Picture Of Diversity Research Articles

Global distribution and diversity of alien Ponto-Caspian amphipods

The Ponto-Caspian region is an important donor of aquatic alien species throughout the Northern Hemisphere, many of which are amphipod crustaceans. Despite decades of ongoing spread and negative effects on native biota, a complete picture of the global diversity and distribution of these amphipods has yet to emerge, hampering efficient monitoring and predictions of future invasion pathways. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of alien species taxonomic and ecomorphological diversity, as well as high-resolution distribution maps and biogeographical patterns based on > 8000 global records. We find that up to 39 species in 19 genera and five families, belonging to all four currently recognized ecomorphs, are potentially alien, their diversity gradually decreasing with distance from the native region. Most species (62%) have limited distributions, 15% are widespread, and 23% exhibit intermediate ranges. We also find that regions adjacent to the native range are comparatively less well-sampled than more distant regions. Biogeographical clustering revealed three faunal provinces that largely correspond with the Southern, Central and Northern invasion corridors. We conclude that (1) alien amphipods are a representative subsample of the native Ponto-Caspian phylogenetic and ecomorphological diversity, and (2) that their biogeographical patterns are driven by anthropogenic factors acting on taxonomically distinct native regional species pools.

Differences in stakeholder-reported barriers and implementation strategies between counties with high, middle, and low HPV vaccine initiation rates: a mixed methods study

BackgroundA greater understanding of the county-level differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates could aid targeting of interventions to reduce HPV-related cancer disparities.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods study to compare the stakeholder-reported barriers and efforts to increase HPV vaccination rates between counties within the highest, middle, and lowest HPV vaccine initiation (receipt of the first dose) rates among 22 northern Florida counties. Between August 2018 and April 2019, we recruited stakeholders (n = 68) through purposeful and snowball sampling to identify potential participants who were most knowledgeable about the HPV vaccination activities within their county and would represent a variety of viewpoints to create a diverse picture of each county, and completed semi-structured interviews. County-level HPV vaccine initiation rates for 2018 were estimated from the Florida Department of Health’s immunization registry and population counts. Implementation strategies were categorized by level of importance and feasibility using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy. We compared the barriers and implementation strategies for HPV vaccination between tercile groups of counties by HPV vaccine initiation rates: highest (18 stakeholders), middle (27 stakeholders), and lowest (23 stakeholders).ResultsThe majority of the 68 stakeholders were female (89.7%), non-Hispanic white (73.5%), and represented a variety of clinical and non-clinical occupations. The mentioned barriers represented five themes: healthcare access, clinician practices, community partnerships, targeted populations, and cultural barriers. Within themes, differences emerged between county terciles. Within healthcare access, the highest rate county stakeholders focused on transportation, lowest rate county stakeholders focused on lack of clinicians, and middle county stakeholders mentioned both. The number of ERIC quadrant I strategies, higher feasibility, and importance described decreased with the tercile for HPV vaccination: highest = 6, middle = 5, and lowest =3 strategies.ConclusionsThe differing barriers and strategies between the highest, middle, and lowest vaccination rate counties suggest that a tailored and targeted effort within the lowest and middle counties to adopt strategies of the highest rate counties may reduce disparities.

An integrative insight into the diversity, distribution, and biogeography of the freshwater endemic clade of the Ponticola syrman group (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot.

Freshwater habitats of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot represent a center of endemism for the gobiid genus Ponticola Iljin, 1927. Hitherto, large‐scale molecular studies, owing to restricted taxon and geographical sampling, have failed to give an elaborate picture of diversity and evolutionary history of these species. Here, to contribute to filling this gap, we assessed taxonomic diversity, phylogeography and evolutionary history for the south Caspian populations of Ponticola presently classified as P. iranicus and P. patimari, using an integrative taxonomic approach comprising an entire geographic range sampling, and analyses of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, the head lateral line system, otolith shape, and meristic and morphometric variation. All freshwater samples of the P. syrman group belong to a monophyletic clade with two main subclades: a small subclade confined to the upper Sefidroud sub‐basin including the type locality of P. iranicus and a large subclade with three geographically constrained haplogroups (Hg1, Hg2, and Hg3), comprising the rest of the distribution. Hg1 showed an eastern distribution including the type locality of P. patimari, while Hg2 and Hg3 are sister groups with central and western‐central distributions, respectively. The freshwater clade diverged from P. syrman during the Tyurkyanian low stand (~150 m b.s.l. lasting ~0.1 Myr), while the divergence of P. iranicus and P. patimari and radiations within P. patimari took place during the Bakunian high stand (up to 50 m a.s.l. lasting ~378–480 kya). Species delimitation analyses indicated two distinct species, corresponding to each main subclade. Although the otolith shape and lateral line analyses did not reflect with phylogeographic pattern, PCA and DFA plots of meristic and morphometric data showed a clear separation of the two major subclades corresponding to P. iranicus and P. patimari, suggesting the presence of significant morphological variation meriting formal taxonomic recognition. Overall, our findings (i) reveal the presence of two freshwater endemic species in the P. syrman group, and pending further investigation, hypothesize the presence of a third cryptic species; (ii) revise and document a narrow distributional range and low diversity for P. iranicus, in contrast to a wider distributional range and high diversity for P. patimari; (iii) suggest that the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene were associated with the cladogenesis within the P. syrman group; and (iv) allowed for the recognition of conservation units and proposition of management measures.

The role of platelet microvesicles in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

Among the diverse picture of preeclampsia, the hematological component, thrombocytopenia, attracts attention. Platelets are able to form microvesicles by budding the plasma membrane from the cell surface during apoptosis, stimulation, and also in a small amount in normal conditions. The membrane of these particles has a negative charge and contains phospholipids and an integral glycoprotein on the outer monolayer, due to which platelet microvesicles are involved in the process of blood coagulation and angiogenesis. Microvesicles are of platelet origin, they were first discovered in the middle of the last century in England when describing the phenomenon of plasma and serum coagulation in the absence of platelets in them. The number of platelet microvesicles dynamically changes during the formation of preeclampsia in pregnant women and in women with risk factors for the development of preeclampsia, which include obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, antiphospholipid syndrome. Exposure to these risk factors for preeclampsia before pregnancy leads to a change in the concentration of cells that produce microvesicles, which in turn can create conditions favorable for the development of preeclampsia during pregnancy. A special risk group are women with a history of preeclampsia. Taking into account the direct role of microvesicles in the processes of angiogenesis and blood coagulation, the study of these particles will allow a more detailed study of the pathophysiological aspects of the preeclampsia development, which will expand the possibilities for early prediction of this pathology and improvement of perinatal outcomes.

Refining the picture of lichen biota of Himachal Pradesh together with new distributional records to the state

Himachal Pradesh (HP) is one of the biodiversity rich states of Western Himalaya, however meagre information is available regarding lichen biota of this state. In the present study an attempt has been made to provide an updated list of lichens from HP. The list is based on recent collections and some previous available literature made by the authors during the last one decade. A total of 714 species of lichens belonging to 189 genera and 49 families are reported, of which 15 species are new addition to the lichen flora of HP. The Lecanorioid and Parmelioid communities exhibit their dominance in the state and majority of the species are found growing over bark and rocks. The available information on the lichen biota of the state will present the current picture of lichens diversity in the state of Himachal Pradesh and will also serve as a baseline for carrying out future long term monitoring studies.

An Overview on Fish Assemblages in Riverine Systems of Southern Bengal, West Bengal, India: Diversity, Distribution and Potential Threats

West Bengal is a state in India well known for its topographical and biological diversity. The southern part of West Bengal has many rivers and rivulets, most of which are tributaries or distributaries of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River. Rivers in Southern Bengal are now facing multiple problems, like water abstraction for irrigation, encroachment of the river bed, construction of dams and barrages, indiscriminate deforestation in the catchment areas, etc. Apart from indiscriminate fishing, increased proliferation of exotics, global climate change, fragmentation of habitat, and alterations in river hydrology are the major threats to fishes in riverine stretches of Southern Bengal. With the decreasing natural stocks and diversity of riverine fishes, the fisherfolk, depending on river productivity, are now facing severe problems in sustaining their livelihood. A rational management program for the rivers of southern Bengal should be put into place to protect fish diversity and increase fish production. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of ichthyofaunal diversity, distribution and potential threats in riverine systems of Southern Bengal based on published literature in the form of research papers, books, monographs, and species inventories. This paper emphasizes the need for a regular exhaustive survey of ichthyofauna present in different rivers of Southern Bengal to create a comparable database that might be used for future research, planning, and management.

Wealth inequality in interwar Poland

ABSTRACT In 1923 Poland introduced an extraordinary wealth tax. I have used internal statistics of the Ministry of the Treasury to estimate wealth inequality in interwar Poland. This data source was not previously used by researchers. There are no estimates of wealth inequality in interwar Poland available in the literature. According to my estimates, the top 0.01% of wealth owners controlled 14.8% of total private wealth. The wealth share of the top 1% stood at 37.5%. The top decile owned 60.7% of total private wealth. Wealth inequality varied strongly by region. A comparison of wealth inequality in Poland with wealth inequality in other European countries in the interwar period yields a diverse picture. The wealth share of the top 0.01% was the highest in Europe, the wealth share of the top 1% was in the middle of the European ranking, and the wealth share of the top 10% was almost the lowest in Europe. The small elite of super-rich (0.01%) controlled a higher share of national wealth than their European peers, but the wealth share of the rest of the top decile was relatively low. The unequal development of former partitions may partially explain the very high top wealth shares.

Study of the microbiota associated to Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum clams by 16S rRNA metabarcoding, dilution to extinction, and culture-based techniques

The study of the microbiota associated to clams is important not only to know their sanitary status but also to prevent pathobiology events. The use of different microbiological techniques can help to obtain a better picture of the bacterial diversity of clams as well as to isolate new bacterial taxa. In this study, two clam species, Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum, were analyzed in two locations of Galicia (northwest of Spain) in April and October, by combining classic culturing, dilution-to-extinction approach, and 16S rRNA gene target sequencing. 16S rRNA gene target sequencing revealed a great diversity within the clam samples, shedding light into the vast microbial communities associated to these bivalves. All samples were dominated by the same bacterial genera in the different periods, namely Mycoplasma, Vibrio, and Cutibacterium. The α-diversity in the samples obtained during the month of October was lower and showed the dominance of rare bacterial taxa, such as Methylobacterium or Psychrobacter. Dilution-to-extinction technique demonstrated its usefulness to culture rare bacterial taxa that were not found in clams under the classic culturing techniques, including Rahnella, Brachybacterium, Micrococcus, Jantinobacter, and Lelliottia. Altogether, our study provides valuable information on the microbiota associated to R. decussatus and R. philippinarum, demonstrating the high complexity and dynamics of these microbial populations.

Religious Symbols in Public Spaces in Brazil: Controversies and Propositions

Abstract This article outlines issues pertinent to the valuation of religions in the Brazilian legal, social and cultural framework, particularly in its Catholic expression. It is a valorisation demonstrated in the form of approximations, contacts and compromises between instances of the state and the religious organizations. The hypothesis is that, within the current picture of religious diversity in its relation to secularity, the great challenge is not mainly in the presence of religion in public spaces, but in monopolies and privileges with an exclusivist character engendered by certain religious groups. The object of research in this approach is, therefore, the incidence of religious symbols present in Brazilian public spaces, their relevance and developments in the perspective of secularity, mainly for the field of sciences of religions, humanities, theology and law.

Species‐specific DNA distribution in spruce–beech forest soil

AbstractEnvironmental DNA consists of species‐specific intracellular and extracellular fractions, whose content and information may not be similar in all environments. In forest soil, in particular, the biogeochemical fate of DNA originated by plant litter input has been extensively reviewed, but species‐specific persistence and distribution still await to be quantified. In the present work, based on the purification of extracellular and intracellular DNA fractions from forest soil samples representing 3 soil horizons at 36 randomized locations differing for stand composition (either beech‐ or spruce‐dominated, and mixed), followed by exDNA metabarcoding with the rbcL marker, we provide a clear picture of species‐specific plant DNA distribution, and explore plant community composition and diversity along the explored gradient and the soil profile. We did not find significant differences in intra‐ vs. extracellular total DNA distribution, with a progressive depletion with soil depth positively associated with soil organic C and N content and negatively associated with soil pH and mineral content. Species‐specific DNA distribution was horizontally dependent on beech and spruce basal area aboveground, while extracellular DNA showed peculiar species‐specific vertical patterns. Proportion of Fagus sylvatica DNA increased with depth in beech stand soil, and Picea abies DNA decreased in spruce stand soil, respectively, possibly linked to species‐specific differences in leaf litter decomposition dynamics and root litter contributions. Finally, our approach by metabarcoding provided a faithful, although incomplete, picture of the local plant diversity, suggesting that such technique could positively integrate traditional biodiversity inventory studies based on expert field assessments.

Clinical heterogeneity in the early diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis

Introduction PsA are included in the group of HLA-B27-associated joint diseases, united in the group of seronegative spondylitis (SSA). At the same time, this disease differs from ankylosing spondylitis and other spondylitis with a particularly diverse clinical picture and the existence of only the syndromes inherent in it, for example, intermittent synovitis, palindromic rheumatism or mutilating arthritis. Purpose of the study Research of clinical heterogeneity of early psoriatic arthritis and the possibility of early diagnosis. Materials and methods The current study included 104 patients with PsA who were admitted to the rheumatology and arthrology departments of the Republican Clinical Hospital „Timofei Moşneaga” from 2003 to October 2021. Results The frequency of expression of individual clinico-anatomical variants of joint syndrome was different in patients with PsA-e and PsA-t (in PsA-e compared to PsA-t, the oligoarticular variant was significantly more likely to be observed (43.1% and 19%, respectively, p=0.01) and less often the variant of spondyloarthritis (7.8% and 19%, p=0.1), while the variant of polyarthritis (33.3% and 38%, p = 0,6) and distal interphalangeal (15,7% and 15%, p=0,9) were detected with the same frequency, as regards the mutilating variant, this was observed only in PsA-t. Conclusions The early stage of psoriatic arthritis is characterized by pronounced heterogeneity of manifestations of joint syndrome and damage to the tendon-ligament apparatus. In PsA-e oligoarthritis and polyarticular variants are the most common, less often - distal interphalangeal and spondyloarthritic. In the first 3 months after the onset of clinical manifestations of PsA, oligoarthritis was observed in 75.4% of patients and polyarthritis in 14% (p=0.0001), and after 6 months - 63% and 26.6% respectively (p=0.001). With a progression of the duration of the disease, the number of patients with arthritis increased, and by the end of the 2nd year was determined in 47.6% of patients, and oligoarthritis - in 28.6%.

GORGONEION AND GORGON-MEDUSA: A CRITICAL RESEARCH REVIEW

Our paper aims at a critical reviewing of the research that has dealt with the Gorgon-Medusa and Gorgoneion (decapitated head) apotropaic feminine beast, as recorded in various artifacts and monuments of the ancient Greek World, from early 19th century until today. Multiple works by ancient sources provide a wide-ranging and diverse picture of the fabled creature and her fateful encounter with the Greek hero Perseus. The use of ancient written historical sources is particularly emphasized and eastern influences on texts and iconography is discussed. As a natural consequence of the interactions, the association of Gorgons with other deities and the Potnia theron (Mistress of Animals) has been variously assessed by scholars with predominant its apotropaic property. Medusa appears in a variety of mythological stories and is depicted in a variety of ways in ancient art. The source of the artistic creation in painting and sculpture is founded on the legends and myths from the remote past, with a sudden appearance and apex in the Greek Archaic period. The review covers the period from prehistory to Late antiquity, whereas, the earliest form of a scarecrow is transformed to the known image of Gorgon/Medusa, and eventually from an ugly to beautiful, a metamorphosis which has been attaching various interpretations. The uniqueness of this “beast” form has emerged through its multifaced representations and mythological reports in the known ancient Greek World of the southeastern Mediterranean and its neighbor areas. Gorgon/Medusa-Gorgoneion in art as witnessed in archaeological remains has been shown to persist in all everyday activities of the ancient World and has been subjected to wide social, cultural, ideological considerations.

DRESS AND ECOFEMINISM IN KURBAH’S ONATAAH: OF THE EARTH (2016)

Dress or clothing normally represents or reflects the belief system, tradition, and identity of a society. India being a multicultural nation is befitting example especially when it comes to its northeastern states. It is a true emblem of multiculturalism and diversity perfectly reflected through its dresses. The northeastern states depict an integrated picture of rich bio and socio-cultural diversity. And this is true about Meghalaya. The tribes of Meghalaya, namely Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo follow the matrilineal societal structure and maintain a close relationship with nature. Pradip Kurbah’s Khasi film Onaatah: Of the Earth (2016) illustrates how social views around women are formed in the different spaces of the ‘feminine’ and the ‘masculine’ and its repercussions. The film revolves around the life of a rape survivor and her journey towards healing from the consequences of the grotesque act upon her body and depicting society’s reaction to such an incident. This paper draws on ecofeminist ideology to understand the director’s use of dress as a narrative tool in the film to show the association between the protagonist, Onaatah, and nature, and also trace upon the impact of nature in giving Onaatah a new perspective and healing in the process. The ecofeminist perspective is instrumental to the analysis of the film in relation to the society being matrilineal in its practice of kinship but patriarchal in authority and thus in its treatment of the marginalised – women and nature.

Regional Economic Development Divergence Research in Georgia by PCA Method

The study of a mix of the negative effects of unequal economic development between regions is one of the challenges economic science is now facing. Numerous methods are provided in terms of assessing regional disparities and interpreting the assessment results. The article describes the methodology for studying economic divergence between regions using the method of principal component analysis. The introduction of an aggregate indicator describing divergence allows us to reflect on a variety of different data, to study and explore a complete, real, comprehensive, volumetric picture of divergence. It appears possible: to identify clusters of regions according to mathematical calculations, including distinguishing the growth poles, less developed and depressed regions of the middle zone; to determine the degree of disparity when classifying in terms of the phases of divergence: the cases of differentiation, asymmetry and polarization; to rank the regions according to their share in this divergence; to analyze how the level of divergence changes over time by observing the dynamics of indicators. Following the description of this methodology, the existing problems of divergence of economic development between the regions of Georgia are analyzed.

Paleozoic Protein Fossils Illuminate the Evolution of Vertebrate Genomes and Transposable Elements.

Genomes hold a treasure trove of protein fossils: Fragments of formerly protein-coding DNA, which mainly come from transposable elements (TEs) or host genes. These fossils reveal ancient evolution of TEs and genomes, and many fossils have been exapted to perform diverse functions important for the host’s fitness. However, old and highly degraded fossils are hard to identify, standard methods (e.g. BLAST) are not optimized for this task, and few Paleozoic protein fossils have been found. Here, a recently optimized method is used to find protein fossils in vertebrate genomes. It finds Paleozoic fossils predating the amphibian/amniote divergence from most major TE categories, including virus-related Polinton and Gypsy elements. It finds 10 fossils in the human genome (eight from TEs and two from host genes) that predate the last common ancestor of all jawed vertebrates, probably from the Ordovician period. It also finds types of transposon and retrotransposon not found in human before. These fossils have extreme sequence conservation, indicating exaptation: some have evidence of gene-regulatory function, and they tend to lie nearest to developmental genes. Some ancient fossils suggest “genome tectonics,” where two fragments of one TE have drifted apart by up to megabases, possibly explaining gene deserts and large introns. This paints a picture of great TE diversity in our aquatic ancestors, with patchy TE inheritance by later vertebrates, producing new genes and regulatory elements on the way. Host-gene fossils too have contributed anciently conserved DNA segments. This paves the way to further studies of ancient protein fossils.

Long Distance Runners in the Marine Realm: New Insights Into Genetic Diversity, Kin Relationships and Social Fidelity of Indian Ocean Male Sperm Whales

Adult male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are long distance runners of the marine realm, feeding in high latitudes and mating in tropical and subtropical waters where stable social groups of females and immatures live. Several areas of uncertainty still limit our understanding of their social and breeding behavior, in particular concerning the potential existence of geographical and/or social fidelities. In this study, using underwater observation and sloughed-skin sampling, we looked for male social fidelity to a specific matrilineal sperm whale group near Mauritius. In addition, we captured a wider picture of kin relationships and genetic diversity of male sperm whales in the Indian Ocean thanks to biopsies of eight individuals taken in a feeding ground near the Kerguelen and Crozet Archipelagos (Southern Indian Ocean). Twenty-six adult male sperm whales were identified when socializing with adult females and immatures off Mauritius. Sloughed-skin samples were taken from thirteen of them for genetic analysis. Long-term underwater observation recorded several noteworthy social interactions between adult males and adult females and/or immatures. We identified seven possible male recaptures over different years (three by direct observation, and four at the gametic level), which supports a certain level of male social fidelity. Two probable first- and thirty second-degree kin relationships were highlighted between members of the social unit and adult males, confirming that some of the adult males observed in Mauritian waters are reproductive. Male social philopatry to their natal group can be excluded, as none of the males sampled shared the haplotype characteristic of the matrilineal social group. Mitochondrial DNA control region haplotype and nucleotide diversities calculated over the 21 total male sperm whales sampled were similar to values found by others in the Indian Ocean. Our study strongly supports the existence of some levels of male sperm whale social fidelity, not directed to their social group of birth, in the Indian Ocean. Males sampled in breeding and feeding grounds are linked by kin relationships. Our results support a model of male mediated gene flow occurring at the level of the whole Indian Ocean, likely interconnected with large-scale geographical fidelity to ocean basin, and a small-scale social fidelity to matrilineal social groups.

The role of incumbents in energy transitions: Investigating the perceptions and strategies of the oil and gas industry

The study focuses on sustainability transitions in the oil and gas industry, particularly its strategies and perceptions towards mitigating climate change. The paper offers a quantitative analysis of survey data collected from 116 questionnaire responses involving representatives of oil and gas companies, academia and young professionals, supplemented by a qualitative analysis of selected companies' reports and outlooks.The empirical results show that the oil and gas industry is attentive towards climate change and has the capacity to transit towards sustainability. There are significant differences in how the industry perceives climate change mitigation policies and treats public debate on climate change, which can be explained by geography and the related socio-political context. We point to the importance of stability of macroeconomic factors, such as oil prices, for oil and gas companies to diversify and transit, as well as underline the need to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of external pressures. We argue for clearer and more inclusive regulation, coordination and dissemination for climate policies, and wider engagement of oil and gas companies in sustainable energy transition.This paper contributes with a meso-level assessment of sustainability transitions, and suggests a more diverse picture of incumbents by highlighting the need to revise their role in sustainability transition processes. We offer additional perspectives on transition pathways for policymakers.

A case of severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy

Hypoglycemic encephalopathy is a metabolic encephalopathy that usually occurs in diabetic patients and is due to low levels of blood glucose in the body. The clinical presentation varies in severity from mild cases presenting with fatigue, sweating and poor concentration to severe cases leading to stupor, coma and death. Diagnosis is often delayed due to inadequate recognition of the cause and diverse clinical picture. Imaging studies show characteristic changes in the cerebral cortex and deep grey nuclei. Management is mainly supportive. We present here a case of a seventy five year old diabetic who was found lying unresponsive at home in the morning and was brought to the emergency. She was found to have very low levels of blood glucose which were corrected with no improvement in the sensorium. She was ventilated and treated with glucose infusions and supportive care. MRI scans of the brain showed features of extensive hypoglycemic encephalopathy with damage of the parietal and occipital cortices and also deep gray nuclei including thalami bilaterally. She had no change in clinical status after a prolonged hospital stay and succumbed to secondary infection. Prolonged hypoglycemia leads to widespread neuronal damage through energy failure and apoptosis. This leads to prolonged coma and even death in severe cases. This case report is meant to stress the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in the long term outcome of hypoglycemic encephalopathy.1. Hypoglycemic encephalopathy is an important clinical entity with a wide variety of clinical presentations; 2. We present here a case of a seventy five year old diabetic with a prolonged duration of hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy who had a poor outcome; 3. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for good long term outcomes.

About one literary review published in France

     ,,I want to give you a beggar from afar, from Lake Boden”, - Grigol Robakidze began his letter with these words, In which he expressed his sorrow over the death of the writer and researcher Mikheil Tsulukidze; He published it in the magazine #15 ,,Kartveli Eri”(,,Georgian Nation”) in Berlin.       Mikheil Tsulukidze (1887-1944) died in emigration. The relationship between these two people started in Tbilisi and continued in Germany. This time, I will talk about the literary review written by Tsulukidze, which he published in France in the popular Georgian newspaper ,,Damoukidebeli Saqartvelo” (,,Independent Georgia”).It was the body of a number of large party unions. It was published in 1926-1939. Such popularity of the newspaper was due to the fact that completely different authors created a diverse picture. The literary review "Tamaziana" was published in the newspaper "Independent Georgia" in Paris in 1934. The newspaper discusses Grigol Robakidze's novel, which was published in 1933 in Jena, Germany. The letter is interesting in many ways: First of all - it refers to Grigol Robakidze's novel, secondly - the title "Killed Soul", as translated by the one in Germany. Third -  quality of criticism. Another value of the views expressed should be emphasized. Despite the criticism, their personal relationships do not change, moreover, colleagues listen to each other attentively. This is writing. Mikheil Tsulukidze's small literary part is noteworthy among the reviews written about the novel.

Brahmin or Vīraśaiva? The Kannada Poet Rāghavāṅka between Idioms of Power and Devotion

Abstract Rāghavāṅka lived in the first half of the thirteenth century, when the Kannada devotional tradition we now call ‘Vīraśaivism’ or ‘Liṅgāyatism’ was at a nascent phase; the use of these labels was tenuous and the social boundaries of the local devotional movement less rigidly defined.1 Unlike a simplistic but common perception of early devotional movement in the Kannada region as being anti-Brahmanical, egalitarian, quasi-democratic, anti-ritualistic, and so on,2 texts by Rāghavāṅka and others, which are the earliest we have, present a more complex picture of cultural negotiations and religious diversity, not only in relation to entities external to the local Śaiva tradition but also among Śaivas. This divergence is reflected even within the literary production of a single author: while most of Rāghavāṅka’s works can be easily read as primarily promoting devotional values that correspond to an inclusive, non-elite, and anti-court agenda, his most celebrated literary work, the Life of Hariścandra (Hariścandra Cāritra), presents a more complex mixture of conservative values associated with Brahmanical orthodoxy and royal power combined with the emerging devotional idiom of the Kannada-speaking region. This article pays attention to ethical complications in the Life of Hariścandra and to how the later tradition negotiated these against a clear set of inclusive, anti-Brahmanical, and anti-court ideals. With this analysis, I wish to suggest a more dynamic understanding of how Vīraśaivism positioned itself in relation to Brahmanical orthodoxy and royal power. As recent studies show, religious identities in the premodern, which today we think of using labels such as ‘Vīraśaivism’ and ‘Brahmanical orthodoxy’, were not static but rather a product of a dialectical and historically dynamic process, a process that involved refashioning and self-repositioning in relation to other emergent religious actors.3 This article reconstructs such a negotiation about social values and religious identity as it unfolded in Vīraśaiva devotional narratives.