Phytochemical Composition Research Articles

Correlation analysis between phytochemical composition and biological activities of Artemisiascoparia

As a homologous plant of medicine and food, Artemisia scoparia has rich nutritional value and medicinal components. The main contents are to analyze the phytochemical composition and various biological activities of A. scoparia, and to explore the Pearson correlation between the contents of each phytochemical composition and biological activities. The ethanol extract (EA) and its fractions (n-hexane extract (NHE), ethyl acetate extract (EAC), n-butanol extract (NBA), and water extract (HO)) of A. scoparia were rich in polyphenols, polysaccharides, terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids and showed potential for antibacterial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory activities. EAC contains the highest amount of coumarins and flavonoids, shows strong antibacterial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory (COX-2) activities. In addition, the inhibition rate of NHE on LOX was higher, and Pearson correlation reveled a strong association between phytochemical composition and biological activities: Coumarins had antimicrobial properties, flavonoids had antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects, and flavonoids and terpenoids had anti-inflammatory effects. There was a significant negative correlation between coumarins and MBC of S. aureus (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) and C. albicans (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). Flavonoids (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) showed a significant negative correlation with α-glucosidase scavenging ability. Terpenoids also showed a significantly negative correlation with LOX scavenging ability (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). A comprehensive understanding of both physiological functionalities and potential applications related to the bioactive elements present in extracts from A. scoparia could potentially provide valuable scientific insights to guide its medical or health-related utilization.

Phytochemical and Nutritional Profile of Ficus Capensis Stem Collected from Agbani, Enugu, South East Nigeria

Ficus capensis commonly called bush fig tree belongs to the family Moraceae and have been used for different medicinal purposes. This study aimed at determining the Proximate, Phytochemical, Vitamin and Mineral Compositions of Ficus capensis stem. The analyses were done using standard biochemical methods. The results of Proximate composition showed that the stem contained moisture (21.94 ± 0.10 %), Crude Fat (2.45 ± 0.21 %), Crude protein (15.24 ± 0.05%), Crude Fiber (32.55 ± 0.06 %), Carbohydrate (18.79 ± 0.34 %) and Ash (9.04 ± 0.12 %). The Total energy value was 158 KCal/100g. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Tannin (1.32 ± 0.01 mg/g), Alkaloid (0.55 ± 0.00 mg/g), Saponin (2.17 ± 0.00 mg/g), Glycoside (1.13 ± 0.00 mg/g), Terpenoids (0.10 ± 0.00 mg/g), Flavonoids (2.42 ± 0.02 mg/g), Steroids (0.54 ± 0.00 mg/) and Phenol (0.97 ± 0.00 mg/g). The result also revealed that the stem contained vitamins A (0.57 ± 0.02 mg/g), β-carotene (1.27 ± 0.02 mg/g), B1 (0.89 ± 0.02 mg/g), B2 (1.14 ± 0.01 mg/g), B3 (0.96 ± 0.01 mg/g), B6 (0.85 ± 0.01 mg/g) and B9 (1.28 ± 0.04 mg/g), C (0.81 ± 0.01 mg/g), D (0.26 ± 0.01 mg/g), E (0.85 ± 0.02 mg/g) and K (1.10 ± 0.02 mg/g). The Mineral composition include Calcium (34.01 mg/kg), Phosphorus (0.57 mg/kg), Chloride (2.56 mg/kg), Potassium (21.40 mg/kg), Sulphur (0.26 mg/kg), Iron (0.89 mg/kg), Manganese (0.07 mg/kg), Copper (0.28 mg/kg), Zinc (0.07 mg/kg), Cobalt (0.02 mg/kg) and Selenium (0.52 mg/kg). These results have shown that stem of Ficus capensis is a potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds which are found useful in nutrition and therapy.

Unveiling phytochemical diversity and safety profile of hot water extract from Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit

BackgroundTetrapleura tetraptera, a widely used medicinal plant in West Africa, has been traditionally employed for various ailments. Despite its folkloric significance, scientific validation of its safety and potential neuroactive properties remains limited.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of Tetrapleura tetraptera hot water extract (HWETTF) in rats and to elucidate its phytochemical composition.MethodsAcute oral toxicity was assessed in mice using the OECD guideline 423, while a 14-day repeat-dose toxicity study was conducted in rats. The phytochemical analysis included HPLC, FT-IR, and GC–MS.ResultsHWETTF exhibited no significant toxicity in acute or subchronic studies, even at high doses. Phytochemical analysis revealed a diverse array of compounds, including those with potential GABAergic and CNS depressant activities.ConclusionTetrapleura tetraptera demonstrated a favourable safety profile in rodents and possesses a rich phytochemical composition. Further research is warranted to explore its potential neuroactive properties and develop therapeutic applications.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Five Plants against Four Dermatophytes Responsible for Superficial Infections

This study is of great interest due to the rise in superficial infections caused by dermatophytes and the need to find natural alternatives to synthetic antifungals. The objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical composition and antifungal activity of total extracts from five plants: Zanthoxylum gilletii, Distemonanthus benthamianus, Gmelina arborea, Justicia secunda, and Anacardium occidentale against four dermatophytes, namely Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton soudanense. To achieve this, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis, followed by evaluations of antifungal activity using the slant double-tube method. Antifungal parameters (IC50 and MFC) were determined. The results revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, in most of the extracts. Z. gilletii and D. benthamianus showed strong efficacy, with IC50 values of 0.004 to 0.00609 mg/mL and 0.018 to 0.155 mg/mL, and MFC values of 0.0975 to 0.39 mg/mL and 0.39 to 12.5 mg/mL respectively, particularly against M. canis and T. soudanense. In contrast, A. occidentale showed no significant antifungal activity. This study thus highlights the potential of plant extracts in the treatment of skin infections and justifies further research to explore their clinical application.

Phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound healing activities of Thermopsis turcica.

The antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, wound healing activities and phenolic substance profile of aqueous extracts prepared using branch, leaf, flower parts and above-ground parts of Thermopsis turcica were determined in the study. The analyses indicate that the total phenolic substance contents and total antioxidant status are higher in the mix, flower, and leaf extracts. The extracts reduced cell viability in HGF cells more than in A549 cells. It shows that the extract has low anticarcinogenic activity in A549 cells. Flower extract had the highest wound closure rate. Quinic acid, cyranoside and luteolin were found in high concentrations in all extracts with LC/ESI-MS/LC analysis. It has been determined that the flower extract of the species is the most critical part showing antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and wound healing properties. While the leaf and mix extracts stand out with their antioxidative and antimicrobial properties, the branch extract is effective in wound healing.

Impact of Boiling on Composition of Oven-Dried Curcuma Longa Linn Rhizomes

The effect of boiling Curcuma longa Linn rhizomes prior to oven drying on its proximate, mineral and phytochemical composition was studied. Fresh turmeric rhizomes were sliced to 5 mm thickness and then divided into two parts. The first part was oven dried directly while the second part was boiled prior to oven drying. Both products were then pulverised and subjected to laboratory analysis following standard procedures of AOAC and spectrometry. Boiling had an impact on the proximate composition as there were significant (P&lt;0.05) reductions in ether extract, crude fibre and crude protein. Sodium, calcium, potassium and phosphorus contents were significantly reduced with a significant increase in levels of magnesium, zinc and iron (P&lt;0.05). Significant reductions in phytochemicals due to boiling prior to oven drying were also recorded (P&lt;0.05). This experiment therefore shows that boiling Curcuma longa Linn rhizomes prior to oven drying could be of pharmacological importance.

Validation of ethnopharmacological findings of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa through phytochemical screening and bioactivity assay

For centuries, medicinal plants have been integral to human health and well-being across the world. Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant indigenous to Nepal, holds substantial ethnomedicinal use among indigenous communities in South Asian countries. Present study aimed to explore the integration of contemporary scientific analysis of the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of A. marmelos leaf extracts harvested from Nepal with traditional ethnopharmacological knowledge. Leaf extracts of A. marmelos were subjected to phytochemical analysis utilizing mass spectrometry. The extracts underwent in vitro evaluation for antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and toxicity activities. Hexane fraction was found to possess volatile oils, polyphenols, and tannins, while other fractions were found to have alkaloids, terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and reducing sugars. Further analysis of the hexane fraction identified 21 compounds with over 90 % accuracy. The main phytoconstituents were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (24.25 %), hexadecanoic acid (10.89 %), methylcyclohexane (8.39 %), methyl ester (4.26 %), and caryophyllene (4.10 %). The methanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Additionally, the methanol extract demonstrated pronounced cytotoxic effects against brine shrimp, with an LC50 value of 50.11 µg/mL. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl assay revealed both methanol and acetone extract to have notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 90.63 ± 1.47 µg/mL and 89.93 ± 2.52 µg/mL, respectively. Remarkably, the acetone extract displayed superior antidiabetic activity compared to acarbose, with an IC50 value of 13.50 ± 0.79 µg/mL. Our findings proves A. marmelos leaf extracts to harbor significant bioactive constituents, suggesting their potential as sources of natural compounds for applications in medicine and healthcare.

Phytochemical screening and toxicity assessment of compounds isolated from the leaves of Mangifera indica L. for the control of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)

This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidative capabilities of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L., Nam Dok Mai), indigenous to Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Various solvents with differing polarities, including n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate, and MeOH, were utilized for leaf extraction. The findings revealed the existence of eight groups of phytochemical compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. The MeOH crude extract exhibited the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds at 409.88 ±0.02 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the MeOH crude extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 0.52 ±0.02 μg/ml, as determined by the DPPH method. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify gallic acid and mangiferin in the MeOH crude extract. Laboratory tests were conducted using the topical application method to evaluate the toxicity of the M. indica leaf crude extract on 2nd instar Spodoptera litura larvae. The MeOH crude extract exhibited high efficacy, with an LD50 value of 10.58 µg per larvae within 24 hours. Gallic acid and mangiferin were identified as the primary active ingredients, with LCD50 values of 1.19 µg per larvae and 1.90 µg per larvae, respectively, within 24 hours. Additionally, the impact on detoxification enzymes (24 hours post-treatment) was assessed in surviving 2nd instar S. litura larvae using the topical application method. The MeOH extract treatment resulted in 1.31-fold inhibition of carboxylesterase (CE), 1.31-fold inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and 1.32-fold inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Phytochemical composition analysis, antioxidant, antimitotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of leaf and stem extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L

ABSTRACT This study explored the phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, anti-germinative effects, and anti-inflammatory actions of methanolic leaf extracts (MLE) and methanolic stem extracts (MSE) derived from Pistacia lentiscus L. species native to the eastern region of Morocco. Using Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC),16 and 17 components were discovered inMLE and MSE, respectively, with Epigallocatechin being the most prevalent in both extracts. Polyphenols and flavonoids were found to be more abundant in MLE. Furthermore, DPPH assays revealed that it had a higher free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 37.5 mg/L) compared to ascorbic acid while ferric-reducing power tests showed that MSE had a greater potency (IC50 = 86.14 mg/L) than MLE. Both MLE and MSE inhibited sorghum seed germination in a dose-dependent manner, with MSE being slightly more effective. Mitotic index determination revealed that both extracts had concentration-dependent antimitotic effects, with MSE showing similarity to colchicine, indicating its potential as an antimitotic agent. In vitro, anti-inflammatory assays showed that it had similar properties to indomethacin in protein denaturation and membrane stabilization, while MLE displayed distinct characteristics. Furthermore, in a carrageenan-induced rat model, both extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential, with MSE showing a trend of slightly better efficacy. These results highlight the importance of further investigation into MSE’s potential as an anti-inflammatory and antimitotic agent.

Evaluation of Antifungal Properties and Phytochemical Composition of Selected Euphorbiaceae Species

Aims: To study antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbiaceae members. Study Design: Experimental. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at the Department of Botany, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science &amp; Commerce, Mumbai, India, over a period spanning from April 2022 to December 2023. Methodology: Six medicinal plants from the Euphorbiaceae family were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro and phytochemical profile. Plant extracts were prepared in different concentrations of methanolic extracts and tested against five plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata for their antifungal activity. In preliminary screening, all the plant extracts were tested against fungi using the poisoned food technique. Results: The extract with 20% concentration was found to be most effective in inhibiting mycelia growth. Phyllanthus emblica exhibited 100% inhibition in the extract with 20% conc. Whereas, Codiaeum variegatum exhibited the lowest inhibition i.e. 10.74% in the extract with 5% conc. In preliminary phytochemical analyses, all the plants showed the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and protein except in Jatropha pandurifolia in which few secondary metabolites were present.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Effects of a New Himalayan Lichen Placidium deosaiense Usman and Khalid Growing in Pakistan

Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant effects of a newly described Himalayan lichen Placidium deosaiense Usman and Khalid growing in Pakistan were investigated. HPLC–DAD methods were used for identification of secondary metabolites in acetone and methanol extracts. The total phenolics content was measured using a spectrophotometric method. The study investigated the antioxidant (DPPH-scavenging activity assay and reducing-power assay), antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)), and antibiofilm (inhibition of biofilm formation and reduction in mature biofilm) activities of extracts of the lichen P. deosaiense and isolated parietin. The chemical constituents olivetol, olivetolic acid, haematommic acid, fallacinol, and parietin were identified as major compounds in the tested extracts of the lichen. Parietin was isolated from the acetone extract on a separation column. The methanol extract had higher values of TPC (21.67 mg GAE/g) than the acetone extract. Isolated parietin showed the best antioxidant activity measures, according to the DPPH-scavenging activity assay (IC50 = 51.616 μg/mL) and reducing-power assay. Although the extracts showed the best antibacterial activity (especially against Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12453), parietin demonstrated superior antibiofilm activity (especially against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923). This is the first report on the phytochemical composition of the lichen Placidium deosaiense and the first description of the chemical composition of some of the 45 species of the genus Placidium. This research will pave the way for further exploration of new activities of this lichen and its metabolites, which are important for medicine and pharmacy.

Proximate Constituent and Mineral Content of the Seeds of Africa Yam Bean (Sphenostylis Stenocarpa) Purchased in Ebonyi State, Eastern Nigeria

In sub-Saharan Africa there have been various calls for development of a crop which will be high yielding with increased protein content. One of such plants currently being speculated to be an important source of high protein, carbohydrates, as well as other nutritional substances is African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich. Harms). This work is therefore designed to ascertain the proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical composition of the seed of African yam bean. The seeds of African beans were analyzed for proximate mineral vectorment and phytochemical composition using standard methods. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA. The results of the percentage proximate composition showed that the seeds contain 8.67% moisture, crude protein 22.22%, crude fiber 3.89%, ash 4.58%, fat 4.20%, and carbohydrate 56.44%. The mineral contents (mg/100g) were found to be 32.07 mg/100g (Sodium), 231.20 mg/100g (Potassium), 78.67 mg/100g (Magnesium), 159.66 mg/100g (Calcium), 133.53 mg/100g (Phosphorus), 2.32 mg/100g (Zinc), and 6.13 mg/100g (Iron). Africa yam bean is an important source of high-quality protein and carbohydrate, as well as other nutritious substances. The present constituent, especially their quantitative composition, may be an indication of the nutritional as well as medicinal importance of the seeds of Africa yam bean. Such interesting high content of certain bioactive compounds, such as phenol and flavonoid as well as elevated protein content, calls for improved cultivation of this crop for maximum yield and availability.

The phytochemical composition of Kuzbass medicinal plants studied by spectrophotometry and chromatography

Flavonoids are plant polyphenols that exhibit biological activity with antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic effects. The medicinal plants of Kuzbass have high contents of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, they can be used in medicinal preparations to prevent or treat serious diseases. We studied the following plants collected in Kuzbass: common thyme (Thymus vulgaris Linn., leaves and stems), woolly burdock (Arctium tomentosum Mill., roots), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., leaves and stems), common lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L., leaves and stems), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., leaves and stems), red clover (Trifolium pratense L., leaves and stems), common ginseng (Panax ginseng, roots), sweetvetch (Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb., roots), and cow parsnip (Heracleum sibiricum L., inflorescences, leaves, and stems). To extract flavonoids, we used ethanol at concentrations of 40, 55, 60, 70, and 75%. Spectrophotometry was used to determine total flavonoids, while high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of the extracts. The highest yield of flavonoids was found in H. sibiricum leaves (at all concentrations except 70%), followed by the 55% and 70% ethanol extracts of T. vulgaris leaves and stems, as well as the 75% ethanol extract of A. millefolium leaves and stems. Thus, these plants have the greatest potential in being used in medicines. High-performance liquid chromatography showed the highest contents of polyphenolic compounds in the samples of P. officinalis, A. millefolium, T. vulgaris, and T. pratense. Our results can be used in further research to produce new medicinal preparations based on the medicinal plants of Kuzbass.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Aceh Patchouli Leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) against Enterococcus faecalis: A Potential Alternative for Root Canal Infections

The persistence of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in secondary root canal infections necessitate effective antimicrobial approaches utilizing natural compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Aceh patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) against Enterococcus faecalis. The maceration method was employed for extraction and phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results indicated a total extract yield of 17.25 % and significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. The active compounds in the extract were primarily sesquiterpenes and fatty acids, with patchouli alcohol as the most prominent. The MIC value was 12.5 %, suggesting the potential of Aceh patchouli extract as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections. This study has the potential to make Aceh's indigenous Pogostemon cablin Benth. plant as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections leading to safe and effective treatments that minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance. HIGHLIGHTS The ethanol extract of Aceh patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) was obtained using the maceration method, yielding a total extract value of 17.25 %. The active compounds of the extract were primarily sesquiterpenes and fatty acids, with patchouli alcohol being the most prominent. The ethanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium responsible for secondary root canal infections. The MIC of the extract was 12.5 %, indicating its potential effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent. This study suggests that the Aceh patchouli leaves could serve as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections, addressing the challenges of bacterial persistence and antibiotic resistance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of methanol stem and leaf extracts of Croton bonplandianus Baill

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of methanol stem and leaf extracts of Croton bonplandianus Baill

Comparative study of chemical constituents and biological potency in Lantana camara Linn. leaf essential oil collected from two different sites in Northeast India

The ubiquitous occurrence of Lantana camara highlights its exceptional ecological versatility. Leaves of L. camara were obtained for this study from two different locations of NE, India. Hydro distillation was used to extract the essential oils from the leaves, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) were used to study the chemical profiles of the isolated oils. The essential oil analysis detected 35 components in total essential oil from Location 1 (BLCEO) while in Location 2 essential oil (JLCEO), 29 components were identified. Caryophyllene, humulene and sabinene were present in considerably major amounts in both BLCEO and JLCEO, though variation in area percentage was seen. The anti-oxidant properties of BLCEO were better than that of JLCEO. The BLCEO has also exhibited better results in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. However, both the essential oils did not show any prominent results in α-amylase inhibitory assay and anti-tyrosinase activity. In this study, the phytochemical composition and their effect on the bioactivity of both samples were observed. The chemical constitution of L. camara essential oils (LCEO) and its possible ecological ramifications have also been well explained.

An Integrated Strategy for Chemical Profile Establishment of Premna Microphylla Turcz. leaves and Metabolites in Vivo.

Premna microphylla Turcz. (PMT) is a traditional food and medicinal plant, which has been used to treat cure hemostasis, rheumatism and dysentery. However, it still lacks a clear understanding about chemical profile of PMT and metabolites in vivo. To establish a rapid and efficient analytical method for the identification of phytochemical in PMT and metabolites in vivo. Firstly, the fingerprint of PMT was established by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with methodology validation. Then, the phytochemical composition in PMT leaves were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Finally, the prototype and correlated metabolites were detected after oral administration in mice to understand the absorption and metabolism of phytochemical in vivo. The result showed established HPLC method for fingerprints evaluation of PMT has good precision, repeatability and stability. Additionally, a total of 103 phytochemicals were identified in PMT, mainly including flavonoids and terpenoids. Then, 37 prototype components and 20 derived metabolites in vivo were detected. In this study, we constructed a fingerprint method which has good stability, precision and repeatability, and the fingerprint of PMT was established. Then the chemical profile of PMT in vitro and in vivo was performed. The result showed that flavonoids and terpenoids were the main phytochemicals in PMT, and methylation, sulfonation, dihydroxylation were the main metabolic pathway in vivo. The present study provided the phytochemical basis for the subsequent study of pharmacological activity.

Exploring the Antimalarial Potential of Entandrophragma Utile and Melochia Umbellata Extracts.

Resistance remains the fundamental problem with antiplasmodial treatments. The study investigated the antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of two Cameroonian medicinal plants, Entandrophragma utile and Melochia umbellata. Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7 and Dd2 was assessed using the SYBR Green I assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed against Raw and Vero cells using the resazurin assay, and against red blood cells using a hemoglobin release quantification assay. Antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine), ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays. The most bioactive extract was further analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) to determine its phytochemical composition. Extracts from E. utile exhibited moderate anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 =32.81-100 μg/mL), while M. umbellata leaf extract (MULAE) showed strong activity (IC50 =11.62 and 11.91 μg/mL). All extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity (9.22 to 135.8 μg/mL), were selective for Raw and Vero cells, and were not toxic to red blood cells. UHPLC-MS analysis annotated potential pyrimidones, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids in MULAE. MULAE exhibited better antiplasmodial activity, suggesting the presence of unique bioactive compounds. Further research, including in vivo investigations, is needed to develop safe and effective antiplasmodial therapies.

Phytochemical Screening and Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Tea Formulation of Lippia Multiflora, Zinger Officinale and Mentha Piperita

Aims: Lippia multiflora, Zingiber officinale, and Mentha piperita are aromatic plants known for their health benefits. This study the phytochemical composition and evaluate the safety of a tea made from them for safe human consumption. Methodology: For tea formulations, powder of each plant was prepared and weighed in specific proportions to formulate five different polyherbal tea. A hedonic test was then conducted on each formulation to evaluate consumer apprecation. Phytochemical composition was carried out by coloration and precipitation tests. This was followed by acute and subacute toxicity tests. Results: Among the five formulations, formulation 4 consisting of “55% L. multiflora, 30% Z. officinale and 15% M. piperita" was the most appreciated tea with a value of 8.01. Regarding safety of the formulation 4, no deaths or signs of intoxication were observed. Subacute toxicity tests showed that the polyherbal tea 4 has no adverse effects on biochemical parameters. Apart from white blood cells for which there was an increasing number from 14.40 ± 0.50 103/uL to 19.30 ± 0.40 103/uL in comprarison to the control group (10.60 ± 0.90 103/uL), the haematological parameters were not significantly modified. This Tea formulation ²was rich in compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, which made its consumption more attractive. Conclusion: The polyherbal tea 4 which was the most appreciated, was rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, and was not toxic to wistar rats.

Phytochemical composition and anticancer effect of Akebia trifoliata seed in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells

BackgroundAkebia trifoliata is a widely distributed medicine and food homology plant. Its fruit is used to treat tumors and the seed’s weight proportion exceeds 50%. However, the anti-tumor effect of A. trifoliata seed remains poorly studied. MethodsUHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to identify the chemical components of A. trifoliata seed water extract (WE) and ethanolic extract (EE), and their cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Further, colony formation and cell cycle assays examined the anti-proliferative effect of A. trifoliata seed EE. Next, morphology observation, AO/EB staining, Hoechst 33,258 staining, Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining, and JC-1 assays were employed to detect apoptosis. The influence of A. trifoliata seed EE on A549 cell metastasis was assessed by wound healing and transwell invasion tests. In addition, western blotting and network pharmacology were applied to further analyze its anticancer mechanism. ResultsEighty-two components were characterized from the A. trifoliata seed WE and EE. For anticancer activity, A. trifoliata seed EE exhibited high cytotoxicity against cancer cells A549 (IC50: 52.38 ± 1.04 μg/mL) and NCI-H1299 (IC50: 70.29 ± 0.58 μg/mL) and revealed low cytotoxicity against non-cancer cells MRC-5 (IC50: 101.28 ± 2.84 μg/mL) and L929 (IC50: 113.44 ± 0.55 μg/mL). A. trifoliata seed EE suppressed A549 cell proliferation by inducing S-phase arrest via down-regulation of CDK2 and p21 as well as up-regulation of cyclin E1 and E2. It increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and triggered apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Besides, it repressed migratory and invasive ability by reducing MMP-2, MMP-9, and N-cadherin levels. ConclusionA. trifoliata seed EE exhibits outstanding anticancer properties and has the exploitation potential as an anticancer drug in the pharmaceutical industry.