis for further research.

Urban family with minor children: resources, moral guidelines and social adaptation of working parents. Part one

The first part of the article presents the results of studying the daily activities of working parents in the field of caring for minor children and their upbringing. Data from monitoring studies of the daily activities and time budget of urban residents carried out during 1986-2020 were used. The composition of families with children is considered and the resource characteristics of parents are analyzed, which turned out to be very similar for fathers and mothers. The relationship of parents' time spent on caring for children and their upbringing with parents' belonging to fathers and mothers, with their age, level of education, religious identity and income level in parents' families, as well as with some value orientations of fathers and mothers, is investigated. The analysis showed that the objective picture of working parents using time resources for activities with children does not agree with their subjective opinion that “activities with their childre n, their upbringing is the most important thing in the life of both spouses”. At the same time, most working fathers and mothers are satisfied with the time spent both on caring for children and on their upbringing as time resources. The characteristics of the provision of fathers and mothers with other resources do not affect their satisfaction with time spent. There is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the time spent on raising children and parents' satisfaction with life in general. An analysis of the moral guidelines of parents, which are the moral basis for the process of socialization of minor children in the family, has shown that more than half of the moral qualities related to virtues are the norm for the vast majority of fathers and to a somewhat lesser extent for mothers. At the same time, there is a tendency to blur parents' ideas about qualities-virtues and anti-virtues as a norm and deviation from it. In addition, a trend is emerging in which, judging by estimates, a considerable part of parents do not see a positive life prospect for their children, in terms of their social adaptation, if children in life are guided by the same virtues as the parents themselves. The first part in the article analyzes the composition and resource potential and the use of time resources of parents for child care and upbringing. The second part will be about the moral guidelines and the results of social adaptation of working parents. The numbering of tables and figures is continuous in both parts.

Visual long-term memory is not made more precise with medial-frontal direct-current stimulation

ABSTRACT Previous research suggests that applying anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to the medial-frontal cortex can improve how quickly subjects learn to make simple discriminations (i.e., red from blue). Here, we tested the idea that this enhanced task learning is attributable to superior encoding of relevant information into visual long-term memory. Thirty subjects completed an anodal stimulation session and a sham session, with order counterbalanced across subjects, before performing recognition-memory tasks using pictures of real-world objects and visually presented words or nonwords. These tasks allowed us to detect potential memory differences across types of memoranda. Contrary to the hypothesis that the medial-frontal cortex helps control encoding fidelity, we found that anodal tDCS delivered over this brain region did not significantly improve subjects’ memory for visual stimuli, regardless of stimulus type. Our findings show no evidence that targeting medial-frontal cortex with tDCS changes the fidelity of our visual long-term memories.

Knowledge over Time of Action Codes for Perceived Objects: An Exploratory Study on Developmental Children.

Over the past 20 years, there has been a growing interest in the processing of tool objects, and in the spatial S-R correspondence effects obtained with pictures of manipulable objects. Beyond the original affordance activation account, a location coding account has been proposed for such behavioral effects, which states that the location of the visually salient portion of an object speeds up spatially aligned motor responses and slows down misaligned ones. Furthermore, an additional action coding account has been proposed, according to which it is the direction of the action of the perceived object (e.g., "pouring tea leftward" when the spout of a teapot is leftward-oriented) that biases motor performance. We investigated this action coding account of S-R correspondence effects by comparing the reaction time (RT) performance of two groups: younger (6 to 9 years old) and older (10 to 13 years old) children. We assumed that knowledge of tool objects and the activation of action codes from object perception is proportional to age. Therefore, a larger correspondence effect was hypothesized for the older relative to the younger children's group. Consistently, a 34 ms correspondence effect was observed in the older children relative to the younger ones (18 ms). The results support the view that action direction is a constitutive feature of tool objects, which is subject to experience, and thus, to increasing knowledge over time.

Book Review of “Planificarea teritoriala integratã a unui sistem montan complex. Microregiunea Bazinul Dornelor” [Integrated Territorial Planning of a Complex Mountain System. Dornelor Basin Microregion], authored by Daniela Antonescu, LUMEN Publishing, 2024

The book titled “Planificarea teritoriala integrata a unui sistem montan complex. Microregiunea Bazinul Dornelor” [Integrated Territorial Planning of a Complex Mountain System. Dornelor Basin Microregion], published in April 2024, is the latest book by the author, Daniela Antonescu, scientific researcher II at the Mountain Economy Center of the Romanian Academy. With over 25 years of experience in academic research, the author follows the trajectory of the integrated territorial planning and development process in the Dornelor Basin Microregion, providing a complete, relevant and objective picture of the profile of this Romanian mountain area characterized by a special beauty and importance.

Subsequent Memory Effects in Cortical Pattern Similarity Differ by Semantic Class.

Although living and nonliving stimuli are known to rely on distinct brain regions during perception, it is largely unknown if their episodic memory encoding mechanisms differ as well. To investigate this issue, we asked participants to encode object pictures (e.g., a picture of a tiger) and to retrieve them later in response to their names (e.g., word "tiger"). For each of four semantic classes (living-animate, living-inanimate, nonliving-large, and nonliving-small), we examined differences in the similarity in activation patterns (neural pattern similarity [NPS]) for subsequently remembered versus forgotten items. Higher NPS for remembered items suggests an advantage of within-class item similarity, whereas lower NPS for remembered items indicates an advantage for item distinctiveness. We expect NPS within class-specific regions to be higher for remembered than for forgotten items. For example, the parahippocampal cortex has a well-known role in scene processing [Aminoff, E. M., Kveraga, K., & Bar, M. The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 379-390, 2013], and the anterior temporal and inferior frontal gyrus have well-known roles in object processing [Clarke, A., & Tyler, L. K. Object-specific semantic coding in human perirhinal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 4766-4775, 2014]. As such, we expect to see higher NPS for remembered items in these regions pertaining to scenes and objects, respectively. Consistent with this hypothesis, in fusiform, parahippocampal, and retrosplenial regions, higher NPS predicted memory for subclasses of nonliving objects, whereas in the left inferior frontal and left retrosplenial regions, lower NPS predicted memory for subclasses of living objects. Taken together, the results support the idea that subsequent memory depends on a balance of similarity and distinctiveness and demonstrate that the neural mechanisms of episodic encoding differ across semantic categories.

Architectural Synergy: Investigating the Role of Artificial Neural Networks in Enabling Deep Learning

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have transformed the area of deep learning by demonstrating exceptional abilities in a range of tasks, including object identification, picture identification, and natural language processing. Yet, study and investigation into the complex interactions between various architectural elements inside CNNs known as architectural synergy remain continuing. This study addresses the consequences of architectural synergy for improving model performance, scalability, and reliability, and examines how it enables deep learning using CNNs. Using an extensive examination of extant literature and real-world implementation cases, we clarify the processes that underlie architectural synergy and underscore its capacity to enhance the capabilities of CNN-powered models. We hope to further our knowledge of the fundamental ideas behind the effectiveness of CNNs in deep learning by illuminating this important area of neural network architecture learning tasks.

Cross-modal interactions in language production: evidence from word learning.

Literate adults are able to produce the same word in different language modalities-for instance, through speaking and writing. Yet how speaking and writing interact is not well understood. The present study takes a new perspective on the question of the co-activation of phonological and orthographic representations in speaking and writing by examining the acquisition of novel words. We tested how novel words get integrated into modality-specific lexicons by biasing novel word acquisition toward speaking or writing and assessing cross-modal transfer at the first stages of learning. Participants learned novel words paired with pictures of novel objects and practiced them overtly through speaking or typing. At test, typed training led to higher recall accuracy than spoken training whether words were recalled through typing or speaking. Performance in typing (RT and durations) benefited more from typed than spoken training. Crucially, performance in speaking did not benefit specifically from spoken training and was similar after spoken or typed training. Results are compatible with an asymmetric integration in the phonological and orthographic lexicons according to the modality of training, with representations created in the orthographic lexicon directly transferring to the phonological lexicon, while the opposite doesn't seem to occur. Cross-modal transfer dynamics are discussed according to the level of lexical activation.

Geogebra in Real-Life: Important Tips to Support Student Creative Thinking in Mathematics

Creativity is an important personality trait to use in everyday life. This allows us to be flexible when facing real life situations. Mathematics education should be seen as an opportunity for creativity development, even though creativity is not traditionally associated with mathematics. One of the goals of education at every level is to encourage students to think creatively, think logically, and be able to solve problems. This study aimed to provide important tips to support the student creative thinking when studying mathematics. This study also described activities outside the classroom that could develop the student creativity related to geometry. The methods used were surveys, interviews, and classroom and outdoor observations. We used brainstorming in mathematics education. The results of the research during the survey were visible. Researchers collaborated with students aged 19 to 21 years. We asked them to search for “any geometry” and take pictures of interesting objects while they were doing the activity. Next, students created ideas for geometry assignments based on the photos they took. The large collection of photos collected represented the basis for creating mathematical problems without any specific steps related to geometric objects. These open problems could be solved by students. In conclusion, Geogebra could encourage the student creative thinking by providing the opportunity to experiment with their own ideas and find solutions to mathematical problems.

Pengaruh Moderasi Beragama Terhadap Prilaku Keagamaan Generasi Z

The role of religious moderation is very important in the school environment, because school is the place where students spend most of their time and receive a lot of influence from peers and teachers. In a multicultural environment such as at SMP Negeri 04 Kualuh Hulu, religious moderation can help students develop mutual respect and understanding of existing differences. This research aims to explore the influence of religious moderation on the religious behavior of generation Z at SMP Negeri 04 Kualuh Hulu. The research method used is field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. The analysis technique applied is Descriptive Analysis which provides a complete and orderly picture of the research object. Data was collected through observation and interviews with primary data sources in the form of three teachers and three students, as well as secondary data from previous studies. The research results show that students' understanding of religious moderation at SMP Negeri 04 Kualuh Hulu is quite diverse. Some students understand and apply the concept of religious moderation well, while others still show extreme or apathetic tendencies. The implementation of religious moderation in this school helps some students develop attitudes of tolerance and mutual respect, but there are still challenges in implementing it as a whole. Family environmental factors and the influence of social media also influence students' understanding and behavior regarding religious moderation. Therefore, further efforts and collaboration between schools and parents are needed to increase understanding and implementation of religious moderation among students.

Constitutionality of the Determination of the Candidate for Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia Based on the Law of State Administration

In 2024 Indonesia will hold General Elections (PEMILU) to elect the President and Vice President. Interestingly, even though the election has been completed, there are still controversial matters that lead to endless debates, namely related to the polemic over the validity of the determination of Gibran Rakabuming Raka as the Vice Presidential Candidate of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to provide an objective picture of the validity from the point of view of state administrative law with a theoretical approach that refers to the purpose of presenting state administrative law. The research method used is normative juridical research, using primary materials in the form of KPU Regulations, KPU Decisions, and MK Decisions 90/PUUXXI/2023 and secondary materials in the form of books, journal articles, and relevant online sources. The findings of this study show that the determination of Gibran Rakabuming Raka as the Vice Presidential Candidate of the Republic of Indonesia is contrary to Formal and Material rules in State Administrative Law.

N1 and LNC reveal the differential electrophysiological signatures of functional and hedonic images processing

In the process of creative sentence or phrase utilization, novel and appropriate evaluations cause the different brain responses observed in event-related potentials: the N400 reflects the novelty evaluation, whereas a late negative component marks appropriate processing. Do we have similar brain reactions in image perception when we rapidly browse pictures of objects with different novelty, functional/appropriate, and hedonic value? To explore this question, participants were presented with four novel object images with high or low functional and hedonic properties, as well as the ordinary product images, with the instruction to attentively observe and understand each image. We found a clear dissociation between processing of novelty and functional value: novelty objects produced negative deflections in the N2–N400 time window relative to the ordinary object images, whereas images with high functional value elicited a larger N2 and late negative waves (LNC) resembling the late component found for the appropriate phrases. Object images with high hedonic value, however, were associated with earlier aesthetic preference reflected in smaller N1 amplitudes, but failed to elicit a LNC effect. We therefore conclude that the processing of novelty, functional, and hedonic value are dissociation, and the perception of hedonic value is earlier (N1) than the novelty processing (N400) and the verification of functional value (LNC).

Auxological Status of Modern Primary School Students of Nizhny Novgorod Region

The article describes the characteristics of the resulting effector auxological morpho-functional status of primary school students, differentiated by gender and administrative-territorial characteristics. The objectives of the study included studying the auxological status of children adolescents, and primary school students in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the context of the peculiarities of the exoenvironment of residence in urban and rural areas. Materials and methods: Own data served as a source of anthropometry and physiometry indicators of the objective population of the region. The analysis of anthropological indicators was carried out by discretizing data sets that state an objective picture of auxological indicators at the regional level, taking into account the peculiarities of anthropogenic loads characteristic of the place of residence of the observed population groups. To quantify the values ​​and statistical differences in indicators by age, gender, and administrative characteristics, the median, standard deviation, and criteria were used: Fisher, Wilks, and Mahalanobis, with an error of differences at p < 0.05. Results: The stability of the age-sex evolution of auxological indicators is shown; the age-sex and territorial dimorphism of total body sizes is shown at 7-10 years of age, with residents of rural areas lagging in the observed indicators. Hemodynamic indicators in both boys and girls significantly prevail among students living in the metropolis relative to their rural counterparts, except diastolic blood pressure. Variance analytics shows differences in the distributions of anthropometry and hemodynamics, both by age and by the urbanization factor at p < 0.001. In the observed age period, at the initial stage, hemodynamic indicators act primarily as modifiers of the metropolis and rural groups. From the age of ten, according to the standardized coefficients of discriminant functions, according to the first canonical variable, the division of series also occurs according to anthropometric characteristics, among which the greatest contribution to the division of groups is made by body weight and body length, and the hemodynamic characteristic - diastolic blood pressure - has also proven to be decisive. Conclusion: Primary school students living in rural areas and in the metropolis of the Nizhny Novgorod region determine the observed indicators ambiguously; if residents of the metropolis state greater results for all observed auxological indicators, then rural peers demonstrate, while lagging in all observed indicators, greater indicators of diastolic blood pressure, which suggests a strain on adaptation mechanisms central character.

Повседневная жизнь населения Кабардино-Балкарии в годы Великой Отечественной войны: историография, источники

The article examines the study of the everyday life of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria during the Great Patriotic War in Russian and foreign historiography. The article pays particular attention to controversial issues that require an analytical approach. Research by historians devoted to the problems of the relationship between government and society, labor and normalized everyday life of the population is analyzed. The research reveals that there is not sufficient understanding of the experience of state and public associations in organizing social protection of the population. Prob-lems related to state policy and public initiatives to provide targeted support to the most vulnera-ble categories of the population and assistance to the front have been studied. A study of publica-tions on the state of medical care and living conditions of the population does not provide an ob-jective picture of the problem under consideration, since many of them lack a comparative analy-sis with all-Russian and regional indicators. The works of historians provide a detailed analysis of the issues related to information and ideological work, particularly in shaping the public con-sciousness of the population. At the same time, it has been established that the forms and methods of forming patriotic values of the civilian population in the rear remain undisclosed. The study of works related to the study of the daily life of the Balkar population in the conditions of a special settlement made it possible to determine conceptual approaches to the problem under study and to identify the characteristic features of its transformation at different stages. Characteristics of col-lections of documents and archival sources are given. Authors conclude that Russian and regional historiography reflect, to some extent, the study of the everyday living conditions of various popu-lation groups. However, the everyday life of the inhabitants of Kabardino-Balkaria has not been studied based on modern principles and methods of historical science.

Looking beyond literacy and phonology: word learning and phonological cue use in children with and without dyslexia

IntroductionThis study investigated whether children with and without dyslexia differ in word learning and whether phonological cues to word class play a role. If children with dyslexia have difficulties with implicit learning, they might be less sensitive to such cues.MethodsA group of 89 Dutch primary school children from Grades 3 to 6 participated in a word learning experiment, consisting of children with dyslexia (n = 44) and typically developing children (n = 45). Test items were four monosyllabic ‘verb-like' nonwords (e.g., voek) and four bisyllabic ‘noun-like' nonwords (e.g., banijn). They were presented as novel verbs or nouns in a two word sentence frame (e.g., “I voek” or “a voek”), paired with pictures of unfamiliar actions or objects. Nonwords were either consistent (e.g., “I voek,” “a banijn”) or inconsistent (e.g., “I banijn,” “a voek”) with word class. The word learning experiment consisted of a repetition, identification, and naming phase.ResultsChildren with dyslexia showed lower word learning outcomes in the naming phase. However, phonological cues did not affect word learning in either group. Regression analyses indicated that phoneme awareness, receptive vocabulary, and nonword reading were predictors of word learning for all children.DiscussionThese findings indicate that Dutch children with dyslexia have more difficulty in recalling novel words, fitting in with their phonological difficulties. Phonological cues to word class did not contribute to word learning in either group.

Eastern Lanna Product Design for Guest room of Northern Hotel in Thailand

This research is integrated the architecture and art design creative work with community for developing local products of Eastern Lanna, by design the interior decoration prototype in 36 square meter guest room (price 600 - 800 baht per night) of Phayao university hotel to inform Kham Mok Luang flower as symbolic media or one element of identity. The objectives of study is to set research teamwork of interior designer, architect, artist- designer to design decorative objects or props with community craftmans to increase value added handicraft products and community can develop their products to commercial business by their competency. The method is qualitative research that 4 designers collaborate with 10 textile and basketry handicrafts in Ang Thong district, Phayao Province by sharing their knowledges and skills together, start from design the symbolic pattern of Kham Mok Luang of cloth weaving and basketry raw material process, design the guest room decoration, produce the decorative objects or props : curtain, bed runner, head of bed, lamp, basket. After finishing the props the researcher set them in the mock up room, and take the pictures of decorative room and objects to be survey tool of stakeholders satisfaction opinion about symbolic pattern design and all decorative products. The result is to the most satisfaction in symbolic pattern, the products or props satisfaction is more to the most.

Consequences of chronodisruption on body weight regulation and metabolism

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically. At the same time, lack of sleep has become a part of the modern lifestyle, as well as shift and night work. As a result, chronodisruption, i. e. a change in physiological processes that are controlled by the internal clock, becomes commonplace. Epidemiological data show that too short but also too long sleep are associated with an increased risk of obesity, also seen for night shift work. Overweight and obesity are associated with metabolic syndrome and data likewise report an increased risk by both short and long sleep. It has not yet been conclusively clarified how chronodisruption influences the metabolic risks. Clinical experimental studies report on neuroendocrine and circadian mechanisms and it has been shown that lack of sleep increases the hunger-promoting hormone ghrelin as well as subjective feelings of hunger and increases leptin levels. Lack of sleep also increases hedonic hunger and food-related reward signals. Through preventive measures, chronodisruption and thus, the risk of obesity can be counteracted. The extent to which smartwatches and fitness trackers, which according to the manufacturer can measure and analyze sleep, provide an objective picture of sleep has not been sufficiently investigated. However, smartwatches and fitness trackers can - probably - increase awareness of sleep in the modern society.

The prediction potential indexes the meaning and communicative function of upcoming utterances

Prediction has a fundamental role in language processing. However, predictions can be made at different levels, and it is not always clear whether speech sounds, morphemes, words, meanings, or communicative functions are anticipated during dialogues. Previous studies reported specific brain signatures of communicative pragmatic function, in particular enhanced brain responses immediately after encountering an utterance used to request an object from a partner, but relatively smaller ones when the same utterance was used for naming the object. The present experiment now investigates whether similar neuropragmatic signatures emerge in recipients before the onset of upcoming utterances carrying different predictable communicative functions. Trials started with a context question and object pictures displayed on the screen, raising the participant's expectation that words from a specific semantic category (food or tool) would subsequently be used to either name or request one of the objects. Already 600 msec before utterance onset, a larger prediction potential was observed when a request was anticipated relative to naming expectation. As this result is congruent with the neurophysiological difference previously observed right after the critical utterance, the anticipatory brain activity may index predictions about the social-communicative function of upcoming utterances. In addition, we also found that the predictable semantic category of the upcoming word was likewise reflected in the anticipatory brain potential. Thus, the neurophysiological characteristics of the prediction potential can capture different types of upcoming linguistic information, including semantic and pragmatic aspects of an upcoming utterance and communicative action.