Picture Test Research Articles

Factors Affecting Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children: A Cross Sectional Study in Tunisia North Africa

Introduction : Anxiety among patients , during dental treatment , remains one of the biggest challenges faced by dentists , considering that it impeds the achievement of clinical procedures . this situation may lead patients to stop their treatment and thus complicates their oral health condition . Materiels and methods : A cross sectional study was conducted in the department of pediatric dentistery in Tunis from august to september 2017 on a simple of 360 couples ( mother / child ) . the child’s and mother’s level of anxiety were evaluated according to various parameters using 2 fear assessment venham picture test for children and Corah dental anxiety scale for mothers . Results : 33.9% of children were anxious. a significant relationship between the child’s anxiety and the child’s age (p=0.01) and gender (p=0.031) was found , on the other hand 57.1% of mothers who feel that their children are afraid of the dentist are anxious. Conclusions : During children’s dental care , anxiety has always been one of the biggest obstacles encountered by specialits in pediatric dentistery . it is important to care about this symptom to develop a good psychological approch with the young patients

The Efficacy of Little Lovely Dentist and Tell Show Do in Alleviating Dental Anxiety in Iraqi Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Behavior management approaches in treating children are generally viewed as techniques to enhance communication with patients to promote positive attitudes. Patients, particularly children, consider visiting a dental clinic to be a difficult and painful experience, so a dentist who treats children should have a variety of behavior management techniques. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Tell Show Do (TSD) and a mobile app in reducing dental anxiety among children patients. A clinical trial study with 66 children aged 6-8 years was divided into three groups by the randomization method, which was performed in two steps: the first step used a random group generator template for excel to distribute the 66 children into three groups (each group 22), and the second step by excel function (RAND) to make the sequence for children. The sample was divided into three groups; each group has 22 children: Group I (TSD), Group II mobile app (Little Lovely Dentist), and Group III control. ClI fillings of the primary molars were provided to all participants. Anxiety levels were measured using physiological methods (heart rate and oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter) and psychological methods (Venham picture test) before treatment, during the education stage, and after treatment. The statistical tests were the paired t test for intragroup comparison and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for intercomparison. One-way ANOVA showed a significantly lower pulse rate in the mobile app group after treatment, significantly higher SPO2 saturation in the mobile app group than in the TSD and control groups, and significantly lower Venham scores in the mobile app group than in the control group. The use of the Little Lovely Dentist mobile app decreased dental anxiety levels in children's first dental visit more than both the TSD technique and control groups when compared.

Influence of Monitor Current on Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Module (PERC/HJT/Topcon) in Thermal Cycle Test

IEC 61215-2: 2016 is an international standard about testing photovoltaic (PV) module reliability, in which the thermal cycle (TC) test item mainly has focused on thermal stress interaction of PV modules between different materials. At TC testing different stages, except for high working current (Imp), low current (Max. 1 %*Imp) has been turned on continuously as monitor current in order to evaluate the field operation situation of photovoltaic modules. In this paper, the test programme are designed meticulously and I-V data&EL pictures test results are discussed according to the influence level of monitor current on PERC, HJT and TOPCon modules. Three types of PV modules have performed the respective I-V characteristics and thus the values of Isc, Voc and Pmp have appeared different trends.

비행청소년의 분노 표현과 지각된 스트레스에 따른 빗속의 사람(PITR)그림 반응특성 연구

This study aimed to find out whether the PITR test can be used as a psychological test tool to evaluate the anger expression and perceived stress response of delinquent adolescents. The subjects of the study were 223 vocational training youths located in G city, and the study tools were a person in the rain (PITR) picture test, anger expression checklist, and perceived stress checklist. For data analysis, independent sample t-test was performed by using SPSS 25.0. The research results are as follows. First, in the response characteristics of the person in the rain (PITR) picture test for the anger expression of delinquent youths, significant differences are confirmed in the amount and intensity of rain, the intensity of wind, and the number of lightning. And in the response of coping resources, significant differences were found in the number of direct protection, adequacy of indirect protection, facial expression, and overall figure. Second, in the response characteristics of the person in the rain (PITR) picture test for the perceived stress of delinquent youths, meaningful differences resulted from the amount of rain, the strength of wind, the relationship between lightning and people, and the relationship between people and puddles. In response to coping resources, there are significant differences in the appropriateness of direct protection, the appropriateness of indirect protection, facial expression, and stroke. Based on the above research results, we could verify that the person in the rain (PITR) picture test is useful as a tool to evaluate anger expression and perceived stress in juvenile delinquents.

Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the Proverbs Scale for the Assessment of Abstraction Skills

In our country, there is a need for culture-specific scales to evaluate the cognitive skills of individuals such as abstraction and reasoning. In this study, it was aimed to develop the Proverbs Scale, which is used to evaluate the abstraction skills of individuals, and to examine its psychometric properties in healthy volunteers. The Standardized Mini-Mental Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, Kitchen Picture Test, WAIS-R Comprehension and Similarities subscales and the Proverbs Scale were applied to 122 healthy volunteers, 56% (n=68) of whom were men and between the ages of 23-83 (x̅age = 49.26, SD = 14.73). In the exploratory factor analysis of the Proverbs Scale, a multiple factor structure was obtained. It was determined that the Proverbs Scale scores were positively correlated with the WAIS-R Comprehension and Similarity subscales and the Kitchen Picture Test's Judgment subscale, which are used to measure abstraction and reasoning skills. The internal consistency of the scale was moderate (Cronbach alpha=.76), and the inter-rater reliability was high (r=.98). The results of this study indicate that the 15-item Proverbs Scale is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating abstraction skills.

Lactate Dehydrogenase/Albumin To-Urea Ratio: A Novel Prognostic Maker for Fatal Clinical Complications in Patients with COVID-19 Infection.

Objective: To investigate lactate dehydrogenase/Albumin to-urea (LAU) ratio as a potential predictor for COVID-19-induced fatal clinical complications in hospitalized patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study involving blood analyses from 1139 hospitalised COVID-19 infection survivors and 349 deceased cases post-COVID-19 infection. Laboratory tests included complete blood picture, inflammatory markers, and routine organ function tests. Results: The non-survivor group showed lower haemoglobin (p < 0.001), platelet (p < 0.0001) and higher mean corpuscular volume, neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio (NLR), and LAU (p < 0.001, p < 0.0013, p < 0.001, p < 0.0126) than the patients who survived the infection. The non-survivors also exhibited higher markers for infection-related clinical complications, such as international normalized ratio (INR), D-dimer, urea, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALK), creatinine, c-reactive protein (CRP), and serum ferritin levels (all p < 0.05). In addition, LAU ratio was positively correlated with infection prognostic parameters including INR (r = 0.171), D-dimer (r = 0.176), serum urea (r = 0.424), total bilirubin (r = 0.107), ALK (r = 0.115), creatinine (r = 0.365), CRP (r = 0.268), ferritin (r = 0.385) and negatively correlated with serum albumin (r = −0.114) (p ≤ 0.05). LAU ratio had an area under receiver operating characteristic of 0.67 compared to 0.60 with NLR. Conclusion: Patients with a high LAU ratio are at increased risk of mortality due to COVID-19 infection. Therefore, early assessment of this parameter, intensive intervention and close monitoring could improve their prognosis.

부부 상호관계와 의사소통 증진을 위한 미술치료 프로그램 활용의 부부 상호관계와 의사소통 증진, 부부 갈등과 행복감에 미치는 효과 연구

Objectives Purpose This study attempted to investigate the effect of art therapy programs to promote marital relationships and communication, marital conflict resolution, and happiness. The purpose of the art therapy program was to naturally express one's inner feelings, understand and accept oneself and others, and to verify the effect on enhancing marital relations and communication by making positive changes. Methods Data were collected from January 1 to June 30, 2021 for the couple of members of the Cultural Center in N city. After confirming the research purpose and program composition, 16 couples who expressed their willingness to participate voluntarily were selected, and 8 pairs were wirelessly composed of experimental groups and 8 pairs were composed of control groups. For this study, a couple interaction scale, a couple communication scale, a couple conflict scale, and a happiness scale were used, and a dynamic house-tree-person picture test was conducted. The independent sample t-test and the corresponding sample t-test were statistically analyzed using SPSSWIN 25.0, and 22-verification and covariance verification (ANCOVA) were performed. In addition, the qualitative research method was introduced, and the interviews with participants and activity memo information were used to analyze them with Colaizzi's phenomenological research method. Results As a result of the study, it was verified that the couple art therapy program was effective in enhancing marital relations and communication. In the process of couples exploring themselves, expressing their thoughts, and expressing their suppressed feelings through art activities, their understanding of themselves and their spouses increased, and sincere communication served as an opportunity to resolve conflicts between couples and realize their willingness to change for each other. As a result, it was found that the improvement of the relationship and satisfaction between couples can be the basis for determining the happiness of couples. Conclusions This study is a study that introduced qualitative research after focusing on quantitative research. For this study, the reconstructed art therapy program was operated, and the marital interaction scale, marital communication scale, marital conflict scale, and happiness scale were conducted before and after the marital art therapy program. As a result, it was found to be significant in the effectiveness test of the couple art therapy program, and it was statistically significant in marital interaction, marital communication, marital conflict, and marital happiness scale. In this regard, it was also found to be high satisfaction in program satisfaction. These significant results showed that even in the analysis of the introduced qualitative research, sincere communication between couples was the willingness to increase understanding between couples, resolve conflicts, and change between couples.

Dental fear/anxiety in Czech preschoolers: relationship to gender, age, location of residence, dental status and previous treatment experience.

Dental fear/anxiety (DFA) may considerably complicate treatment in paediatric dentistry. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess DFA in Czech preschoolers aged 3-6 years and its relationship to gender, age, location of residence, dental status and previous treatment. The study involved 460 children from preschools in four location types selected according to the WHO criteria for oral health surveys. DFA was assessed using the Venham picture test (VPT, score range 0-8) prior to the evaluation of dental status using the dmfs (decayed, missing, filled surface) index. The significance level was set to 5%. DFA is common in Czech preschoolers. Higher levels of DFA were found in females, children aged 3-4 years, children from rural areas, children with a higher dmfs index and children who had a tooth extracted.

Effect of Acupressure on Dental Anxiety in Children: a Pilot Study for a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Anxiety is an important problem in children in dental clinics. Acupressure may be a useful tool to assist in dental procedures in anxious children. This pilot study was performed to examine the effects of acupressure on dental anxiety in children undergoing restorative procedures. Fourteen children aged 7-10 years and with at least one primary molar with caries on the dentine were included in the study. The participants also needed to score at least one point on the modified Venham Picture Test (VPTm) for the determination of anxiety. The children were randomly allocated to two groups: group A - non-documented points for the reduction of anxiety and induction of relaxation; group B - documented points (EX-HN3, Shen Men of auricular acupuncture). The anxiety scale was administered on three occasions: prior to the application of acupressure; immediately after sitting in the dental chair to undergo restorative treatment; and after removal of acupressure at the end of the restorative procedure. Heart rate (HR) was measured when each child sat in the dental chair, after the removal of carious tissue, and after the removal of acupressure. After the procedure, HR (as an indicator of anxiety) was statistically significantly lower in group B than group A (p = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding anxiety before and during the restorative procedure (VPTm and HR: p > 0.05). The children who received acupressure on documented points for the reduction of anxiety had a significantly lower HR after the restorative procedure. No significant between-group difference was found regarding anxiety measured using a psychometric evaluation (VPTm).

Intestinal Protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia ) and their effect on some Hematological Parameters in Al-Manssora Hospitals, Aden, Yemen

Intestinal protozoa are among the organisms that cause diseases in various countries of the world, especially poor countries. Six hundred and three stool samples were collected from patients coming to some hospitals in Mansoura District (22 May Hospital, Cuban Hospital, Al-Naqeeb Hospital, Al Salam Hospital), and blood samples were taken from 384 patients of both sexes infected with intestinal protozoa (E. histolytica, Giardia lamblia) and 21 blood samples from non-infected people.&#x0D; The results of the current study showed that the total infection rate of intestinal protozoa (E. histolytica, G. lamblia) was 603/384 (63.68%). For blood picture tests, a decrease in haemoglobine values and an increase in the total number of white blood cells and Eosinophils were observed for the affected people. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rate of E. histolytica and G. lamblia and its effect on some hematological parameters in some hospitals in Al-Mansoura District of Aden Governorate (Yemen).&#x0D; We recommend raising the level of health by providing educational programs and paying attention to personal hygiene in order to reduce the incidence of parasites, activate the role of health institutions, and work to combat rodents and insects to cut off the parasite life cycle.

Effect of Folic Acid Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles in Treatment of RA Like Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats

Objective: Nano medicine has become one of the promising research areas, opening new horizons in disease diagnosis and treatment. Recent years have witnessed a surge in the development of Nano medicine for combating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common autoimmune arthritis. RA is characterized by progressive inflammation and persistent synovitis, leading to joint destruction, functional incapability, and ultimately disability. Although there has been a tremendous evolution in disease assessment and treatment, many patients still fail to attain remission. Therefore, developing new drugs that specifically target inflamed joints and simultaneously attenuate other possible damages to healthy tissues is indispensable. This study was done to evaluate the potential of folic acid conjugated silver nanoparticles (FA-AgNPs) as RA therapy. Methods: In the CFA-arthritic rat model, FA-AgNPs &amp; methotrexate were administered for 8 consecutive weeks. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by measuring paw volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. For safety concerns, complete blood picture (CBC), liver and renal function tests were evaluated. Joints histological assessment was also carried out. Results: FA-AgNPs significantly reduced paw volume, paw weight, ESR, CRP, RF, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels compared with arthritic non-treated rats, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. Likewise, histology of tarsal joints depicted comparatively lesser inflammatory cellular infiltration and diminished cartilage erosions. Methotrexate displayed comparable results. In contrast to methotrexate, FA-AgNPs showed normal CBC &amp; significantly improved liver and renal function tests. Conclusion: FA-AgNPs exhibited substantial anti-arthritic activity. This notable anti-arthritic potential of FA-AgNPs was as good as the current standard treatment of methotrexate (MTX) with higher biosafety.

Audio-visual storytelling for reducing dental anxiety in Iranian children: a randomized controlled trial.

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of the audio-visual storytelling method and the "tell-show-do" (TSD) technique on reducing children's dental anxiety. A controlled clinical trial study was performed with two experimental groups and a control group. Forty-five 6-to-9years old children were randomly divided into the groups. Venham Picture Test and Facial Image scale were used as measurement tools. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to evaluate the interventions. The results of the post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the control group and storytelling group according to both anxiety scales (p = 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the control group and TSD group according to both anxiety scales (p = 0.01). The audio-visual storytelling appears an effective, applicable method for reducing children's dental anxiety. However, it is significant to select an appropriate story and also to consider the dentist-patient relationship.

Formulation and Evaluation of Pulp Devitalization Paste Combination of Jatropha Curcas L. and Piper Crocatum Leaves Extract

Dental caries require operative techniques such as pulp devitalization, but pulp devitalization materials that are often used by dentists have serious adverse effects that need to be considered, such as gingival injury and alveolar bone necrosis. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop natural ingredients as an alternative to pulp devitalization from a combination of Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) and red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) in the form of a paste and then conducting physical evaluation tests, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) tests, and also histopathological picture tests to the sample. The formulation of the pasta sample was carried out by the trituration method. Formulation I (FI) contained 25% of Jatropha resin, 0.25% red betel leaf extract, and 25% Jatropha resin, 0.5% red betel leaf extract for Formulation II (FII). The paste produced was then evaluated for physical properties which consisted of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and anti-inflammatory power using test animals with COX-2 expression number parameters. The FI and FII treatment groups had met the requirements as paste formula. In the COX-2 expression test, FI has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.38% and a COX-2 suppression percentage value of 0.62%, while FII has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.59% and a COX-2 expression percentage of 0.59% and suppression of COX-2 of 0.41%. The optimal concentration of the paste formulation is the paste with a combination of 25% jatropha latex and 0.25% red betel leaf extract had been shown to have potential as an alternative to pulp devitalization

Obesity is associated with decreased gray matter volume in children: a longitudinal study.

Childhood obesity has become a global health problem. Previous studies showed that childhood obesity is associated with brain structural differences relative to controls. However, few studies have been performed with longitudinal evaluations of brain structural developmental trajectories in childhood obesity. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis to assess gray matter (GM) volume at baseline and 2-year follow-up in 258 obese children (OB) and 265 normal weight children (NW), recruited as part of the National Institutes of Health Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. Significant group × time effects on GM volume were observed in the prefrontal lobe, thalamus, right precentral gyrus, caudate, and parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala. OB compared with NW had greater reductions in GM volume in these regions over the 2-year period. Body mass index (BMI) was negatively correlated with GM volume in prefrontal lobe and with matrix reasoning ability at baseline and 2-year follow-up. In OB, Picture Test was positively correlated with GM volume in the left orbital region of the inferior frontal gyrus (OFCinf_L) at baseline and was negatively correlated with reductions in OFCinf_L volume (2-year follow-up vs. baseline). These findings indicate that childhood obesity is associated with GM volume reduction in regions involved with reward evaluation, executive function, and cognitive performance.

Effectiveness of Two Different Behavior Modification Techniques for Anxiety Reduction in Children.

BackgroundDental anxiety has been a major concern for dentists while operating children. For a smooth, uneventful treatment, operators must incorporate various behavior management techniques in their practice. The incorporation of magic tricks as behavior management techniques has been used earlier by physicians and nurses to reduce pre-operative anxiety in hospitals. This study aimed to compare the impacts of magic tricks on reducing dental anxiety in children.Material and methodsPatients aged four to 11 years were eligible for inclusion. The study comprised two groups of 15 children each. During the first visit, children weren’t subjected to any behavior management. Behavior management aids (magic tricks and audiovisuals) were used during the second visit. Hemodynamic parameters along with an anxiety scale were used to assess anxiety in children before, during, and after treatment procedures. Venham’s picture test and modified visual analog scale were also used to assess the anxiety.ResultsA reduction in anxiety was seen in both groups after behavior management was used. The hemodynamic parameters like blood pressure and pulse rate were seen to decrease during the second visit, while the oxygen saturation was seen to increase.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that magic trick along with audiovisual aids was effective in controlling dental anxiety. Thus, magic tricks can be used in dental practice as a behavior management aid for children to facilitate cooperative behavior. Reducing a child's dental anxiety through various different magic trick aids could be a potential behavior management modality that needs further research.

Neurologic Music Therapy with a Habilitative Approach for Older Adults with Dementia: A Feasibility Study

Abstract The incidence of dementia continues to increase in our aging population. Numerous cognitive, behavioral, and psychological symptoms accompany this diagnosis, and the need for non-pharmacological interventions that may alleviate them is of paramount importance. This feasibility study presents the results of a crossover randomized control trial that evaluated the effects of neurologic music therapy with a habilitative approach on the treatment acceptability, cognition, mood, and behavior of older adults with moderate to severe dementia. Twenty-nine residents living in an assisted living community rotated between 50-minute group sessions of Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) techniques implemented with a habilitative approach, an Enrichment Program (EP) that combined physical and cognitive exercises, and a non-facilitated television program (TV). Data were collected before and after each crossover period using attendance, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home (NPI-NH) version, the Dementia Mood Picture Test (DMPT), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). NMT had the highest level of treatment acceptability, as measured by attendance and adherence. NPI-NH scores were the lowest after TV viewings, and DMPT results were the highest after NMT, followed by EP and TV. The positive effect of NMT on general cognitive functioning for residents with moderately severe cognitive decline was remarkable. These results suggest that NMT with a habilitative approach is a viable tool to engage older adults with dementia. The promising results on cognition and its high treatment acceptability make a powerful case to increase NMT use with this population and continue studying its effectiveness.

Graph Convolutional Neural Network Gesture Recognition Based on Pooling Algorithm

The era of new human–computer interaction has accelerated, and gesture recognition is one of the development trends of human–computer interaction system in the future. The emerging graph neural network can capture the interdependence between instances and infer the complete information of the image based on local features, which is helpful to the recognition of human gestures. Therefore, the combination of graph neural network and convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to the research of gesture recognition and it has important research significance. This paper uses the Mixup method to perform data enhancement processing on the collected image data set, applies the pyramid pooling method to the EigenPooL model to achieve efficient capture of image features and selects the Sigmoid function and the PReLU function as the activation function of the network model to meet the model’s requirements, such as long time training and strong fitting ability. This paper introduces the structure and algorithm of EigenPooL model in detail. The algorithm uses hypergraph learning method instead of simple graph learning method. On the gesture picture test set, the average accuracy of the algorithm is 86.50%, the recall rate is 94.87% and the average detection time per frame is 421[Formula: see text]ms.

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus with nephrotic syndrome in an adolescent girl: a case report

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus is an uncommon autoimmune subepidermal vesiculobullous disease occurring in less than 5% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The diagnosis of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus is based on clinical picture, histopathological findings, direct immunofluorescence and other immunologic tests. Importantly, establishing the diagnosis of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus requires the occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. We report a case of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus in a 16-year-old Vietnamese girl, who demonstrated an acquired vesiculobullous eruption associated with nephrotic syndrome and fulfilled the European League Against Rheumatism/ American College of Rheumatology 2019 classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical examination showed numerous tense, clear fluid-filled vesicles and bullae affecting the whole body with the predilection for the face, neck, chest, abdomen and bilateral inner thigh areas. Erosions were observed on the tongue and the buccal mucosa. Histopathologic examination showed subepidermal vesicle containing abundant neutrophils and perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. Microabscesses at tips of dermal papillae and the features of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis were not seen. Direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin biopsies demonstrated linear deposition of IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 in the basement membrane zone. Linear immunoglobulin deposition displayed a u-serrated pattern with the predominant staining intensity of IgG. Serologic tests showed positive antinuclear antibody. Complement components assay revealed low levels of C3 (66.5 mg/dL) and C4 (3,9mg/dL). Proteinuria level was increased to 3.5g/24 hours. The final diagnosis of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus with nephrotic syndrome was made. The patient was treated with a high-dose oral glucocorticoid scheme and showed significant clinical improvement.

Grammatical Processing in Schizoprenia: Analysis on Sentence Structure

Objective. Language disorder is one of the most significant symptom domains that characterizes Schizophrenia Disorder. The aim of the present study carried out considering language deviations is to investigate and compare the schizophrenic patients’ and control group’s speech in terms of sentence structure. &#x0D; Materials and Methods. The sample of the study consists of 50 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4 (DSM-4) and 50 healthy subjects matched with these patients by age, gender and educational level. The narrative skills of the subjects in the study were evaluated with four oral expression tests, which were narrative picture test, story picture sequencing test, semi-structured speech test, and free speech test.&#x0D; Results. As a result of the statistical and linguistic analyses, significant differences were found between sentence types’ of schizophrenic patients’ and control group’s speech. Considering the use of simple sentences, it was revealed that patients with schizophrenia used more simple sentences than the control group in all tests. On the contrary, when complex and compound sentences were examined, patients with schizophrenia used less complex and compound sentences than the control group in all tests.&#x0D; Conclusion. The linguistics deviations found from the study are thought to be due to the schizophrenic thought disorder’s four relatively independent components: delusion; intrinsic thinking disturbance; formal thought disorder; and deficient real-world knowledge – a new concept.

Effectiveness of Audio and Audio-Visual Distraction Aids for Management of Pain and Anxiety in Children and Adults Undergoing Dental Treatment- A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis.

To summarize effectiveness of audio and audio-visual (AV) distraction aids for management of pain and anxiety in children undergoing dental treatment. Literature search: PubMed/MEDLINE, DOAJ, Science Direct from June - July 2020 with randomized control clinical trials conducted on children with audio and AV distraction aids as intervention and those which had anxiety and pain as outcomes were searched. Fifty articles were identified and relevance was determined. 14 studies were included for qualitative synthesis and 05 were eligible for meta-analysis. Cochrane handbook used to assess the risk of bias. The meta analysis conducted using review manager 5.3 software. Meta-analysis, cumulative mean difference for audio and AV distraction techniques was calculated with main outcomes as pulse rate, O2 level, Vehman's picture and clinical test. These findings showed significant difference favoring the intervention (audio and AV) group when compared with control but indicating more effectiveness of AV distractions. Different audio-visual aids assist in reducing pain and anxiety in children but using audio distraction aids when audio-visual aids are not available could be acceptable way for distracting and treating children.