Memory For Pictures Research Articles

Memory of homogeneous sequential visual impressions

Every one of us experienced the following everyday phenomenon. A person hears, lets say, the striking of the clock, but does not pay attention to it and does not count the number of strikes; each sound is perceived (consciously or unconsciously it's all the same) and is immediately forgotten, yielding instead to the next.

Psychostimulants may block long-term memory formation via degraded sleep in healthy adults

Sleep is vital for biological function and long-term memory formation, with preferential enhancement of emotionally laden content. A growing trend in healthy young adults is the non-medical use of psychostimulants, or “smart drugs”, to prevent sleep and, hopefully, enhance cognition. However, the effect of these drugs on sleep-dependent memory processes are unclear. Here, in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we investigated the impact of morning administration of dextroamphetamine on memory retention of negative and neutral pictures after 1) 12 h of wake, and 2) 24 h with sleep. After 12-hrs of wake, stimulants increased hit rate for neutral, but not negative, pictures, compared to placebo. No differences in memory discrimination were found. In addition, stimulants impaired nighttime sleep and significantly reduced memory for neutral pictures at 24-hrs, compared to placebo. Again, no performance differences between drug conditions were found for negative pictures. Together, these findings suggest that stimulants impairment of nighttime sleep likely leads to next day memory costs.

Experimental research of the memory of sound impressions

The purpose of this work is to explore memory in relation to the pitch, depending on the different time intervals that flow between the two compared tones. Just as many other conditions affect the memory of tones, such as: duration, position and intensity of the tone, the absolute difference of the compared tones, individual characteristics and skill of the studied, then all these conditions must be made constant, the same must be changed at the same time, it must research.

Risk of Dementia among the Elderly in a Rural Community: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: India is one of the countries in demographic transition where the elderly population is increasing. Dementia effects memory, thinking, behavior and ability to perform daily activities. It has physical, psychological, social and economic impact not only on people with dementia but also on their care givers and family members. Awareness must be raised to reinforce dementia as a public health priority. Objectives: 1.To assess the risk of dementia among Geriatric people using Picture Memory Impaired Screening (PMIS) tool 2. To determine the factors associated with the risk of dementia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study with study duration of 8 months among the geriatric people living in a rural area. A Non Probability Sampling was done and 87 elderly were subjected to picture memory impaired screening (PMIS) test which is a screening tool validated for use in a low education population to identify individuals at risk of dementia. Results: Elderly at risk of Dementia accounted for 22%. There was no statistically significant association between dementia and age, gender, marital status & occupation. Conclusions: The present study shows that elderly people living in rural area are facing risk of Dementia. The PMIS Tool is simple and easy to administer. So, the health staff working in the rural area can be trained in using PMIS Tool.

Word length effects on pictorial memory encoding in 5- to 7-year-old children: An eye-tracking study

How speech coding is used for visual material is critical to understanding the link between language and memory development. Using eye-tracking, the present study examined whether the number of syllables of pictured objects’ names, monosyllabic versus multisyllabic, predicts looking time at the stimuli-objects in the context of a memory task, thereby indicating verbal recoding. The children’s (N = 39, ages 5–7 years) language ability was also considered. Younger children (5;1–6;3 years) did not appear to sub-vocally recode the verbal labels of visual stimuli during encoding, whereas older children (6;4–7;3 years) who were already attending elementary school looked longer at objects with multisyllabic labels. Notably, it was primarily the less verbally competent among those children who contributed to the effect. Thus, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that young children’s sub-vocal verbal processing when trying to memorize visual stimuli may be contingent upon verbal competence.

Demographic influences on the performance of three memory tests by Sri Lankan older adults

Introduction: Loss of memory is the hallmark of dementia. In Sri Lanka, validated tests are not available for assessment of memory. The objective of the project was to study performance of Sri Lankan older adults on three memory tests: Lankan Verbal Learning Test (LVLT), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and Modified Enhanced Cued Recall Test (MECRT). Methods: Participants were 241 healthy individuals aged between 50 to 80 years. They were individually administered the tests by a research assistant. The LVLT is a verbal list learning task. The BVRT contains geometric figures that are presented in the recognition memory format. The MECRT assesses the memory for pictures aided with semantic cues. Means of test scores were calculated and compared for gender, age and levels of education. Multiple linear regression models were used. Results: The mean age was 63 (SD=7.7) years. Gender effect was prominent on verbal memory scores. The test scores were influenced by gender and education level. Gender, age and education together explained 15.6% and 9.6% of the variance of verbal memory score and visual recognition memory score respectively. Variance of MECRT scores were minimally explained by demographic variables. Conclusion: MECRT is the least influenced by demographic factors and could be used for Sri Lankan older persons irrespective of their gender, age and education.

Opiate analgesics and testing of post traumatic amnesia in school-aged children

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the validity of the Westmead PTA scale in school-aged children treated with opiate analgesics. Method Twenty-eight hospitalized children without brain injury, aged between 8 and 16 years treated with opiate analgesics for pain relief following surgery were tested on the Westmead PTA scale. Pain and stress levels were also self-reported each day. Results Only 29% (n = 7) of children assessed over four days obtained a maximum score of 12/12 on three consecutive days, thus 71% would have been deemed to have been in PTA when they were not. The percentage of children who obtained a maximum score significantly decreased over consecutive days of assessment, due to an increase in error rate on picture memory items. Self-reported pain and stress ratings were not correlated with PTA scores. Conclusions Opiate analgesia can disrupt performance on the Westmead PTA scale in school-aged children resulting in a high false-positive error rate. It is therefore important to record pain medication schedules and interpret results cautiously when opiate analgesia is used following a TBI. Alteration of the method of administration of the memory items should be researched as this may increase the validity of the scale for children with TBI treated with opiate analgesics.

0115 The Effect of Zolpidem on Sleep Dependent Emotional Memory Consolidation

Abstract Introduction Psychopharmacological treatment is widely promoted for insomnia treatment. Zolpidem (ZOL) is a GABA A agonist that depresses the central nervous that has demonstrated unexpected benefits, specifically increased sleep-dependent verbal memory via increased phase-amplitude coupling between slow oscillations and sleep spindles (Niknazar et al., 2015). Here we investigated if ZOL improved sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation. Methods Using a within-subjects, cross-over design, we counterbalanced the administration of zolpidem (ZOL) or placebo (PBO) to 37 subjects in a double-blind study. Prior to drug or placebo administration, subjects rated their subjective physiological arousal of negative and neutral pictures. Subjects were tested on their recognition of the pictures twice, before (PM) and after (AM) a night of sleep. All subjects were monitored polysomnographically across the night. Results We analyzed emotional picture recognition using 2-by-2 ANOVA (emotion x drug condition). We found a main effect of emotional picture PM performance, such that negative pictures were remembered better than neutral pictures. There was a significant main effect of sleep on AM false alarm rate, with greater false alarms for negative than neutral pictures, a significant interaction between drug and emotion on AM dprime, and a significant interaction for the difference between AM and PM performance and drug condition. Specifically, we found memory maintenance for both emotional picture types in ZOL but negative picture memory decline in PBO. Across the night, ZOL showed greater memory performance than PBO if subjects had greater N2 SWA and N2 sigma activity (12-15Hz). Conclusion Zolpidem benefits sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation by decreasing overnight forgetting. Further, it appears that spindle activity may play a key role in ZOL’s memory effect. Support NIH AG046646

Neuroregenerative evidences demonstrated by diverse MRI analysis in cerebral palsy children who showed significant clinical improvement following repeated G-CSF injection

Background & Aim We tried to confirm the structural changes of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their relation with clinical improvement in cerebral palsy (CP) children who treated with repeated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection. Methods, Results & Conclusion We performed a phase II, randomized placebo controlled clinical trials to reveal clinical improvement after repeated G-CSF injection. Forty-four children with CP were enrolled, and their ages were 2-10 years old. G-CSF (5μg/kg) was administered for 5 days subcutaneously every 3 months during 18 months. We evaluated motor and cognitive functions along with MRI study. To compare the structural changes of MRI between treated and placebo groups, we analyzed the white matter integrity in region of interest as well as in functional networks. We also analyzed the subcortical volume and cortical thickness in MRI. The treated group showed significantly greater increases in cognitive function scores noted in picture memory subtest and expressive vocabulary test as well as increasing tendency in visual motor integrity test. Diverse neuroimaging analysis revealed decrease of mean diffusivity (MD) of region of superior longitudinal fasciculus and cingulum, and also decrease of MD of sensori-motor network and language network. Increase of cortical thickness of left inferior frontal gyrus was also noted. These changes suggested structural improvement in circuit of sensori-motor information and motor language area, and were compatible with the improvement of picture memory and expressive language in cognitive function tests. By the same method of analysis, the structural improvement in the area of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia were noted, which suggest the improvement of visual motor integration in cognitive function tests. The increase of subcortical volume of nucleus accumbens was also noted, suggesting improvement of socialization. In conclusion, we demonstrated the neuroregenerative evidences by diverse MRI analysis as well as the improvement of cognitive functions after repeated G-CSF injection in children with CP.

(Invited) Some Recent Progress in Ferroelectric Memory Technology

Ferroelectric memory, based on the persistent remnant polarization of certain ferroelectric materials that are switchable by an appropriate applied field, has rekindled tremendous interest ever since the discovery of HfO2-base ferroelectrics [1], and both the one-transistor-one-capacitor (1T1C) based ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM) and the single-transistor (1T) based ferroelectric-gated field-effect-transistor (FeFET) variety have made significant progress. In this paper, we will review some of the important progress that we have made in both areas, while standing on the shoulders of other previous contributors, starting with the FeRAM technology below.The cell structure of FeRAM is similar to that of a DRAM structure, except that the storage capacitor is replaced by a ferroelectric one, leading to the possibility of nonvolatility without the need for a power-hungry refresh operation of the DRAM. Because of challenges concerning CMOS compatibility, physical thickness scalability, and inability to build 3D ferroelectric capacitors, the traditional perovskite-based ferroelectric materials (such as PZT and SBT) have prevented the FeRAM cell size from further scaling down beyond the 130-nm technology node, which has confined the current FeRAM products to very limited niche markets [1]. The introduction of hafnium oxide (HfO2)-based ferroelectrics has turned out to be a game changer, as high-quality and scalable ferroelectric capacitors have since been reported, including TiN/Al:HfO2/TiN-based 3D deep-trench capacitors [1]. Among various doped and even undoped HfO2 ferroelectric thin films, the HfxZr1-xO2 system has attracted extra attention because of its wide composition range and relatively low processing temperature (<= 400 0C), making it potentially compatible with Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) process [1]. Here we will present the results of our study on a leading foundry’s BEOL-processed Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based ferroelectric capacitors over a wide range of areas (10-2 to 103 µm2) on 12-in wafers. Some critical issues, including wake-up behavior, endurance, retention, size dependence, temperature dependence, and uniformity across the wafers have all been systematically characterized and will be discussed, as well as their potential for automotive applications at elevated temperatures.More coverage of this talk will be focused on FeFET cells made by the same foundry using their conventional front-end CMOS process except for the ferroelectric gate stack of the MOS transistor. It should be noted that the FeFET cell structure was proposed decades ago but failed to commercialize primarily because of the retention problem associated with the traditional perovskite-based ferroelectric materials [2,3]. The relatively short retention time of those perovskite-based ferroelectric FeFETs , although cannot meet the requirements of nonvolatile memory technology, is more than adequate for DRAM applications. And a 1-T ferroelectric DRAM technology based on FeFETs, named FEDRAM, was proposed [4,5]. One major attraction of the HfO2-based FeFET is its significantly longer retention. In this talk, we will discuss the underlying mechanisms contributing to the retention loss, including the presence of the depolarization field and gate leakage followed by trapping [2]. Moreover, we will present the reason why the FeFET cell based on the ferroelectric HfO2 can achieve better retention time compared with those based on PZT and SBT [6]. While the HfO2-based FeFETs have demonstrated impressive memory retention, they are suffering from limited endurance. We will discuss the causes of such reliability concerns [7]. It will be shown that the endurance failure is mainly attributed to the charge trapping and trap generation in the gate stack, rather than fatigue of polarization in the HfO2 ferroelectric layer. The understanding of the mechanisms behind the retention loss and the endurance issues will help us to formulate possible strategies for further advancing the pathway toward commercialization of the FeFET memory technology.The nearly identical memory cell structure as well as the similar program/erase algorithm between FeFET and NAND-Flash memory naturally leads to the concept of 3D ferroelectric memory stacks based on FeFET cells, as proposed by the Yale group [8]. This patented 3D memory technology will also be briefly discussed.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award No: 1609162.

Valenced appearance-behavior cues affect the extent of impression memory

ABSTRACTPrior work has often shown higher memory for impressions of valenced verbal cues when such valence is congruent with valence conveyed by actors’ facial characteristics. The current work examined specific valence contributions to appearance-congruent memory advantages. Untrustworthy and trustworthy faces were paired with positive, negative, and neutral behaviours (Study 1) and traits (Study 2). Negative versus positive trust-related behaviours are more highly diagnostic and weigh more heavily into impressions, suggesting that impressions of negative behaviours should also be more memorable. Consistent with this possibility, an appearance-congruity advantage for memory of impressions formed from behaviours was larger for untrustworthy versus trustworthy faces after correcting for appearance-congruent response biases (Study 1). When forming impressions from traits, verbal cues less contextualised than behaviours, a larger appearance-congruity advantage in impression memory for untrustworthy versus trustworthy faces could be attributed to appearance-congruent responding (Study 2). Across studies, more extremely valenced impressions were better remembered than more neutral impressions regardless of facial trustworthiness. True appearance-congruity advantages in impression memory may thus be larger for untrustworthy faces when verbal cues can be more contextualised. Further, forming impressions of more extremely valenced verbal cues may enhance impression memory regardless of whether cues are incongruent with facial characteristics.

How the Visitors' Cognitive Engagement Is Driven (but Not Dictated) by the Visibility and Co-visibility of Art Exhibits.

The spatial arrangement of artworks is recognized as one of the key elements of exhibition design. The underlying assumption is that the layout can strengthen the impact of individual exhibits, because the way visitors visually engage with artworks affects how they are cognitively processed. This paper explores the influence of the exhibits’ visual properties on the visitors’ attention and their memory of artworks. Attention was recorded with the use of mobile eye-tracking and memory was measured by an unanticipated recognition test immediately after the visit. The paper analyses both the total amount of attention spent on interacting with each artwork, as well as the strategy through which attention was allocated: through primarily longer (“diligent”) looks, versus primarily shorter (“distracted”) glimpses. Results of two experiments demonstrate that the visibility and co-visibility of artworks affected the amount of attention allocated to them, and the strategy of attention allocation. While the amount of attention contributed to improving the recognition memory of pictures, the strategy of attention allocation did not. These findings demonstrate the power of the exhibition’s visual properties to influence the experience of museum visitors but also highlight the visitors’ ability to employ alternative viewing strategies without diminishing the cognitive processing of artworks.

Boundaries Extend and Contract in Scene Memory Depending on Image Properties.

Boundary extension, a memory distortion in which observers consistently recall a scene with visual information beyond its boundaries, is widely accepted across the psychological sciences as a phenomenon revealing fundamental insight into memory representations [1-3], robust across paradigms [1, 4] and age groups [5-7]. This phenomenon has been taken to suggest that the mental representation of a scene consists of an intermingling of sensory information and a schema that extrapolates the views of a presented scene [8], and it has been used to provide evidence for the role of the neocortex [9] and hippocampus [10, 11] in the schematization of scenes during memory. However, the study of boundary extension has typically focused on object-oriented images that are not representative of our visuospatial world. Here, using a broad set of 1,000 images tested on 2,000 participants in a rapid recognition task, we discover "boundary contraction" as an equally robust phenomenon. Further, image composition largely drives whether extension or contraction is observed-although object-oriented images cause more boundary extension, scene-oriented images cause more boundary contraction. Finally, these effects also occur during drawing tasks, including a task with minimal memory load-when participants copy an image during viewing. Collectively, these results show that boundary extension is not a universal phenomenon and put into question the assumption that scene memory automatically combines visual information with additional context derived from internal schema. Instead, our memory for a scene may be largely driven by its visual composition, with a tendency to extend or contract the boundaries equally likely.

Differential Effects of REM Sleep on Emotional Processing: Initial Evidence for Increased Short-term Emotional Responses and Reduced Long-term Intrusive Memories

ABSTRACT Background: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been postulated to facilitate emotional processing of negative stimuli. However, empirical evidence is mixed and the conditions under which higher amounts of REM sleep lead to decreased or increased emotional responses are unclear. We proposed that the time course between REM sleep and measurement of emotional responses is a crucial factor and hypothesized that more REM sleep will enhance emotional responses shortly after sleep, but will lead to decreased emotional responses in the long-term. Participants and Methods: Seventy-six healthy young women watched negative and neutral pictures before a polysomnographically-recorded nap including three different groups (1: no REM sleep, 2: REM sleep awakening, 3: REM sleep). Short-term emotional responses were measured using aversiveness ratings of negative pictures; aversiveness ratings of intrusive picture memories on the three subsequent evenings were used to measure long-term emotional responses. Results: For short-term emotional responses, no significant interaction indicating group differences was found. However, we found correlations between longer REM sleep duration and higher aversiveness ratings of negative pictures. In contrast, lower aversiveness of intrusive picture memories after two days was found in participants with a full REM sleep period compared to individuals without REM sleep. Correlational analyses also supported this pattern of results. Conclusions: Results suggest that REM sleep may increase reactivity to emotional stimuli in the short-term and this effect of REM sleep appears to facilitate emotional processing during subsequent nights leading to reduced intrusive picture memories in the long-term.

The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection: A functional MRI investigation

In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants’ memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them – i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.

Feedback timing modulates interactions between feedback processing and memory encoding: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Feedback-based learning relies on a procedural learning system driven by reward prediction errors (RPEs). The processing of temporally delayed feedback is supported by brain structures associated with declarative memory processes, but it is still unknown how delayed feedback processing and memory encoding interact. In this study, a subsequent memory paradigm was employed to investigate how the incidental encoding of feedback pictures presented with a short (SD, 500 ms) or long (LD, 6500 ms) delay in a probabilistic learning task affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of RPEs (i.e., the feedback-related negativity; FRN). In an ensuing test phase, a surprise recognition memory test for the feedback pictures was conducted. FRN amplitudes measured in the feedback-locked ERPs recorded during the learning phase (FRNpeak) and in the negative minus positive feedback difference wave (FRNdiff) were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten feedback pictures. Feedback processing as reflected in the FRNpeak was diminished for remembered LD feedback pictures, indicating that delayed feedback processing and memory encoding competed for similar neural processing resources. As evidenced by large FRNdiff amplitudes in the SD condition, the evaluation of shortly delayed feedback strongly relied on the procedural learning system. A complementary model-based single trial analysis was conducted to validate models of the functional significance of the FRN. Consistent with previous studies, feedback-locked N170 and P300 amplitudes were sensitive to feedback delay. In the test phase, memory for LD feedback pictures was better than for SD pictures and accompanied by a late old-new effect, presumably reflecting extended recollective processing.

Stimulating the parietal cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): no effects on attention and memory.

Selective attention is relevant for goal directed behavior as it allows people to attend to task-relevant target stimuli and to ignore task-irrelevant distractors. Attentional focus at encoding affects subsequent memory for target and distractor stimuli. Remembering selectively more targets than distractors represents memory selectivity. Brain imaging studies suggest that the superior parietal cortex is associated with the dorsal attentional network supporting top-down control of selective attention while the inferior parietal cortex is associated with the ventral attentional network supporting bottom-up attentional orienting. To investigate the roles of the dorsal and ventral networks in the effect of selective attention during encoding on long-term memory, we stimulated the left superior and the right inferior parietal cortex. Building on previous work, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during a study phase where pictures and words were presented simultaneously and participants had to switch between a picture and a word decision. A subsequent recognition test assessed memory for target and distractor pictures and words. We hypothesized that a relative increase in activity in the dorsal network would boost selective attention while increased activity in the ventral network would impair selective attention. We also expected to find corresponding effects on memory. Enhanced selective attention should lead to higher memory selectivity, while impaired selective attention should lead to lower memory selectivity. Our results replicated that task switching reduced memory selectivity. However, we found no significant effects of tDCS. Thus, the present study questions the effectiveness of the present tDCS protocol for modulating attention during task switching and subsequent memory.

Sexual cues alter working memory performance and brain processing in men with compulsive sexual behavior

Pornography has been repeatedly at the centre of public attention and has been controversially discussed for a long time. However, little is known about the connection between pornographic stimuli and individual (neuronal) processing of attention and memory. Here, the impact and neural underpinnings of pornographic pictures on working memory processes in a sample of subjects with compulsive sexual behaviour was investigated. Therefore, whilst using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a letter n-back task with neutral or pornographic pictures in the background was employed in 38 patients and 31 healthy controls. On the behavioural level, patients were slowed down by pornographic material depending on their pornography consumption in the last week, which was reflected by a higher activation in the lingual gyrus. In addition, the lingual gyrus showed a higher functional connectivity to the insula during processing of pornographic stimuli in the patient group. In contrast, healthy subjects showed faster responses when confronted with pornographic pictures only with high cognitive load. Also, patients showed a better memory for pornographic pictures in a surprise recognition task compared to controls, speaking for a higher relevance of pornographic material in the patient group. These findings are in line with the incentive salience theory of addiction, especially the higher functional connectivity to the salience network with the insula as a key hub and the higher lingual activity during processing of pornographic pictures depending on recent pornography consumption.

THE EFFECT OF CLIMBING UP AND DOWNSTAIRS EXERCISE ON SHORT-TERM MEMORY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS (AGE 18-22)

Background: Short-term memory affects academic performance. Good memory function is one of the benefits of physical exercise. A sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity lead people to do less exercise. Climbing up and downstairs is one form of practical physical exercise that can be easily done anywhere at any time and by anyone. Aim: To assess the effect of climbing up and down stairs exercise on short-term memory in young adults. Method: This research used Quasi-Experimental with pre-test and post-test non-equivalent group method. Subjects were medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University (n=40) aged 18-22 years that meet the inclusion criteria. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, control group (CG) and exercise group (EG), each consisting of 20 people. The subject's short-term memory was assessed using the Scenery Picture Memory Test (SPMT). Statistical analysis with Shapiro-Wilk test, paired T-test, Wilcoxon, independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney. Result: There were significant improvements in short-term memory before and after climbing up and down stairs exercise on both exercise group (p=0.000) and control group (p=0.001). No difference in pre-test scores between groups (p=0.921), and a significant difference in post-test scores between groups (p=0.010). An Independent T-test was done on the delta of the pre-post test between groups and is significant (p=0.016). Conclusion: 6 weeks of climbing up and down stairs exercise improves short-term memory in young adults. A higher improvement was found in the exercise group.

P.533 Sleep and cognitive functions in typically developing and drug-naïve ADHD children

In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants’ memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them – i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.