Phytogenic Synthesis Research Articles

Phytogenic synthesis and antimicrobial activity of ZnO nano bow ties (ZnO NBTs): An experimental and computational study

Phytogenic synthesis is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for producing nanoscale particles, using biological entities such as plants and their byproducts. In this study, Allium sativum extract was selected as a capping and reducing agent due to the presence of phytochemicals such as allicin, diallyl disulfide (DADS), vinyl dithiins, ajoene (E- and Z-ajoene), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and thiol (sulfhydryl) groups. The resulting ZnO Nano Bow Ties (ZnO NBTs) were characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, EDX, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy to evaluate the size, morphology, and crystallinity. The obtained XRD, SEM, and DLS results suggested an average longitudinal length of ∼372 nm with a maximum lateral width of ∼64 nm and a Bow Tie shape. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was employed to elucidate the prominent phytochemical constituents of the Allium sativum extract. Preliminary antibacterial assays reveal significant inhibition zones and growth inhibition effects against gram-negative bacteria of both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, suggesting the promising antimicrobial potential of these ZnO NBTs. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that the cone-shaped ZnO NBTs bind strongly to the active sites of the target proteins with binding affinities of −36.20 and −32.14 kcal/mol for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli respectively, which correlates with their activities. The ZnO NBTs complexes formed stronger hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues of Escherichia coli than with Klebsiella pneumoniae. This integrated experimental and computational study underscores the potential of the use of ZnO NBTs as a sustainable and effective strategy to combat bacterial pathogens. The findings of this study indicate that efficient morphology (shape) is a major contributor to the protein binding affinities of ZnO NBTs, with promising implications for the design of antibacterial drugs in nanomedicine.

Phytogenic Synthesis of Cuprous and Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles Using Black jack Leaf Extract: Antibacterial Effects and Their Computational Docking Insights.

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained increasing popularity in recent times due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to develop a phytofabrication approach for producing cuprous (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO) NPs using a simple, non-hazardous process and to examine their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The synthesis employed Bidens pilosa plant extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, alongside copper chloride dihydrate as the precursor. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized CuO and Cu2O NPs exhibited a high degree of crystallinity, with crystal structures corresponding to monoclinic and face-centered cubic systems. SEM images revealed that the NPs displayed distinct spherical and sponge-like morphologies. EDS analysis further validated the purity of the synthesized CuO NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the CuO and Cu2O NPs was tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to gauge their effectiveness. Conclusions: The results showed that the phytosynthesized NPs had promising antibacterial properties, particularly the Cu2O NPs, which, with a larger crystal size of 68.19 nm, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects across all tested bacterial species. These findings suggest the potential of CuO and Cu2O NPs as effective antimicrobial agents produced via green synthesis.

Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Callicarpa macrophylla and their Biological Activities

In the present investigation, the phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out with Callicarpa macrophylla which possess multiple functional properties. The absorbance peak of the resultant AgNPs was found to be between 300 and 800 nm, with the highest absorbance at 436 nm. The phytocomponents accountable for facilitating the synthesis were determined through the utilization of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, which unveiled the presence of hydroxyl, amide, aldehyde, and alkene moieties. The crystal structure of the AgNPs was investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which exhibited diffraction intensities at the 2-theta angle, signifying the presence of a well-defined crystalline structure of AgNPs. The polydispersity of the AgNPs was observed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM), with an average particle size of 10 to 60 nm. The AgNPs exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The sprouting percentage of Pisum sativum, Vigna radiata, and Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds was assessed with notable observation of increase in length of root size was maximum at AgNPs concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL for Pisum sativum and Vigna radiata, respectively. However, in the case of Macrotyloma uniflorum, the highest germination rate was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Similarly, shoot length was highest in all seeds at 10 mg/mL. Furthermore, the AgNPs showed significant dye degradation capabilities, with the highest degradation rate for safranin (58%), followed by methylene blue (35%), and the least degradation observed with crystal violet (21%). Overall, the studies confirm the multi applicative properties of AgNPs synthesized from Callicarpa macrophylla.

Bi2O3 nanoparticles: phytogenic synthesis, effect of calcination on physico-chemical characteristics and photocatalytic activity

ABSTRACT The present work reported the bioinspired synthesis of Bi2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using Ziziphus mauritiana leaves aqueous extract at four annealing temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600C°) and examined annealing temperatures effect of on various physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic activities of NPs. The XRD and Raman results reveal the existence of α and β polymorphs of Bi2O3 in all samples but with increase of calcination temperature the extent of α-phase, particle size, and crystallinity were increased while band gap value decreased. The BET results confirmed the mesoporous structure of all samples. Further, decolorization experiments conducted with crystal violet (CV) dye showed an observable effect of annealing temperature on the adsorption and photocatalytic efficacy of the prepared samples, and the utmost (99.88 %) removal of CV dye was computed with the Bi2O3 nanoparticles calcined at 300oC (B-300). The main active species involved in the photo-mineralization of dye was h+ followed by •OH..

Phytogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Metallic/Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Beta vulgaris L. Extract and Assessments of Their Potential Biological Activities

The synthesis of novel nanomedicines through eco-friendly protocols has been applied on a large scale with the prediction of discovering alternate therapies. The current work attained phytogenic synthesis of Ag-mNPs, AgSeO2-bmNPs, and Ag-TiO2-bmNPs through bio-reduction using an aqueous extract of Beta vulgaris (red beetroot). The phytochemical profile of the eco-friendly synthesized metallic/bimetallic nanoparticles was studied. The optical properties of nano-solutions were studied via UV-visible spectroscopy. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectral analyses revealed that stretching vibrations at wavenumbers 3303.81–3327.81 cm−1 attributed to phenolic hydroxyl groups documented shifts in the values in this range owing to proton dissociation through the bio-reduction of the metal ions. The surface morphology and the charge of the nanoparticles were investigated using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and zeta potential analyses. The prepared nano-solutions showed lower antioxidant activity (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and phosphomolybdate assays) than the plant extract. These results together with phytochemical analyses support the participation of the reactive species (phenolic contents) in the bio-reduction of the metal ions in the solutions through the formation of metallic/bimetallic nanoparticles. Ag-mNPs, AgSeO2-bmNPs, and Ag-TiO2-bmNPs showed antibacterial potentiality. AgSeO2-bmNPs were superior with inhibitory zone diameters of 34.7, 37.7, 11.7, and 32.7 mm against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica, respectively. Applying the Methylthiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) assay, the Ag-TiO2 bmNPs revealed potent cytotoxicity against the HePG2 tumor cell line (IC50 = 18.18 ± 1.5 µg/mL), while Ag-SeO2 bmNPs revealed the most potent cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 17.92 ± 1.4 µg/mL).

Phytogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Catharanthus Roseus and Morinda Citrifolia leaf extract and its promising multifunctional biological applications

Phytogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Catharanthus Roseus and Morinda Citrifolia leaf extract and its promising multifunctional biological applications

Biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Evolvulus alsinoides plant extract

The ecofriendly and cost effective biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) make them excellent material for application in various fields. The current study investigate the phytogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs from the aqueous extract of Evolvulus alsinoides plant as a novel resource which shows reducing as well as stabilizing agents. The biogenic approach applied for green synthesis of ZnO NPs characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) observing a peak at 264 nm. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The data obtained from SEM and TEM techniques showed spherical shaped nanoparticles and size range in 100 nm.Graphical abstract

Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Achyranthes japonica root and its in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitions

This study demonstrates the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Achyranthes japonica root extract Phytogenic AgNPs have been characterized by various physiochemical methods, such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analyses. The UV-vis plasmon resonance spectra of AgNPs showed a maximum at 447 nm; XRD powder analysis was used to confirm the crystalline nature of AJ-AgNPs, the shape, size, and morphology were studied by FE-SEM and HR-TEM. The results established the spherical shape of particles with an average size of about 25 nm. The presence of functional groups, such as alcohols or phenols, carboxylic acids, ketones, and amine were detected by the FTIR method. The results of in vitro antimicrobial studies have proved that the synthesized AJ-AgNPs have excellent anti-microbial activity against Gram (−) ve and Gram (+) ve bacteria in a dose-dependent manner, further, it also exhibits a dose-dependent anti-biofilm (88% activity at 100 μg/mL), DPPH scavenging (97.5 ± 2.4% maximum at 200 μg/mL concentration with Ic50 value of 43.62) and tyrosinase inhibition (98.65 ± 2.85% maximum at a dose of 140 µg/ml with Ic50 value of 49.7 activities.

Phytogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: application for breast cancer nanomedicine

Phytogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: application for breast cancer nanomedicine

Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Iron-based Plant Bionanoparticles and Their Use for Remediation of the Contaminated Environment

It is known that nanoiron has a high reducing activity, due to which it can effectively dechlorinate organic pollutants and reduce toxic metals. Presently, nanoparticles are being synthesized by physical and chemical methods that use toxic substances and require high energy supply. The increasing global demand for sustainable and green technologies drives the development of biological methods that might overcome those limitations. In the case of nanoparticles, phytogenic synthesis using plants or plant tissues can be carried out. The key role is played by bioactive substances present in plants and their interaction with iron precursors (ferric/ferrous salt). The present article provides a current insight into the process of the "green" synthesis of nanoparticles, with the focus on the key parameters that should be taken into account during both the synthesis and environmental application.

Screening of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for their effect on Daucus carota pathogen and molecular docking.

Herein, we investigate the phytogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by using aqueous extract of seed coat of almond as a novel resource which can acts as a stabilizing and reducing agents. Successful biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs was observed by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) showing peak at ~272 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques confirm the circular shape with an average size of ~20 nm. Applications of ZnO-NPs were observed on carrot (Daucus carota) plant infected with pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Spray with 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO-NPs caused significant increase in plant growth attributes and photosynthetic pigments of carrot plants. It has been reported that the synthesized ZnO-NPs demonstrated an inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungus R. solani and reduces disease in carrot plants. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy indicated adverse effect of ZnO-NPs on pathogens. Antifungal efficiency of ZnO-NPs was further explained with help of molecular docking analysis. Conformation with highest negative binding energy was used to predict binding site of receptor with NPs to know mechanistic approach. ZnO-NPs are likely to interact with the pathogens by mechanical enfolding which may be one of the major toxicity actions against R. solani by ZnO-NPs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using waste material from the coat of almond seeds. Images from SEM, TEM, and related techniques like EDS and SAED revealed the irregularity of the ZnO NPs as well as their atom composition. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the formation and the presence of crystalline ZnO NPs in nature. Biogenic ZnONPs were found to be effective against the plant pathogenic fungus R. solani. A spray of 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO-NPs significantly increased carrot plant growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments.

Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Saponaria officinalis L., Characterisation and Antibacterial Activities

The bioactivity exhibited by nanoparticles is of great interest by researchers worldwide. Phytogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been an environmentally friendly approach due to its low toxicity and biological potential. Today ZnONPs; researches are also prominent due to its versatile structure such as biomedical, wastewater treatment, environmental improvement and also its applicability in cosmetic products. It is known that ZnO produced by biosynthesis methods exhibits various nanostructures with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. For this reason, studies on the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ZnONPs produced by green synthesis methods are increasing day by day. In this study, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs was carried out by evaluating the root parts of Saponaria officinalis plant with high polyphenol content used in the food industry, bread making and soap making in the cosmetics sector. Characterization of the Nanoparticles synthesiszed were performed by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD and SEM analysis. These Green-ZnO NPs were demonstrated to posses antibacterial activity against bacteria strains tested. The results obtained showed that Saponaria officinalis plant extract can be used as a good bioreducing agent for the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles.

Recent progress of phytogenic synthesis of ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 nanomaterials.

A critical investigation on the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs synthesized from green and phytogenic method using plants and various plant parts have been compiled. In this review, different plant extraction methods, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, effects of plant extract on the physical, chemical, and optical properties of green synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs also have been compiled and discussed. Effect of several parameters on the size, morphology, and optical band gap energy of metal oxide have been explored. Moreover, the role of solvents has been found important and discussed. Extract composition i.e. phytochemicals also found to affect the morphology and size of the synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs. It was found that, there is no universal extraction method that is ideal and extraction techniques is unique to the plant type, plant parts, and solvent used.

Phytogenic synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic properties of ZnOCo3O4 p–n junction: biomimetic water remediators

Phytogenic synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic properties of ZnOCo3O4 p–n junction: biomimetic water remediators

Phytogenic Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Degradation of Dyes

Now-a-days nanotechnology is one of the booming fields for the researchers. With the increase in industrialization mainly textile, paper, medicine, plastic industry, there is an increase in concentration of organic dyes as pollutant. Release of harmful dyes in water bodies has become a serious issue, as most of the dyes are carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature and causes various diseases. Therefore, there is a requirement to find out new approaches for efficient treatment of effluent containing dyes. Nanoparticles are one of the potential solutions to this problem. They can be synthesized from different methods, however synthesis of nanoparticles from different plant parts (leaf, root or stem extract) is economical as well as ecofriendly. Phytogenic nanoparticles have various environmental applications and one of them is remediation of dyes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of last five years studies about catalytic and photocatalytic degradation of various harmful dyes by plant synthesized nanoparticles, mechanism of degradation and advantages and disadvantages of phytogenic synthesis.

Phytogenic Synthesis and Characterization of NiO-ZnO Nanocomposite for the Photodegradation of Brilliant Green and 4-Nitrophenol

The NiO-ZnO nanocomposite (NiO-ZnO NC) was synthesized by ecofriendly process by using Diospyros kaki (D. kaki) extract of leaves as reducing and capping agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for examined crystallinity, cell dimensions, and crystallite size (7.6 nm). To determine the purity of sample and weight percentage, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) is used. The surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), functional groups in samples were determined. By using diffuse reflectance data (DRS), band gap energy calculated via Tauc plot was 3.23 eV. The photocatalytic activity was checked against brilliant green (BG) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and 92.5% and 69.7% of brilliant green (BG) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) were degraded with rate of degradation which were 0.0281 and 0.011 min−1.

Removal mechanism of Sb(III) by a hybrid rGO-Fe/Ni composite prepared by green synthesis via a one-step method

The annual influx of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to the widespread use of Sb compounds in industry and agriculture has become of global concern. Herein, a functional nanomaterial composite based on loading bimetallic iron/nickel nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (rGO-Fe/Ni) was initially prepared in a one-step phytogenic synthesis using a green tea extract. Subsequently, when applied for Sb(III) removal, the removal efficiency of rGO-Fe/Ni reached 69.7% within 3 h at an initial Sb concentration of 1.0 mg·L−1. Advanced materials characterization via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Sb(III) was initially adsorbed onto the surface of rGO and then oxidized to Sb(V). This result was also supported by adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic analysis. These studies revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic, following a Langmuir adsorption model with pseudo-second-order kinetics and allowed a Sb(III) removal mechanism based on adsorption and catalytic oxidation to be proposed. Furthermore, when rGO-Fe/Ni was practically used to remove Sb(III) in groundwater a 95.7% removal efficiency was obtained at 1 mg·L−1 Sb(III), thus successfully demonstrating that rGO-Fe/Ni has significant potential for the practical remediation of Sb contaminated groundwater.

Bioengineered Matricaria recutita Extract-Assisted Palladium Nanoparticles for the Congo Red Dye Degradation and Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol.

The green chemistry method is the preferred approach for synthesizing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles because of its low toxicity, environmental friendliness, feasibility, and safety to human health compared with other chemical or physical methods. The present work reports the phytogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using an aqueous extract of Matricaria recutita (Chamomile). The phytochemical-mediated synthesis of PdNPs is an economical and eco-friendly approach without using toxic elements as reducing and capping or stabilizing agents. The UV-visible spectroscopic characterization was initially used to confirm the preparation of PdNPs using an aqueous extract of M. recutita flowers as a bioreductant for the reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0 without using any extra capping and reducing agents. The appearance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 286 nm confirmed the formation of M. recutita extract-based PdNPs. Furthermore, the PdNPs were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, and FTIR to confirm their proper synthesis. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was implemented to interpret the decomposition pattern and thermal stability of as-synthesized PdNPs. The biosynthesized PdNPs were further applied as a nanocatalyst in degradation of an azo dye Congo red (CR) in the presence of NaBH4. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) was also investigated in the presence of NaBH4. All the catalytic reactions were performed in water, and no significant loss in catalytic activity was observed after recovery and reusability of the biosynthesized PdNPs.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Studies of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita, Plant Pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum.

The possibility of using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance the plants growth, crop production, and control of plant diseases is currently being researched. One of the most effective approaches for the production of AgNPs is green synthesis. Herein, we report a green and phytogenic synthesis of AgNPs by using aqueous extract of strawberry waste (solid waste after fruit juice extraction) as a novel bioresource, which is a non-hazardous and inexpensive that can act as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. Successful biosynthesis of AgNPs was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy showing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at ~415 nm. The X-ray diffraction studies confirm the face-centered cubic crystalline AgNPs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques confirm the rectangular shape with an average size of ~55 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy and inhibitory impact of the biosynthesized AgNPs were tested against nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, plant pathogenic bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum and fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. These results confirm that biosynthesized AgNPs can significantly control these plant pathogens.

Zinc oxide and zinc oxide-based nanostructures: biogenic and phytogenic synthesis, properties and applications.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are considered as very significant and essential material due to its multifunctional properties, stability, low cost and wide usage. Many green and biogenic approaches for ZnO NPs synthesis have been reported using various sources such as plants and microorganisms. Plants contain biomolecules that can act as capping, oxidizing and reducing agents that increase the rate of reaction and stabilizes the NPs. This review emphasizes and compiles different types of plants and parts of plant used for the synthesis of ZnO and its potential applications at one place. The influence of biogenic and phytogenic synthesized ZnO on its properties and possible mechanisms for its fabrication has been discussed. This review also highlights the potential applications and future prospects of phytogenic synthesized ZnO in the field of energy production and storage, sun light harvesting, environmental remediation, and biological applications.