Phytochemical Compounds Research Articles

Grewia flava twig extracts: phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluations

BackgroundGrewia flava infusions are consumed to assist with kidney problems and stomach ailments. However, there are no scientific data on the phytochemical profile or biological properties to validate its folklore use. Thus, the study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Grewia flava twig extracts.MethodologyThe antioxidant activities of the extracts were assayed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelation, and total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. The agar well diffusion and microdilution methods were used for crude extracts and fractions (from 80% methanol extract) for antimicrobial screening against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger, and R. oryzae.ResultsThe 80% methanol twig extract (250.00 ± 2 GAE/g) exhibited a high concentration of phenolic content, followed by the distilled water extract (192.00 ± 2 mg GAE/g) and the hexane extract (43.10 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g). Fraction 14 of the methanol twig extract exhibited MIC values of 0.21–0.31 mg/mL against all test microorganisms. The root and twig extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which were attributed to the extracts of bioactive phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, anthraquinones, and tannins that were detected in the extracts. Also, the root and twig non-polar extracts were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, which identified several bioactive compounds like betulin, β-amyrin, palmitic acid, lupenone, and phytol, highlighting the potential of the plant species as a botanical drug.ConclusionsThe study supports the traditional use of plant roots and twigs for treating various ailments, indicating their medicinal value. The twigs can be used in place of the roots to guarantee Grewia flava harvesting that is sustainable. However, a comparison of the quantities of the active compound in the twigs and roots using LC–MS is crucial.

Superabsorbent crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose-PEG hydrogel containing a nutgall extract as a broad antimicrobial agent for wound dressing applications

The treatment of chronic wounds encounters major challenges from oxidative stress that results from chronic inflammation and microbial infections. A hydrogel containing an ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria galls (Qi) was developed as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronically infected wounds. FTIR confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds with 9.42 mg/g gallic acid as revealed by HPLC. Qi hydrogel presented a rough and compact surface with macroporous networks that contributed to an extremely high absorption of wound exudate equivalent to approximately 2300 % of the weight of the hydrogel. The biological activities of Qi hydrogel were compared with those of commercially-available products. According to the kinetic release, the correlation coefficients showed that the hydrogel fitted to the Higuchi model. Qi hydrogel exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against pathogens of clinical importance associated with wound infections. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 250 and 3.91 to >250 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, microbial biofilms were significantly inhibited compared with the untreated control (p < 0.05). At concentrations from 0.78 to 12.5 mg/mL, Qi hydrogel scavenged almost 100 % of DPPH and ABTS radicals and showed a ferric ion reducing power of 443.11 μM FeSO4/g hydrogel by FRAP assay. A biocompatibility assessment of the hydrogel on L929 fibroblast cells confirmed no toxic effects and the hydrogel significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages (p < 0.05). The absorbency, permeability, phytochemical compounds and biological activities of Qi hydrogel are suitable properties of a dressing for treating and preventing chronically infected wounds.

Potential role of the methanolic extract for Olea europaea (stem and leaves) on sporulation of Eimeria papillata oocysts: In vitro study.

Many plants are efficient anticoccidial agents owing to their content of active chemicals. Drug-resistant Eimeria species have emerged as a result of excessive drug use. The current work aimed to investigate the oocysticidal activity (Eimeria papillata) of Olea europaea stem extract (OESE) and leaf extract (OELE) in vitro. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for OELE and OESE showed the presence of 12 and 9 phytochemical compounds, respectively. Also, chemical examination revealed that the plant extracts are rich in phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Additionally, the best radical scavenging activity of OESE and OELE was at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, reaching 92.04 ±0.02 and 92.4±0.2%, respectively. The in vitro study revealed that concentrations of 200 mg/ml from OESE and OELE caused significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocysts, in contrast to the other commercial products, which displayed varying degrees of suppression sporulation. Our findings showed that OESE and OELE have anticoccidial activity, which motivates further the conduction of in vivo studies in the search for a less expensive and more efficient cure.

Identification of bioactive compounds and encapsulation of bee bread from Heterotrigona itama using a spray dryer with its antioxidant activity

Abstract. Sari E, Wardhani DAS, Agustina V, Agussalim, Hakim L, Wulandari R, Wibowo NA, Chua LS. 2024. Identification of bioactive compounds and encapsulation of bee bread from Heterotrigona itama using a spray dryer with its antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 25: 2857-2865. Stingless bee produces honey, propolis, and bee bread. Bee bread is known to have a high antioxidant. This study uses a spray dryer and its antioxidant activity, phytochemical, and bioactive compounds; therefore, it aims to encapsulate bee bread from Heterotrigona itama Cockerell 1918. The encapsulation of bee bread used several encapsulants, such as starch, lactose, and maltodextrin, in several formulas. The physical characterization was performed by analysis of hygroscopic properties by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and DPPH antioxidant. The results showed that bee bread contains bioactive compounds, such as saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, quinones, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and ninhydrin. The best encapsulant was a combination of starch and lactose with the formula 50:50 (% w/w), which has low hygroscopic properties. SEM analysis shows that bee bread does not bond well with filler at a 10.817 to 20.244 µm diameter. XRD analysis obtained a product crystallinity level of 71.0819%. FTIR analysis shows that bee bread has the most complex functional group, which was characterized by the presence of a wave at the point of 1,115.68 cm-1, which indicates the presence of a group (C?O?C) that shows the spectrum of flavonoid group compounds with antioxidant activity of 588.402 ppm.

Differential in vitro cytotoxic effects and metabolomic insights into raw and powdered Manuka honey through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Manuka honey (MH) has garnered much attention due to its remarkable antimicrobial, anticancer, immunomodulatory and wound-healing properties. This study compared the antiproliferative effects of raw and powdered MH (pMH) on various human and murine cancer cell lines. A detailed metabolomics analysis was also carried out using untargeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) to compare the constituents in raw MH and pMH. The results of the viability studies showed that both raw MH and pMH caused a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor cell growth at concentrations of > 1% w/v (equivalent to ~ 10 mg/ml). A differential susceptibility to MH was observed among the cell lines with the human MDA-MB-231 and A549 cells and murine B16.F10 cells being relatively resistant to MH while the murine MC38 colorectal adeno-carcinoma cells showing the most sensitivity. The effect of raw MH and pMH on cell viability was validated using 2 indepndent assays. Metabolomics analysis detected 2440 compounds, out of which 833 were successfully identified. Among these, 90 phytochemical compounds, predominantly comprising terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins and derivatives, and phenylpropanoic acids, and 79 lipids were identifiable. Significant differences in 5 metabolite classes, including flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and organic acids were observed between the raw and pMH. Moreover, several altered metabolic pathways were identified in pMH compared to raw MH, such as energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and various other pathways that collectively influence biological functions associated with cellular growth, signaling, and stress response.

Evaluation of phytochemical compounds and proximate analysis of doum palm fruit (Hyphaene thebaica) blend with turmeric powder (Curcuma longa)

Doum palm and turmeric are traditional medicinal plants with a rich history of use. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis, and GC-MS characterization of doum palm and turmeric blends at different ratios (100%, 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%) using ethanol and warm-water extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols, in the blends at ratios of 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%. Alkaloids were absent in the 100% doum palm sample. Proximate analysis showed significant variations in moisture, ash, fat, and protein content among the samples. GC-MS characterization identified at most 30 phytochemical compounds in sample A and more additional 9 bioactive compounds in samples B, C and D, including two new compounds, eucalyptol and carotol, found in the doum palm-turmeric blends. These compounds have been known to possess various antioxidant and therapeutic potential. The findings suggest that doum palm and turmeric blends have improved potential health benefits due to their high content of phytochemical compounds and balanced proximate composition. Further research is warranted to determine the most effective doum palm to turmeric ratio (Optimal Blending Ratios) for specific health applications. This includes identifying the blend ratios that maximize the therapeutic benefits for particular conditions or diseases.

Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity From Non-Polar to Polar Solvent Extracts In Several Types of “Basa Genep” Constituent Spices

Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity From Non-Polar to Polar Solvent Extracts In Several Types of “Basa Genep” Constituent Spices

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant screening, and antidiabetic effect of pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) leaves in diabetic mice

This current research explores the health benefits of pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) leaves linked to damage associated with diabetes in diabetic mice. An interesting increase in blood glycemia, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxide (H2O2), and renal advanced glycated end products (AGE) in comparison with the non-diabetic mice was observed. Additionally, a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and antioxidant enzymes namely catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, as well as superoxide dismutase in mice with hyperglycemia was appreciated, as well. The treatment with Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi methanolic extract (STME) from leaves (150 and 250 mg kg−1) for 21 days reduced markedly blood glucose, TC, LDL, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and AGE levels in kidneys of mice with abnormally glucose level; it elevated serum HDL degree and boosted the activity of hepatic redox-regulating enzymes in diabetic mice. These findings exhibit the capacity of the STME to mitigate diabetes-related hyperglycemia. The data proposed that the administration of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves extract can be useful in preventing alterations and dysfunction caused by glycation, oxidative stress, and hyperlipidemia in the pathology of diabetes. The overall results imply that phytochemical compounds of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves may represent a promising therapeutic opportunity in the search for new anti-diabetic treatments.

Investigation of bioactive phytochemical compounds of the Ethiopian medicinal plant using GC-MS and FTIR

Medicinal plants Highly aromatic crude materials are utilized for treating warts as an alternative medicine to surgical treatment because they can be permanently removed from the body. Thus, this investigation aimed to extract plant material from Calotropis procera leaves, describe the phytochemical screening, analyze anti-microbial activities, determine the functional groups in FTIR, and identify the chemical compounds in GC-MS. The PH, specific gravity, and viscosity of the crude extracts of Calotropis procera were determined at 4.5, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively. Analyze the solubility of crude extracts; ethanol can dissolve while water does not. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins were also present in the phytochemical screening tests of the Calotropis procera extracts, triterpenoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not present in the crude extract. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins are the primary phytochemical components found in therapeutic plant material. The Calotropis procera crude extracts analyzed for functional groups by FT-IR contained a hydroxyl group, alkane, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, phenols, ester, alcohol, and methylene. The chemical compounds analyzed by GC-MS of Calotropis procera crude material were found to have 22 main compounds. Of 22 compounds, 5 compounds are active ingredients for the applications of medical purposes. The bioactive compounds found in the Calotropis procera plant extract are neophytadiene, hexahydrofarnesyl, lanosterol, 2,4-dimethylbenzo [H]quinolone, and squalene. Those bioactive compounds have anti-bacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties. In an in vitro antimicrobial activity test, the crude extract effectively inhibited more gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This collective reason is why the traditional therapist uses this Calotropis procera plant for the treatment of warts.

Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Yam-Based Cookies Produced from Flours of Five Yam Varieties

The aspiration to reduce post-harvest losses of yams via the promotion of utilisation of the abundant readily available raw materials for industrial purposes and production of health-enhancing foods prompted this research. This work focused on evaluating the phytochemical, antioxidant, physicochemical and sensory properties of yam-based cookies produced from the flours of five yam varieties. Established standard procedures were used in all analyses. Results showed; Phytochemical compounds such as phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids and tannins were found present in the yam-based cookies in the range of 0.24- 0.37mg/100g, 0.26- 0.40 mg/100g, 0.6- 2.13mg/100g and 0.01- 0.17mg/100g. Saponin was not detected in all the yam flour cookies. Only a trace of 0.05 mg/100g was observed in wheat flour cookies (the control), Antioxidant activities of the yam-based cookies revealed that DPPH, FRAP, MCA, HRSA and SRSA ranged from 41.19-84.32, 0.29-0.95, 34.15-78.51, 29.64-69.54 and 24.13- 81.52 accordingly. Gluthanion was used as standard. The general trend observed was that, in all cases; sample HKC had the least antioxidant activities, OGC and ARC had higher antioxidant activities among the yam-based cookies, while GSH (the control) had the highest. The proximate values for Moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy of yam-based cookies ranged from 7.31- 8.80%, 1.10 - 2.30%, 0.13 – 4.27%, 8.53-10.48%, 2.24 – 3.84%, 73.70-78.38% and 334.06-359.28 Kcal/100g. Physical properties of the Yam-based cookies such as diameter, width, thickness, weight, Spread ratio, spread factor and fragility ranged from 3.70-4.67 cm, 23.93-28.00 cm, 2.63-4.33cm, 5.16-9.67g, 0.83-1.64, 54.63-106.84 and 430.00-790.00g respectively. Cookies from all samples showed good physical quality features for the production cookies and biscuits. Sensory properties such as appearance, texture, crispiness aroma, taste and general acceptability of yam-based cookies ranged from 5.32-8.30, 6.48-8.44, 7.50-8.44, 6.36-7.68, 7.48-8.50, and 6.30-7.84 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Data from this study proved that it was feasible to produce acceptable cookies from the flours of the five yam varieties selected. Overall, samples GBC and ARC cookies competed favorably with the control-wheat cookies and are recommended for mass production. In Particular, sample ARC also combined good nutritional, phytochemical quality and strong antioxidant activities that could be of health benefits to consumers.

Literature Review: Potential of Chinese Ketepeng Leaves (Cassia alata L.) as an Antibacterial Agent

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by bacteria. Several bacterial infectious diseases include bacteria that cause skin infections such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes and Streptococcus pyogene, nosocomial pneumonia infections of the urinary tract by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae that cause Healthcare-Acquired Infections (HAIs). The drugs usually used to treat bacterial infections are antibiotics. Along with the increase in cases of infection, there is also an increase in the use of antibiotics. Widespread or irrational use of antibiotics can cause resistance, so alternatives are needed to overcome them. One plant that has potential as an antibacterial agent is the leaves of Chinese Ketepeng (Cassia alata L.). Chinese ketepeng leaves contain phytochemical compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and phenols. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine the potential of Chinese Ketepeng (Cassia alata L.) leaf extract as an antibacterial agent. The method used is the Systematic Literature Review method by collecting data through databases such as Publish or Perish, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search method uses the keywords "Chinese Ketepeng Plant", "Skin infection", "Antibacterial", "Disc diffusion", "Well diffusion", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "Klebsiella pneumonia", "Shigella dysentriae", ”Propionibacterium acnes”, “Streptococcus sobrinus”, and “Pseudomonas aerugenosa”. The results of this review article show that ke tepeng china leaf extract is proven to have potential as an antibacterial agent which is characterized by the presence of an inhibition zone formed. The phytochemical content in Chinese ketepeng leaves such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and phenols are thought to be antimicrobial. The difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone formed is influenced by the concentration of the extract, the type of solvent and the type of test microorganisms used. The types of solvents used are ethanol and methanol which are extracted by sonication and maceration.

Prophylactic Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Momordica balsamina Against CCL4 Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats

Introduction: Liver injury can result from various causes, including alcohol consumption, viral infections (such as hepatitis), autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals, drugs or toxins. It can manifest as inflammation, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or acute liver failure, depending on the cause and severity. Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause, lifestyle changes (such as avoiding alcohol or certain medications), and sometimes medication to support liver function or manage specific conditions. Early detection and management are crucial for preventing further damage and promoting liver health. Studies have reported the effects of Momordica balsamina on liver injury. Aim: This study aim to evaluate the prophylactic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Momordica balsamina against CCL4-induced liver injury in Wistar Rats. Methodology: The fresh leaves of Momordica balsamina were purchased at Marina Market, Sokoto, the plant was air dry at room temperature for 2 weeks and the air-dried leaves were processed with methanol to obtain methanolic extract. An acute toxicity study of M. balsamina extract was conducted with six doses (10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg) to evaluate its safety. Phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out to detect the presence or absence of carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, protein, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and steroids. A total of 42 Wistar rats (170±20g) of either sex roughly of the same age (8-10 weeks) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rats were randomly divided into six groups of seven rats each; group 1 (normal control) treated with distilled water and vital feeds; groups 2 (Negative control) CCl4 treated with liver injury not on treatment; group 3 (Standard control) CCl4 liver injury treated with 50 mg/kg Silymarin; group 4 (500 mg/kg M. balsamina + 2mL CCl4); group 5 (1000 mg/kg M. balsamina + 2mL CCl4) and group 6 (1500 mg/kg M. balsamina + 2mL CCl4) for 4 weeks. On the last day, the rats were anaesthetized, and blood and liver organ were collected for biochemical and histomorphology study. Results: The prophylactic effects of methanolic leaf extract of Momordica balsamina against CCl4-induced liver injury were evaluated on liver function tests (LFTs) and Malondialdehyde (MDA). This study shows that Momordica balsamina extract significantly (P&lt; 0.05) decreased the level of serum AST, ALT, ALP, TB and DB positively by inhibiting their raise at dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control, equally, the extract increased the serum level of Albumin and total protein when compared to the negative control. On the other hand, the extract shows significant reduction of serum level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) near to normal at varying dose. The finding of the prophylactic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Momordica balsamina on histology shows significant improvement on liver cell with notable recovery and appearance of the histological architecture of the hepatocyte at the highest dose (1500 mg/kg+2mL CCl4) compared to negative control group. Conclusion: The presence of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant properties as well as a gene that is responsible for its prophylactic effect may be one of the mechanisms through which the plant extract was able to exert prophylactic effect on CCl4 induced liver injury in Wistar rats. This study suggests that M. balsamina extract may be considered as an affordable and non-invasive treatment option for liver injury in human.

Exploring Bioactive Compounds of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (RT) for 3CLprotease of SARS-CoV2: GC-MS Analysis and In-Silico Studies.

Studies on the bioactive phytochemicals found in traditional medicinal plants are growing. This study focuses on Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. and its unique bioactive chemical composition. Previous research has demonstrated the plant's antimicrobial properties due to this composition. In this study, however, we also aim to investigate the antiviral properties of the plant. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. has long been used for medicinal purposes. It is primarily located in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America. Along with checking out its in-silico SARS-CoV-2 activity, current work also evaluates the leaf extracts qualitative phytochemical, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties. While several conventional procedures were employed in the bio active compounds and phytochemical study that identified multiple phytochemicals, compounds derived from plants will be the most effective substitution with unfavorable side effects. The focus of this work is on in silico analysis, which determines the experimental plants activity against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analysis. We identified 20 phytochemical compounds from the GC-MS data of the plant, out of these 12 compounds failed to meet ADMET properties and the remaining 8 compounds passed TOPKAT Ames Mutagenicity. These compounds were docked against one important protein 3CLpro (PDB ID: 7DPV) that is implicated in the development of SARS-CoV-2. Docking studies have demonstrated binding results with maximum score and three compounds showed promising results. The results of this study highlighted the potential efficacy of (E,E,E,E,E,E)-()-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-1,6,10,14,18,22-hexaen-3-ol, α-Tocospiro A, and α-Tocopherol. Furthermore, a thorough examination of the in-silico data indicates that the leaf has the potential to be a powerful source of medication and an efficient therapy in the future.

In silico exploration of 4(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate: A promising phytochemical-based drug discovery approach for combating multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus infections significantly threaten global health. With rising resistance to current antibiotics and limited solutions, the urgent discovery of new, effective, and affordable antibacterials with low toxicity is imperative to combat diverse MDR S. aureus strains. Hence, in this study, we introduce an in silico phytochemical-based approach for discovering novel antibacterial agents, underscoring the potential of computational approaches in therapeutic discovery. Glucomoringin Isothiocyanate (GMG-ITC) from Moringa oleifera Lam. is one of the phytochemical compounds with several biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, and is also effective against S. aureus. This study focuses on screening GMG-ITC as a potential drug candidate to combat MDR S. aureus infections through a molecular docking approach. Moreover, interaction amino acid analysis, in silico pharmacokinetics, compound target prediction, pathway enrichment analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted for further investigation. Molecular docking and interaction analysis showed strong binding affinity towards S. aureus lipase, dihydrofolate reductase, and other MDR S. aureus proteins, including penicillin-binding protein 2a, MepR, D-Ala:D-Ala ligase, and RPP TetM, through hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. GMG-ITC also showed a strong binding affinity to cyclooxygenase-2 and FAD-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase, suggesting that it is a potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant candidate that may eliminate inflammation and oxidative stress associated with S. aureus infections. MD simulations validated the stability of the GMG-ITC molecular interactions determined by molecular docking. In silico pharmacokinetic analysis highlights its potency as a drug candidate, showing strong absorption, distribution, and excretion properties in combination with low toxicity. It acts as an active protease and enzyme inhibitor with moderate activity against GPCR ligands, ion channels, nuclear receptor ligands, and kinases. Enrichment analysis further elucidated its involvement in important biological, molecular, and cellular functions with potential therapeutic applications in diseases like cancer, hepatitis B, and influenza. Results suggest that GMG-ITC is an effective antibacterial agent that could treat MDR S. aureus-associated infections.

In vitro activity of Western Australian honeys and Manuka honey against clinically important yeasts.

With the steady rise in antifungal resistance amongst clinically important yeasts, antifungal drug discovery remains of the utmost importance. To determine the potential of some honeys as alternative antifungal agents, we quantified the antifungal activity of 12 Western Australian honey samples, two Manuka honey samples and an artificial honey against 10 yeast isolates including clinical and reference strains. Results showed that the tested honeys varied in activity, and yeasts species also differed in susceptibility, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by broth microdilution ranging from 8% to >44% w/v honey. Honeys with the highest overall activity were derived from Blackbutt (Eucalyptus patens), Jarrah (E. marginata), and Karri (E. diversicolor). The optical density of each MIC microtitre plate was determined after incubation and showed that at relatively low concentrations of honey the growth of all yeasts was enhanced compared to the untreated control, whereas at and above approximately 12% w/v, honeys exerted a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect, the extent of which varied by honey type. Time-kill studies with 64% w/v honey showed that all eight of the natural honeys tested had greater fungicidal activity than the comparator artificial honey. Our findings suggest that the specific nectar-derived phytochemicals present within each honey play an important role in antifungal activity, and support the notion that activity is due to a combination of factors including osmotic activity, hydrogen peroxide and phytochemical compounds. These data indicate that honey is worthy of further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for superficial yeast infections.

Chemical and bioprotective studies of Xylopia aethiopica seed extract and molecular docking of doconexent and cryptopinone as the prominent compounds

Fourteen phytochemical compounds were identified in the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the petroleum ether extract of the seeds of Xylopia aethiopica. The compounds comprised of terpenoids (56.027 %), unsaturated fatty acids (30.081 %), alcohol (9.385 %) and saturated fatty acid (4.507 %). The extract showed high antioxidant activity in a dose dependent pattern at a minimum and maximum concentrations of 25 and 400 μg/ml respectively and could be compared with that of ascorbic acid used as a standard antioxidant agent. The antibacterial activity screening of the extract against five pathogenic bacteria organisms indicated that the extract possessed more antibacterial activity than gentamicin used as a standard antibacterial agent. The trend of activity was Klebsiella pneumoniae (gram-negative) &gt; Shigella flexneri (gram-negative) &gt; Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram-positive) &gt; Escherichia coli (gram-negative) &gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram-positive). The presence of high amount of terpenoids in the extract of X. aethiopica could be the reason for the high antioxidant and antibacterial activities shown by the extract and also suggests why the seed extract of the plant is used in herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases and infections. All of the test compounds had negative binding affinities, according to molecular docking modelling, indicating that the compounds had been successfully docked to the receptors. The compounds showed good pharmacokinetic properties, such as high blood-brain barrier absorption, oral bioavailability, and water solubility, in the in-silico ADME and drug-likeness predictions. The findings of this study significantly increase the relevance of these compounds as promising first targets for the treatment of drug resistant bacteria. This may help pharmacologists and other medicinal chemists create and synthesize even more potent drug candidates.

Quantum mechanical, spectroscopic, docking studies (Dementia & breast cancer) and in-vitro assays of phytochemical compound Dehydrozingerone by DFT

Density functional theory (DFT) based quantum computing techniques were used to study the phytochemical compound Dehydrozingerone (DHZ), which originated from the ginger plant Zingiber officinale. Structural analyses, of the title compound such as FTIR, FTR, and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) are performed both theoretically and experimentally. DHZ was optimized for the most stable molecular structure. Vibrational frequencies were scaled using a scaling factor, and prominent peaks were identified. Potential energy distribution (%PED) assignments were also examined to determine the percentage of vibrational transitions. Four different solvents were quantitatively analyzed using TD-DFT from UV-Vis spectra. HOMO-LUMO calculations were performed to forecast Dehydrozingerone's stability and non-toxicity. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) method was used to study inter- and intra-molecular interactions. DOS spectra were convoluted to analyse the overlapping interactions of the various bonds present in DHZ. Population analysis, such as Mulliken and Natural, was conducted to determine the charge distribution within the compound. Topological analyses such as ELF, LOL and reactive site of DHZ were identified using MEP. Non-linear optical (NLO) behaviour was further studied and compared to urea, a prototype substrate. Drug likeness and Ramachandran plot were determined. Using the Autodock tools for molecular docking studies, the pharmaceutical importance of DHZ was analysed for targeted proteins 4MS4 (anticonvulsant), 7AIX (dementia syndrome), 7E9B (anti-brain cancer) and 7C00 (anti-breast cancer). The biological activity of breast cancer was analysed both theoretically (protein) and experimentally (MCF7). The standard drug was theoretically studied for the four proteins, and binding energies are comparable, implying that DHZ could be a suitable drug for the control and treatment of anti-convulsant, dementia, brain tumours and breast cancer. To better understand the toxicity and bioavailability of the title compound, cytotoxicity assays were also performed.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Kalanchoe lanceolata for Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Activities

The herb Kalanchoe lanceolata, which is widely used in traditional medicine, has showed promise in treating a range of ailments. Despite its widespread usage in traditional medicine, the phytochemical contents of K. lanceolata are not well studied, particularly in terms of its potential involvement in diabetes management. In this study, the objective was to identify the phytochemical constituents of K. lanceolata and determine how they can help with diabetes management. The whole plant methanolic, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts were analysed with GC-MS to identify bioactive components. In this study, 63 compounds were identified, 27 of which possess bioactive properties. Acorenone B, columbin, phytol, astaxanthin, β-sitosterol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and caryophyllene oxide are significant compounds found to be present in K. lanceolata. In silico molecular docking studies predicted the antidiabetic and antibacterial properties of phytochemical compounds. These compounds show potential as antibacterial, antifungal and antidiabetic agents. This study stresses the significance of K. lanceolata bioactive components and sheds light on the therapeutic potential in diabetes control.

Preliminary phytochemical and biological activity screening of Sargassum lapazeanum

Algae are exposed to substantial stress. In response, these organisms have developed efficient defense systems, such as protective secondary metabolite synthesis, making algae a primary source of bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Thus, algae show potential for use in treatments of thrombotic, infectious, and chronic degenerative diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activity of an extract obtained from Sargassum lapazeanum. Algae were collected in the intertidal zone of Tarabillas beach (Bahía de La Paz, BCS). The biological activities of an ethanolic extract and its fractions were evaluated using chromatographic techniques. In addition, a bioautographic assay of hemolytic activity was conducted, and phytochemical profiles and acute toxicity in Artemia franciscana were evaluated. The relationships among the main extract components were also determined. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant and hemolytic activity, which was mainly attributed to its content of anthrones, anthraquinones, and unsaturated triterpenes. Its toxicological activity reached an LC50 value of 225.1 μg mL-1, which was mainly attributed to alkaloids, flavonoids, anthrones, and saponins. The results suggest that Sargassum lapazeanum, which is endemic to the Gulf of California, has great pharmacological potential with biomedical applications.

Effect of cold arid high-altitude environment on bioactive phytochemical compounds of organically grown Brassicaceae vegetables for nutri-health security in mountainous regions

High-altitude (HA) environment presents immense physiological adversities for humans that have been overcome by supplementing bio-active phytochemicals from functional foods that support and accelerate acclimatization under these extreme environmental conditions. Several agricultural interventions have been investigated to enhance the phytochemical content in vegetables however; these studies have been limited to low-altitude (LA) regions only. In view of an existing knowledge gap, current work is designed to compare the phytochemical compositions of HA and LA-grown Brassicaceae vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol, and radish) using organic treatments via farm yard manure (FYM) and Azotobacter. The open field study was conducted as a two-factorial randomized block design. The first factor was treatment (T1-FYM, T2-Azotobacter, T3-FYM + Azotobacter, and T4-control) while the second was locations (HA and LA). Among all these treatments, the application of treatment T3 in HA-grown cabbage showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC; 9.56 μg/mg), total flavonoids content (TFC; 14.48 μg/mg), and antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; 85.97%) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 30.77 μg/mg) compared to LA grown samples. Reverse Phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis showed that treatment T3 at HA led to significantly high kaempferol (0.92 μg/mg) and sulforaphane (8.94 μg/mg) contents in cabbage whereas, indole-3-carbinol (1.31 μg/mg) was higher in HA grown cauliflower. The present study provides scientific evidence for the enrichment of health-promoting phytochemical compounds in Brassicaceae vegetables grown with T3 treatment specifically at HA.