Pictorial Interpretation Research Articles

Re-grouping information in a domain-theoretic data model

In recent years, the problem of incorporating a set-building type-constructor into a domain theoretic data model has been addressed by different authors. In Jung and Puhlmann (1995) and Puhlmann (1995) we have shown why the so-called snack powerdomain is particularly suitable for modelling a set constructor. We obtain a generalized database model that covers the nested relational model.While, with the snack powerconstruction, the data structure of domain theoretic databases seems clear, suitable operations for the data model are still to be defined.In this paper we start this task by defining the operations nest and unnest for the passage between different nesting-levels of the snack powerconstruction. These functions are shown to form an embedding-projection pair, a property that the corresponding functions of nested relational databases do not have. This demonstrates the usefulness of the domain-theoretic approach for modelling databases: for the first time we have operators for re-grouping nested data that respect the idea of an information ordering.The use of the snack powerdomain leads to fairly complex formulas. To help the reader, illustrations and pictorial interpretations of formulas are given throughout the paper.

ON FORMULATIONS AND SOLUTIONS OF SIMPLEX EQUATIONS

A version of the tetrahedral equation is formulated using a pictorial interpretation of the Frenkel-Moore equation. The picture gives a solution that is a product of quantum Yang-Baxter solutions. Higher-dimensional variants of the Frenkel-Moore equations are found from this pictorial interpretation, and the pictures reduce their solvability to the solvability of lower-dimensional equations.

The Theory of Elementary Waves

A fundamental error is identified in the foundations of current quantum theory. The error is shown to be the source of the various noncausal and unphysical aspects of the theory. When the error is corrected, a new theory arises, which is both local and deterministic, but which nonetheless does not conflict with Bell’s theorem. The new theory reproduces quantitatively all the predictions of current quantum mechanics, with the exception of double-delayed-choice Einstein‐Podolsky‐Rosen (EPR) phenomena. A shortcoming in Aspect's experiment testing such phenomena is pointed out, and a definitive experiment is proposed. The EPR paradox is resolved. The uncertainty principle is derived on a causal, deterministic basis. The theory is “automatically” relativistic; that is, the constancy of the velocity of light c relative to all observers follows as an immediate consequence of the new quantum theory, which constancy thus acquires a simple physical explanation. General relativity also acquires a simple, physical explanation. A pictorial interpretation of Feynman diagrams is obtained. The theory provides a clear physical explanation for the Aharonov‐Bohm effect and suggests an explanation for the irreversibility of quantum statistical processes. Quantum statistics, Bose and Fermi, are explained in a simple, pictorial manner. Overall, it is shown that quantum and relativistic phenomena can be understood in an objective manner, in which facts are facts, causality is valid, and reality is real. The theory provides a single framework in which all known physical phenomena can be comprehended, thus accomplishing the objective of a unified field theory.

Testing for First-Order Stochastic Dominance: A New Distribution-Free Test

SUMMARY This paper introduces a new distribution-free test for first-order stochastic dominance. It can be viewed as a modification of the well-known Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. As it is based on the p-p-plot of two distribution functions the new test statistic has a nice pictorial interpretation. Its finite sample distribution as well as its asymptotic distribution (which is a functional of the Brownian bridge) are derived and some relevant quantiles are tabulated. The new test is consistent on the whole set of alternatives-including those alternatives which the Wilcoxon-MannWhitney test is inconsistent against. Some Monte Carlo simulations indicate good power properties of the new test within selected families of alternative distributions.

A distribution free test for the two sample problem for general alternatives

A new distribution free test for the two sample problem is presented. The test statistic is derived from a descriptive measure of interdistributional inequality, thus having an intuitive pictorial interpretation. Some quantiles of the exact distribution of the new test statistic under H 0 are computed for balanced samples sized up to fourteen observations from each distribution. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under H 0 is that of the integral of the absolute value of a Brownian bridge. Using Monte Carlo simulations we found that the distribution of the test statistic is already reasonably well approximated by the asymptotic distribution for rather small sample sizes. Further, we compare the new test in terms of power against general alternatives to other well-known two sample tests, namely the Cramer-von Mises test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. It turns out that the new test performs similarly as the Cramer-von Mises test. Both tests clearly dominate the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

A Constructivist's View of an Earthquake:Edith Irvine Photographs San Francisco1906

When she stepped from a packet boat onto a San Francisco dock on April 18, 1906, 22-year-old Edith Irvine made a swift decision to change her travel plans. Instead of embarking on a world tour, she stayed in San Francisco to photograph the devastation from the earthquake that had just occurred. Realizing that photographers were suspect and not welcome among the ruins, Irvine found a baby carriage and stowed her glass-plate photographic equipment inside. Thus equipped, she was protected from armed guards dispatched by city officials to prevent photographers from gathering evidence of the destruction. She then wandered the burning city for three days, photographing what she saw.(1)Irvine took her glass plates home, stored them away, and apparently forgot them as she became a school teacher and went on to live her life. Her nephew discovered the plates in Irvine's attic after she died in 1949, and he donated them to Brigham Young University.(2)The purpose of this essay is to use Irvine's example to contribute to a feminist text,(3) an articulation of female lives to elaborate our understanding of how women relate and contribute to social-historical reality, especially when the woman is considered deviant because she is working and is stigmatized because she does not comply with what people in the society are doing.(4) As a young female photographer, Edith Irvine was both deviant and stigmatized. In her later years she was also eccentric, suffered from alcoholism and drug abuse, and died a suicide,(5) and yet the telling of her story adds to a collective understanding of the variability of the lives of women at the turn of the century.(6)The few photographic histories that have dealt with specific female photographers have described their subjects as idiosyncratic, rather than significant, transitional figures in women's history.(7) Irvine could also be dealt with as idiosyncratic, but the intent here is to place her life and contribution to photojournalism in context of the turn-of-the-century transition in women's professionalism. Irvine's work also provides insights into the photographer's role as interpreter of the culture from the point of view of gender, which Gover suggests, along with class, affects women's pictorial interpretations of their world.(8) As Ohrn discovered when compiling the photographs by Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams of the evacuation and internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, stylistic approach and attitude of the photographer are reflected in the photographs they produce.(9) In this study, gender is considered for its contribution to the approach and attitude evidenced in photographs.Photography at the turn of the twentieth century was considered an appropriate activity for women, especially if they remained in a hand-maid role, as technicians. Indeed, photography opened a new employment area for women.(10) Some emerged as professionals and owned their own studios, often in their homes. Women had been involved in photography from its inception in 1839; most who took up photography seriously were portrait photographers. The major exception was Frances Benjamin Johnston, the Mother of American Photojournalism.(11) She, too, had her own portrait studio and contributed some of the first photographs to the publishing business, but her particular significance to photographic history was as a photojournalist. Photographs of presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, and feminist Susan B. Anthony, along with her photo-chronicles of Pennsylvania coal mines and the 1892 Chicago World's Fair, established her credentials. Her self-portrait in a skirt hiked to her knees, petticoats showing, a cigarette in one hand, a beer stein in another, illustrates her Bohemian character, as well as the aggressive image she and many other women in journalism, photography, and other fields deemed necessary to gain acceptance in a man's world.(12)Twenty years younger than Johnston, Edith Irvine made her photographic contribution from 1902 to 1906. …

Dark figures in the desired country: Blake's illustrations to The Pilgrim's Progress

Toward the end of his life, William Blake produced a beautiful sequence of 28 watercolor drawings to illustrate Bunyan's Progress. These rarely seen drawings show him at the peak of his powers, radically reinterpreting one of the central texts of English literature. Gerda Norvig's book, with its stunning color reproductions, offers the first detailed study of these important works of art. Norvig sets the watercolors in the context of Blake's lifelong engagement with Bunyan's myth and in relation to the Puritan writer's own artistic and critical methods. She shows how deeply Blake's love-hate relationship with Bunyan influenced not only these particular drawings but also Blake's revolutionary theories of art and poetics. With judicious use of psychoanalytical and post-structuralist critical theory, she demonstrates that Blake's pictorial interpretation of The Pilgrim's Progress tells a contemporary, self-reflexive tale about interpretation. Blake implicates author, narrator, and reader in a dream-protagonist's never-ending search for a proper stance on the relations of self and other.

Structure and properties of C 70

Electric and magnetic properties are calculated for C 70 at the optimised geometry in the STO-3G basis. The calculation gives a pictorial interpretation of the NMR spectrum of C 70; upper and lower region of the molecule have bond alternation and average chemical shift within 4 ppm of C 60 but the five central rings are benzenoid and the equatorial carbons lie 2 ppm downfield of benzene.

Half-Brained Ideas about Education: Thinking and Learning with Both the Left and Right Brain in a Visual Culture

For centuries educators have focused on the printed and spoken word as the medium for transferring knowledge. This emphasis on speech and text has meant that the areas of the brain’s left hemisphere linked to these types of language processing are well exercised, while spatial reasoning, symbolic processing and pictorial interpretation, which seem to be tied to the right hemisphere, remain largely ignored. With the development of television and the microcomputer, print-based text no longer can monopolize our symbolic environment. The emphasis on text must be balanced by attention to graphic formats and the visual arts, by raising our consciousness of symbols, connecting text and graphics through language networks and creating a compatibility with our visual culture.

Semiclassical approach to spontaneous emission of molecular collision systems: A dynamical theory of fluorescence line shapes

A dynamical theory of spontaneous emission of molecular collision systems is presented. The theory makes use of specific nuclear trajectories in the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and hence can be described as semiclassical. Transitions between electronic states are considered. The description of the radiative interaction is effected by photon-dressed electronic states (electronic-field representation) in both the diabatic and adiabatic representations with respect to the field interaction Hamiltonian. In the diabatic representation, one has to deal with two coupled differential–integral equations [Eqs.(21)], whereas in the adiabatic representation, only one [Eq.(75)] is required. The solutions to these equations are sought for using perturbative–interative procedures. It is then found that the diabatic representation, coupled with the stationary-phase approximation, allows an intuitive and pictorial interpretation of the nuclear dynamics involved, but is incapable of providing a tractable computational scheme valid for all frequency regimes. Indeed the stationary-phase approximation is in general only suitable for line-wing regions. The adiabatic representation, on the other hand, yields a unified line-shape expression. The nuclear dynamics in this representation, however, involves motion on complex and nonlocal potentials. An attempt has been made to reconcile this complicated dynamics with the more intuitive approach of a product of Landau–Zener transition probabilities, and also the generalization (to the case involving a quasicontinuum of avoided crossings) of the Miller–George technique of the analytic continuation of classical mechanics.

Relationship between pictorial interpretation and comprehension of three spatial relations in school-age children.

Effects on spatial term comprehension as the result of transformations in the stimulus dimensions of six pictures containing the same three figures were explored using Piaget's concept of spatial perspective. A Modified Test of Pictorial Space (MTPS), adapted from Hudson's (1960) studies on non-Western pictorial perception strategies, was administered to 200 children, aged 6 yrs 5 mos to 11 yrs 3 mos. The purpose of the investigation was to gather data on (1) pictorial interpretation as a function of variations in perceptual depth cue complexity and transformations in conceptual perspective and (2) order of acquisition in the comprehension of two sets of spatial terms referring to perceptual object knowledge and more advanced conceptual knowledge of object relations. Significant age and IQ, but not sex, interactions were found for MTPS performance. Data analyses also supported predicted orders of acquisition and indicated that transformation of conceptual perspective better differentiated among the age span than did either perceptual depth cue complexity or comprehension of spatial terms. Findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications for constructing and interpreting pictorially-based language comprehension tasks.

Pictorial Depth and Space

Grade 3 urban and rural Shona children (N = 258) were tested for pictorial depth interpretation (PDI) and pictorial space comprehension (PSC). Procedures commonly adopted for pictorial depth tests elicited significantly lower PSC scores than facilitating procedures designed for the group. Outline drawings likewise elicited less PSC (and PDI) than the photographs and line-and-tone drawings. Pictorial space comprehension was more than doubled when optimum materials and procedures were combined. Perceptual training raised PDI and PSC scores significantly, the latter among urban girls in particular. Predictions that cultural factors would result in higher scores from boys and urban children were supported in the case of PSC; PDI as the lower-level skill was more universally available and consequently less affected.

Natural states of interacting systems and their use for the calculation of intermolecular forces. II. Natural states in the asymptotic 1/ R expansion

The asymptotic natural states i.e. the natural states of the subsystems in the various terms of the asymptotic expansion of the primitive wavefunction of the supersystem are defined. Integro-differential equations are derived that allow the direct calculation of these asymptotic natural states and from them, the terms C 6, C 8 etc. in the asymptotic 1/ R expansion of the interaction energy. A pictorial interpretation of these states is given and the rapid convergence of the expansion in natural states is explained. The transferability of certain matrix elements is demonstrated and a virtually exact combination rule for the calculation of the C k coefficients between different atoms from those for like atoms is obtained- The effects of intraatomic electron correlation on the C k as well as the justification of a core-valence separation are discussed.

Fact and Fiction in Natalie Savage Carlson's Autobiographical Stories: A Personal View

Fact and Fiction in Natalie Savage Carlson's Autobiographical StoriesA Personal View Julie Carlson McAlpine (bio) When I was sick in bed as a child, I was treated to nearly an hour of my mother's undivided attention before it was time for me to go to sleep each night. The choice of entertainment was always mine. Usually I would ask my mother, Natalie Savage Carlson, to "tell me about when you were a little girl, Mama." She often reminisced about life at "Shady Grove" and her Visitation Convent boarding school days. It was almost worth being sick to hear about stunt riding on circus horses, and I even felt as if I were the one who rescued her pet doves. Many years of publishing successful juvenile books about foreign places like Paris and sometimes fantastic characters like the bear Alphonse went by before my mother decided to draw on her own childhood for The Half Sisters (New York: Harper, 1970). It closes with the heroine Luvvy leaving the home nest to go to boarding school with her older half sisters. The inconclusive ending almost demanded its sequel, Luvvy and the Girls (New York: Harper, 1971). This is how my mother explains what finally inspired her to draw on her own background instead of seeking out new places and plots for her stories: Years ago when my editor at Harpers suggested that I write a book based on my childhood, I was completely uninterested. It was much more interesting to visit a colorful, out-of-the-way place and to write about the children I found there. Then, on a trip south, I made a detour to see what Time had done to "Shady Grove," my childhood home in Maryland. The large farmhouse showed a half-century of neglect. Black tar-paper covered the two wings, the green shutters were gone and so were many of the old trees whose shade had given the farm its name. The nearby village of Weverton was being scooped out for a freeway. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was only a weed-grown ditch with one of the wooden locks rotting into the ground. The railroad tracks that followed the canal were rusted. There was no trace of the blockhouses which had sheltered poor squatters. No one I contacted in Brunswick, the nearest "big town," knew that horse tournaments had once been held there. I was filled with nostalgia. If only I could bring back that beautiful, rugged region of western Maryland as it had been in the old days! I could and I did. I [End Page 157] wrote The Half Sisters and Luvvy and the Girls so a way of life gone forever wouldn't be forgotten. While the books provide an authentic picture of childhood in the colorful locale of Weverton, Maryland, during the early twenties, certain departures from strict factual reporting have necessarily taken place. For example, when my mother supplied the illustrator with snapshots of "Shady Grove" and Frederick Visitation Academy, he drew accurate backgrounds. But since she had no family pictures of that period to give him, Thomas di Grazia created a curly-haired family with a very Italian-looking Papa. My mother observes: "I have noticed that artists prefer to give their own pictorial interpretation to the characters I create." Although members of the Savage family may chuckle over their unaccustomed curls, readers, in any case, like artists, probably imagine the physical appearance of characters for themselves, no matter what they may look like in the mind of an author. Some changes from autobiographical fact, however, my mother introduced with a definite purpose in view. Luvvy's struggle in The Half Sisters is the aspiration of an eleven-year-old girl going on twelve to be grown up. Although she is the oldest of Papa's brood of children by his second wife, she does not wish to be associated with them. Rather, she desperately desires to be accepted by her older half sisters and to join them at boarding school. Actually, by constantly nagging her parents, my mother gained permission to go away to boarding school at the tender age of five. Her acceptance by...

Duality, current and constituent quarks in meson-baryon reactions

An algebraic realization of duality for meson-baryon scattering is presented. The resonant part of the PB → P’B’ amplitudes (P, P’=0- mesons, B,B’=any baryons) are calculated by assuming i) PCAC, ii)SU3, iii)SU6wx03 classification group for hadrons and iv) the transformation between current quarks and constituent quarks. An « effectiveSU6w invariance » is obtained and exploited. The vanishing of the contribution from the s-channel resonances to thet-channel exotic amplitudes calls for a relationship between56 and70 resonances on the one hand and between20 and70 resonances on the other. The outcoming solution has an interesting pictorial interpretation: baryons behave in high-energy scattering as a two-quark core, which does not react, plus one (valence) quark, which interacts with the meson. As a consequence, the 20 baryons (antisymmetric core) should never be produced out of a proton (symmetric core). TheD/F ratio for the Regge couplings to the 1/2+(56,L = 0) baryons is predicted to be small and negative. The production of all 70L = 1 baryons from the proton is determined in terms of a few parameters. Sum rules are obtained for theO3 structure of the axial charge and pionic coupling.

Edward Burney's Illustrations to Evelina

That graphic illustrations have value as criticism through the illumination they throw on the interpretation of a literary work at various periods of its history is an idea which, though not new by any means, has been somewhat neglected by scholars and critics. To those interested in such study it is apparent that the closer the relationship between author and illustrator, the greater the chance of a pictorial interpretation of the work acceptable to the author. For this reason Edward Burney's rare and almost forgotten illustration for Evelina is herewith reproduced.

Conformal Classes of Surfaces

Introduction. In previous papers 1 [2, 3, 4], we have developed a method for the study of those properties of a subspace V4l (1 ? n _m 1) imbedded in any enveloping space V. which remain unchanged under conformal transformations of V,m. The pictorial interpretation of the analytic apparatus described in these papers will appear elsewhere. The present paper applies some of these general rsults to a discussion of various classes of surfaces V2 in Euclidean 3-space R3 which have a simple conformal character. The results also apply to conformally equivalent surfaces in any conformally Euclidean 3-space. The reader is referred to [4] for the notation used as well as for a statement of the assumptions concerning the class of the functions which occur in this paper.