Picture Presentation Research Articles

Beyond fear: Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder fail to engage in safety cues

• We used brain reactivity as a proxy of engagement in safety cues. • Reactivity of supramarginal gyrus was modulated by context and group. • Safety cues attenuated brain reactivity in healthy participants. • Patients with PTSD present an inappropriate engagement in safety cues. For survival, it is crucial to continuously evaluate the presence or absence of risk in the environment. Previously, a safety cue for the observation of aversive pictures attenuated their aversiveness in healthy participants. Here, we investigated whether patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) would fail to engage in safety cues using brain reactivity to aversive pictures as a proxy. Patients with PTSD ( n = 20) and control participants ( n = 23) were exposed to neutral and mutilation pictures. Before the presentation of pictures, a text informed that those were fictitious (“safe context”) or real-life scenes (“real context”); appropriate images were also shown to increase the credibility of the text. A voxel-wise approach identified valence-responsive regions for further testing of an interaction pattern. A GROUPxCONTEXTxVALENCE interaction was found in the right supramarginal gyrus spreading anteriorly to the postcentral gyrus - a region involved in the processing of peripersonal space and defensive reactions. Control participants showed, in the real context, increased BOLD response in the right supramarginal gyrus for mutilation pictures compared to neutral ones and, in the safe context, no significant difference between those pictures, indicating an attenuation of brain reactivity. Patients with PTSD presented high brain reactivity in both real and safe contexts. Patients with PTSD were under pharmacological treatment, and the time posttrauma and comorbidities were not assessed. Differently from controls, patients with PTSD did not show attenuation of brain reactivity, reflected by supramarginal response in the safe context. This suggests an inappropriate engagement in safety cues.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGER PAINTING BASED ON ISLAMIC WEBSITES IN IMPROVING ISLAMIC IDENTITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

Islamic identity is very important to be instilled from an early age in children, various approaches to children are presented so that children can be accepted well and attached to themselves. The fundamental thing is to start with optimal stimulation for cognitive and motor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is for educators to be able to implement Islamic identity in children through the presentation of pictures of historical sites in the world by applying finger painting activities. In Al Washliyah Klambir Lima IT Kindergarten, learning is carried out in an interesting and fun method, where schools with Islamic education content always strive to instill Islamic values in their students to realize an Islamic generation with character. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods and data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model where data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing are the main techniques by describing systemically a certain field related to the situation in the learning process carried out at Al Washliyah Klambir Lima IT Kindergarten. The development of children's Islamic identity in Al Washliyah Klambir Lima IT Kindergarten shows that children have changed, both in skills and religious knowledge, where children can show better than before in terms of Islamic insight so that they can look exemplary and have a good personality.

Anticipatory cues in emotional processing shift the activation of a combined salience sensorimotor functional network in drug-naïve depressed patients

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is characterized by a large-scale brain network dysfunction, contributing to impairments in cognitive and affective functioning. Core regions of default mode, limbic and salience networks are also impaired in emotional processing and anticipation. This study aimed to explore default mode, salience, and limbic networks modulation during the processing of emotional stimuli with and without anticipatory cues in depression, and further investigate how these networks were functionally coupled with the rest of the brain. MethodsTwenty-one drug-naïve depressed patients and 15 matched controls were included in the study. All participants completed a psychological assessment and the affective pictures paradigm during an fMRI acquisition. Group independent component analysis and psychophysiological interactions analyses were performed. ResultsA significant interaction between Cue, Valence and Group was found for the salience/sensorimotor network. When processing uncued emotional stimuli, patients showed increased activation of this network for negative vs. neutral pictures, whereas when anticipatory cues were displayed previously to the picture presentation, they invert this pattern of activation (hyperactivating the salience/sensorimotor network for positive vs. neutral pictures). Patients showed increased functional connectivity between the salience/sensorimotor network and the left amygdala as well as the right inferior parietal lobule compared to controls when processing uncued negative pictures. LimitationsThe sample size was modest, and the salience/sensorimotor network included regions not typically identified as part of salience network. Thus, this study should be replicated to further interpret the results. ConclusionsAnticipatory cues shift the pattern of activation of the salience/sensorimotor network in drug-naïve depressed patients.

Acceptance and needs of medication literacy education among children by their caregivers: A multicenter study in mainland China.

Background: This study aims to investigate the needs of child caregivers for popular science about safe medication for children, to deeply explore the characteristics of child caregivers’ demand for safe medication and the shortcomings of current popular science work, and then to seek better coping strategies to ensure children’s safe medication. Methods: A questionnaire was designed based on Lasswell’s “5W” communication model to investigate the needs of child caregivers in terms of content, channels, and forms of popular healthcare science on the safe usage of children’s medication. Results: The primary ways caregivers receive popular healthcare science education concerning safe medication usage knowledge are through medical institutions, notification by medical staff, and personal media. The caregivers of children have a high demand for the presentation of text, pictures, and videos in three forms of popular healthcare science content. Caregivers placed significant importance on the popularization of safe medication usage for children. The survey results showed that the top 3 ways for caregivers to think that the quality of popular healthcare science content was “very good” came from medical institutions, medical staff notifications, and personal media, effectively increasing popular healthcare information accuracy. The intelligibility and pertinence of content expression are urgently needed within the caregiver population. Conclusion: Caregivers are very concerned about the popular science of safe medication for children, and are willing to learn about relevant content. Guided by the demand, we should actively disseminate accurate and easy-to-understand popular science about safe medication for children to caregivers through online or offline channels so as to promote safe medication for children.

Gender dimorphic M1 excitability during emotional processing: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.

BackgroundIt is widely held that emotions prime the body for action. However, the influence of gender on primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during emotional processing is not well explored.MethodsUsing single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we stimulated the right or left M1 at 150 ms and 300 ms after emotional stimulation onset (presentation of negative, neutral, and positive pictures to male and female subjects). Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) ratio induced by single-pulse TMS was used to assess changes in corticospinal excitability.ResultsIn response to right M1 stimulation, males demonstrated higher MEP ratios following presentation of negative pictures at 150 ms while MEP ratios in response to presentation of positive pictures were greater at 300 ms. Furthermore, male subjects showed larger MEP ratios in right M1 versus left M1 at 300 ms after initiation of positive pictures, indicating lateralization of motor excitability in male subjects.ConclusionsThe current study thus provides neurophysiological evidence to support gender differences and functional lateralization of motor excitability in response to emotional stimuli.

‘You Can’t Do Anything Right’: How Adolescents Experience and Navigate the Achievement Imperative on Social Media

The rise in mental health issues among youth has been linked to an emergence of an achievement imperative, causing a rise in personal expectations and achievement demands, with social media highlighted as a significant contributor to these developments. This study examined experiences of achievement demands on social media and well-being through focus groups and individual interviews with early adolescents ( n = 80, ages 12–16 years). Achievement demands and a culture of perfection, along with their negative effects hereof, were mainly experienced in relation to adolescents’ public digital lives and, particularly among the youngest adolescents, the quantity and frequency of communication with friends. Achievement practices were structured by gender, with higher expectations for girls to present self-centred idealized and attractive versions of themselves. Boys were more often expected to appear social, active and prosperous. Sexual presentations of girls and self-centred pictures of boys were often considered distasteful and associated with lower-class culture.

Plant Nutrition for Human Health: A Pictorial Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds for Sustainable Agriculture

Is there any relationship between plant nutrition and human health? The overall response to this question is very positive, and a strong relationship between the nutrition of plants and humans has been reported in the literature. The nutritional status of edible plants consumed by humans can have a negative or positive impact on human health. This review was designed to assess the importance of plant bioactive compounds for human health under the umbrella of sustainable agriculture. With respect to the first research question, it was found that plant bioactives (e.g., alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids) have a crucial role in human health due to their therapeutic benefits, and their potentiality depends on several factors, including botanical, environmental, and clinical attributes. Plant bioactives could be produced using plant tissue culture tools (as a kind of agro-biotechnological method), especially in cases of underexploited or endangered plants. Bioactive production of plants depends on many factors, especially climate change (heat stress, drought, UV radiation, ozone, and elevated CO2), environmental pollution, and problematic soils (degraded, saline/alkaline, waterlogged, etc.). Under the previously mentioned stresses, in reviewing the literature, a positive or negative association was found depending on the kinds of stress or bioactives and their attributes. The observed correlation between plant bioactives and stress (or growth factors) might explain the importance of these bioactives for human health. Their accumulation in stressed plants can increase their tolerance to stress and their therapeutic roles. The results of this study are in keeping with previous observational studies, which confirmed that the human nutrition might start from edible plants and their bioactive contents, which are consumed by humans. This review is the first report that analyzes this previously observed relationship using pictorial presentation.

Heritage as Restitution: The Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya

AbstractRecognizing architectures of unelected migration as sites of modern history and heritage not only expands the consideration of modernities in Africa but also constitutes a form of restitution to those who have fled insecurity and violence imposed by others. In this paper and pictorial presentation based on 12 years of archival and on‐site research, I argue that the Dadaab refugee camps and their inhabitation of the Kenya‐Somalia borderland may be understood and valued for a long history as well as a recent materiality, which has taken form in architecture, spatial practices, and territorial construction. Rather than accepting the relegation of refugee architecture to policy studies or the applied social sciences, which privilege the logics of emergency and an epistemology of the security state over knowledge stemming from people's migratory lives, this paper takes seriously the paradoxes of Dadaab as a heritage site. At Dadaab, the Kenyan government and UNHCR established relief operations in a region inscribed with colonial and postcolonial frontiers and wars, carrying a memory of detention and an imaginary of a borderland. These modern historical forces are reiterated in humanitarian settlements holding half a million registered refugees and unregistered migrants, enacting confinement in architectures figured as much by the visual frailty of dwellings dusted red by the wind and clad in recovered textile fragments as by a spectacular array of satellite dishes, aeronautic fleets on tarmac, aluminum and polyvinyl chloride water storage towers, and hydraulic extraction machinery penetrating a Jurassic‐era aquifer. These architectures signal transience even if anchored in the earth and sky, part of an ecology that once supported pastoralists and now undergirds another migratory world. My pictorially oriented paper uses these historical and aesthetic paradoxes to argue for this complex African heritage site, and with it, restitution of a fraught landscape of migration through a meaningful reconsideration of modern heritage.

An Interactive Nursing Knowledge System Based on Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Neonatal Care Management

Nowadays, people are paying greater attention to the concept of childcare, and the healthy development of children is humanity’s hope for the future. The newborn stage is the most critical stage of a child’s development, and learning and mastering neonatal care is the first important lesson for parents. To meet the needs of today’s learners and to break the traditional teaching model, this paper develops a set of interactive newborn nursing knowledge system that composes the content of trivial nursing knowledge, reconstructs the knowledge structure system, and provides new teaching methods such as text browsing, 3D animation presentation, picture presentation, video presentation, interactive games, and tests for newborns. Text browsing, 3D animation, image demonstration, video demonstration, and interactive games and tests, among other new teaching methods, give a new teaching mode and method for neonatal nursing education. The study included 158 infants from local hospital. The study was divided into two groups, each with 80 cases: a control group (conventional care) and a study group (quality care management). The outcomes were contrasted and compared. The results revealed that the study group had a lower incidence of nursing defects than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P 0.05 ); the study group had a lower incidence of diseases than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). The study goes over the complete process of incorporating the instructional display into the interactive newborn care knowledge system. Multimedia techniques and applications were researched throughout the design and production process in order to blend intrinsic knowledge material with digital technology to produce new educational ideas.

Sensorimotor inhibition during emotional processing

Visual processing of emotional stimuli has been shown to engage complex cortical and subcortical networks, but it is still unclear how it affects sensorimotor integration processes. To fill this gap, here, we used a TMS protocol named short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), capturing sensorimotor interactions, while healthy participants were observing emotional body language (EBL) and International Affective Picture System (IAPS) stimuli. Participants were presented with emotional (fear- and happiness-related) or non-emotional (neutral) EBL and IAPS stimuli while SAI was tested at 120 ms and 300 ms after pictures presentation. At the earlier time point (120 ms), we found that fear-related EBL and IAPS stimuli selectively enhanced SAI as indexed by the greater inhibitory effect of somatosensory afferents on motor excitability. Larger early SAI enhancement was associated with lower scores at the Behavioural Inhibition Scale (BIS). At the later time point (300 ms), we found a generalized SAI decrease for all kind of stimuli (fear, happiness or neutral). Because the SAI index reflects integrative activity of cholinergic sensorimotor circuits, our findings suggest greater sensitivity of such circuits during early (120 ms) processing of threat-related information. Moreover, the correlation with BIS score may suggest increased attention and sensory vigilance in participants with greater anxiety-related dispositions. In conclusion, the results of this study show that sensorimotor inhibition is rapidly enhanced while processing threatening stimuli and that SAI protocol might be a valuable option in evaluating emotional-motor interactions in physiological and pathological conditions.

Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 pandemic in India using Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative

The range of effectiveness of the novel corona virus, known as COVID-19, has been continuously spread worldwide with the severity of associated disease and effective variation in the rate of contact. This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus dynamics among the human population with the prediction of the size of epidemic and spreading time. Corona virus disease was first diagnosed on January 30, 2020 in India. From January 30, 2020 to April 21, 2020, the number of patients was continuously increased. In this scientific work, our main objective is to estimate the effectiveness of various preventive tools adopted for COVID-19. The COVID-19 dynamics is formulated in which the parameters of interactions between people, contact tracing, and average latent time are included. Experimental data are collected from April 15, 2020 to April 21, 2020 in India to investigate this virus dynamics. The Genocchi collocation technique is applied to investigate the proposed fractional mathematical model numerically via Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. The effect of presence of various COVID parameters e.g. quarantine time is also presented in the work. The accuracy and efficiency of the outputs of the present work are demonstrated through the pictorial presentation by comparing it to known statistical data. The real data for COVID-19 in India is compared with the numerical results obtained from the concerned COVID-19 model. From our results, to control the expansion of this virus, various prevention measures must be adapted such as self-quarantine, social distancing, and lockdown procedures.

Neighborhood Disadvantage Associated With Blunted Amygdala Reactivity to Predictable and Unpredictable Threat in a Community Sample of Youth

BackgroundChildhood socioeconomic disadvantage is a form of adversity associated with alterations in critical frontolimbic circuits involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Most work has focused on individual-level socioeconomic position, yet individuals living in deprived communities typically encounter additional environmental stressors that have unique effects on the brain and health outcomes. Notably, chronic and unpredictable stressors experienced in the everyday lives of youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may impact neural responsivity to uncertain threat. MethodsA community sample of children (N = 254) ages 8 to 15 years (mean = 12.15) completed a picture anticipation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, during which neutral and negatively valenced photos were presented in a temporally predictable or unpredictable manner. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) scores were derived from participants’ home addresses as an index of relative neighborhood disadvantage. Voxelwise analyses examined interactions of ADI, valence, and predictability on neural response to picture presentation. ResultsThere was a significant ADI × valence interaction in the middle temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Higher ADI was associated with less amygdala activation to negatively valenced images. ADI also interacted with predictability. Higher ADI was associated with greater activation of lingual and calcarine gyri for unpredictably presented stimuli. There was no three-way interaction of ADI, valence, and predictability. ConclusionsNeighborhood disadvantage may impact how the brain perceives and responds to potential threats. Future longitudinal work is critical for delineating how such effects may persist across the life span and how health outcomes may be modifiable with community-based interventions and policies.

Social Value of the Child

This pictorial presentation of childhood aims to provide a visual depiction of the social value of the children in rural Punjabi socio-cultural context. I took these photographsin a village in south Punjab, Pakistan while doing an ethnographic inquiry about infant healthcare belief practices and the social value of the child in rural Punjab.

Differential effect of pre and post cognitive skills training program: a study on healthy young children

The objective of this research paper is to check the difference between pre and post-session of the Brighter Minds based Cognitive Skill Training. The exploratory and descriptive research design is used in this study. In this investigation, the nine measurement variables are selected for the study such as memory, confidence, concentration, intuition ability, and blindfold reading. All the measurement variables were tested under pre and post cognitive skill training. Apart from these behavioural variables, two variables, gender, and age were also measured. The paired t test is used for the comparison between the pre and post-session of cognitive skill training. The pie and bar chart is used for the pictorial presentation of the results. The data coding, value label, data analysis are performed through statistical software. The findings of this study concluded that there was a significant improvement in the student’s memory, confidence, concentration, intuition, and skill of reading and colour identification with a blindfold.

Re-Engineering of the Public Libraries in Central Coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh

The objective of this study is to find the status of ICT technologies in the Central coastal district central libraries, modify traditional services to digital services using internet technologies, re-engineer the library collection development, and transform the conventional libraries into digital libraries by using the digital resources. Collected data through structured questionnaire and, distributed to the user community in the district central libraries in the Krishna, West, and East Godavari district central libraries in December 2020 and January 2021 respectively. Data was collected through Interviews, Observations in the library and a structured questionnaire.The total number of a questionnaire distributed was 300 and 271respondented responded with a percentage of 90.33%.Found the results were analysed using Microsoft Excel and are mentioned in the tables and pictorial presentation in the Analysis and data interpretation chapter. Re-Engineering functionally seems to be like re-organization (www.Encyclopedia.com). Re-Engineering is primarily used by Michael Hammer and champy in the 1993’s in his bestselling book entitled “Re-Engineering Corporation” which is published in 1993. It did not mean using the computer system, it was modification to the existing system (Khan, 2019). Re-Engineering is the process of modification or modernization of existing system (Athude, 2019). Re-Engineering is the process of rethinking and redesigning library or public library activities, to fulfil the user information needs and to enhance the services in the public library with innovative ideas and thoughts. It introduces automation in housekeeping operations in public libraries by using ICT Technologies.

A Study of High and Low Behavior Inhibitory Control on Emotional Labeling Effect from ERPs

Emotional labeling effect refers to the reduction of Emotion in labeling or naming emotional features of stimulus. Previous researches have explored whether the ability of behavioral inhibition affects the regulation of explicit emotions, while there are no studies learning about the impact of behavioral inhibition on implicit emotions regulation. This study used ERPs to examine whether individuals with high and low behavioral inhibition control ability differed in their emotional labeling effects. Dual-choice Oddball task was used to screen out groups with high and low behavioral inhibition ability, and they were asked to make judgments on faces with different emotions and genders, and the LPP amplitude after picture presentation was analyzed. The results showed that the LPP amplitude induced by high inhibition ability group was significantly lower than that induced by gender labeling, while the LPP amplitude induced by low inhibition ability group was not significantly different between emotion labeling and gender labeling. The results show that individuals with high inhibition ability can produce emotion labeling effect, and the higher the inhibition ability of individuals, the better the emotional labeling effect.

Ageing and selective inhibition of irrelevant information in an attention-demanding rapid serial visual presentation task.

Attention involves both an ability to selectively focus on relevant information and simultaneously ignore irrelevant information (i.e. inhibitory control). Many factors impact inhibitory control such as individual differences, relative timing of stimuli presentation, distractor characteristics, and participant age. Previous research with young adults responding to an attention-demanding rapid serial visual presentations of pictures superimposed with task-irrelevant words evaluated the extent to which unattended information may be subject to inhibitory control. Surprise recognition tests following the rapid serial visual presentation task showed that recognition for unattended words presented with non-targets (i.e. non-aligned or ‘NA’ words) during the rapid serial visual presentation task were recognised at chance levels. However, when the unattended words were infrequently paired with the attended picture targets (i.e. target-aligned or ‘TA’ words), recognition rates were significantly below chance and significantly lower compared to NA words, suggesting selective inhibitory control for the previously unattended TA words. The current study adapted this paradigm to compare healthy younger and older adults’ ability to engage in inhibitory control. In line with previous research, younger adults demonstrated selective inhibition with recognition rates for TA words significantly lower than NA words and chance, while NA words were recognised at chance levels. However, older adults showed no difference in recognition rates between word types (TA versus NA). Rather all items were recognised at rates significantly below chance suggesting inhibited recognition for all unattended words, regardless of when they were presented during the primary task. Finally, older adults recognised significantly fewer NA words compared to young adults. These findings suggest that older adults may experience a decline in their ability to selectively inhibit the processing of irrelevant information, while maintaining the capacity to exercise global inhibition over unattended lexical information.

The Impact of Blended Learning on Student’s Achievement at Lebanese French University

Language is a phenomenon that has a central point within the field of linguistics. Among many aspects that are usually tackled within linguistics, the comprehension and the production of language are analyzed as well. Therefore, the two mentioned processes have a specific focus within the domain of linguistics. The ability to produce and comprehend language is usually examined by the speech input and output of speakers with brain damage. The current research tries to highlight a linguistic investigation by focusing on the speech comprehension and production of individuals with aphasia. That is why the aim of this research is to analyze the linguistic matters of spoken language input and output that are usually weakened as an outcome of brain damage such as stroke. In addition, the present work tries to reveal possible characteristics of aphasic speakers that show clear difficulties during speech input and output due to brain injury. The method of the study consists of semi-structured interviews with aphasic speakers that are collected by visiting a number of different public and private hospitals and physiotherapy centers in Erbil. The tests are done by using picture presentation techniques and a questionnaire related to background information of the participants. Aphasic individuals are shown a number of different types of pictures and are asked to answer specific questions related to the events within the pictures. Their linguistic state is then examined by analyzing their answer syntactically and semantically.

Positive and negative mood states do not influence cross-modal auditory distraction in the serial-recall paradigm.

The aim of this study was to examine whether positive and negative mood states affect auditory distraction in a serial-recall task. The duplex-mechanism account differentiates two types of auditory distraction. The changing-state effect is postulated to be rooted in interference-by-process and to be automatic. The auditory-deviant effect is attributed to attentional capture by the deviant distractors. Only the auditory-deviant effect, but not the changing-state effect, should be influenced by emotional mood states according to the duplex-mechanism account. Four experiments were conducted to test how auditory distraction is affected by emotional mood states. Mood was induced by autobiographical recall (Experiments 1 and 2) or the presentation of emotional pictures (Experiments 3 and 4). Even though the manipulations were successful in inducing changes in mood, neither positive mood (Experiments 1 and 3) nor negative mood (Experiments 2 and 4) had any effect on distraction despite large samples sizes (N = 851 in total). The results thus are not in line with the hypothesis that auditory distraction is affected by changes in mood state. The results support an automatic-capture account according to which the auditory-deviant effect and the changing-state effect are mainly stimulus-driven effects that are rooted in the automatic processing of the to-be-ignored auditory stream.

Do children with mathematical learning disabilities use the inversion principle to solve three-term arithmetic problems?: The impact of presentation mode

Numerical inversion is the ability to understand that addition is the opposite of subtraction and vice versa. Three-term arithmetic problems can be solved without calculation using this conceptual shortcut. To verify that this principle is used, inverse problems (a + b − b) can be compared with standard problems (a + b − c). If this principle is used, performance on inverse problems will be higher than performance on standard problems because no calculation is required. To our knowledge, this principle has not been previously studied in children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD). Our objectives were (a) to study whether 10-year-olds with MLD are able to use this conceptual principle in three-term arithmetic problems and (b) to evaluate the impact of the presentation mode. A total of 64 children with or without MLD solved three-term arithmetic problems (inverse and standard) in two presentation modes (symbolic and picture). The results showed that even though children with MLD have difficulties in performing arithmetic problems, they can do so when the inverse problem is presented with pictures. The picture presentation mode allowed children with MLD to efficiently identify and use the conceptual inversion shortcut and thus to achieve a similar performance to that of typically developing children. These results provide interesting perspectives for the care of children with MLD.