Phyto Compounds Research Articles

Computational bioprospecting of phytoconstituents as potential inhibitors for peptide deformylase from Streptococcus oralis: An opportunistic pathogen

Streptococcus oralis an opportunistic bacterium has been reported to be involved in various blood borne infections like subacute bacterial endocarditis, septicemia, bacterial meningitis and in some cases dental caries too. Among various targets the peptide deformylase, of S.oralis appears to be most potent druggable target as it is involved in protein synthesis is opted for the current study. Due to unavailability of PDB structure of peptide deformylase from S. oralis the study initiates with homology modelling of the protein and 6OW2 of S pneumoniae is considered as the template. Thereafter, Molecular docking, Molecular dynamic simulation, ADME analysis, and MMPBSA analysis was carried out to explore the inhibitory potential of phyto-constituents as potential inhibitors for Peptide deformylase from S.oralis. Actinonin was considered as reference drug. Among 2370 phyto compounds the best observations were recorded for A1-Barrigenol (IMPHY010984) with binding affinity of −8.5 kcal/mol. Calculated RMSD, RMSF, Binding Free Energy for IMPHY010984 averaged at about 0.10 ± 0.03 nm, 0.08 ± 0.05 nm, 131 ± 21 kJ/mol respectively whereas the RMSD, RMSF, Binding Free Energy recorded for reference drug averaged at about 0.19 ± 0.04 nm, 0.11 ± 0.08 nm, −94 ± 18 kJ/mol respectively. Based on in silico observations IMPHY010984 is proved out as superior candidate over reference drug. The study reflects the potential of IMPHY010984 as prophylactic therapeutics for S.oralis.

Investigation of in-vitro antioxidant activity and heavy metals present in Ficus mollis leaves

The folklore medicinal plant leaves of Ficus mollis were selected for the study. We were performed for elemental analysis, i.e., macronutrients and toxic and heavy metal contents. All the values are within the safe limits. The plant specimens were successively extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and Ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical studies of FML confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The present study also investigated FML antioxidant activity using in vitro methods. The EEFML showed significant antioxidant activity in all models studied compared with ascorbic acid. It possesses good activity in scavenging DPPH radical, Hydroxyl radical, Nitric oxide radical, and scavenging H2O2.Further investigation of individual Phyto compounds, their isolation, identification, and their role as free radical scavengers is needed.

Psoariasis Vrs Alstonia Scholaris: Computational Validation as Functional Food

Introduction : Psoriasis is a skin disease. It is rare & is expanding worldwide. In this investigation the ion channel protein TRPV3 (Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily III ) has been targeted vis-à-vis psoriasis, which is a important factor.
 Objective : To find out Alstonia scholaris’s phyto compounds efficacy against psoriasis and use as functional food.
 Material and Methods : (i) The sun dried powder of the whole bark of medicinal plant Alstonia scholaris in capsule form @450mg/cap as ‘Functional Food’ in Fixed dose (ii) Two phytocompounds (Alstolenine and (-) Scholarine) were taken from the mature tree’s bark for In Silico investigation.
 Results : (i) Functional Food use as was administered and results recorded indicate near clear results with no toxicity. In-Silico molecular docking indicates Alstolenine as the champion with a binding affinity of -7.25 kcal/mol against the TRPV3 ion channel. It is also non-toxic. Synergistic with conventional therapeutics : vis-à-vis psoriasis.
 Conclusion : Alstonia scholaris bark as whole supports use as ‘Functional Food’. Alstolenine posits as a good candidate for further ‘Drug Discovery’ related studies : vis-à-vis psoriasis.

In silico docking study of selected compounds for its hepatoprotective activity

Liver fibrosis is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of scar tissue in the liver. It is typically caused by chronic liver diseases, such as chronic viral hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B and C), alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), autoimmune hepatitis, and certain genetic conditions. Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) is identified as potential anti-inflammatory target which influences inflammatory process and immune response, impacting the recruitment and activation of immune cells and as a host cofactor for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) entry. Andrographolide a diterpenoid lactone, Scoulerine a natural alkaloid possess anti-inflammatory activity. The present work was done to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide and scoulerine using software Autodock 4.2. Phyto-constituents were fetched from the PubChem database. 3D structure of EphA2 were downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB). Among two phyto compounds, andrographolide had highest binding energy of -7.58 which is a clear evident of potential anti-inflammatory activity and prevent hepatic fibrosis. The active site of the target protein was predicted by using CASTP (Computed atlas of surface topography of proteins). Protein ligand interaction information is obtained by Protein ligand interaction profiler.

Honey-based therapeutics: a comprehensive review of anticancer, antioxidant, and prognostic impacts in breast cancer treatment

Background: Nowadays, breast cancer is one of the main causes of deaths among women worldwide. It represents a major challenge in healthcare systems. With the increasing rates of mortality and the adverse effects of conventional therapy, a prompt insight into honey-based therapeutics was crucial for developing new effective complementary and alternative medicine. As a natural product with its long history use in traditional medicine, honey has drawn the attention of thousands of scientists over the past few years for treating various types of cancers, particularly breast cancer. Its anticancer properties are mainly attributed to its complex composition and valuable phyto compounds. Methods: In this review, our study sheds light on honey-based therapeutics for their anticancer properties, antioxidant potency, and its prognosis impact in breast cancer patients referring to bibliographical data collected from 2020 to 2024. Discussion: Several studies unveiled the outstanding potential of honey to modulate apoptosis, immune response, and inflammation processes. Its healing powers could also be explained by its antioxidant potency and preventive effects against oxidative stress which often causes cancers. Similarly, its remarkable prognosis effects on breast cancer patients have been widely debated. Honey does not only improve the life quality of patients undergoing chemotherapy by reducing its side effects but also increases their survival rates. Conclusion: Honey represents a promising complementary therapy that could enhance the effectiveness of conventional breast cancer treatments.

In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Flavone and Phytol from Vilvam (Aegle marmelos) against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG-2) Mitochondrial Proteins

The vilvam fruit is an important source of phyto compounds, that are a good natural resource for curing several health illnesses. Annually, around 906,000 new cases and 830,000 deaths worldwide are attributed to liver cancer, making it one of the most prevalent malignant tumors. Humans' physical and mental well-being, as well as their social and economic advancement, are seriously threatened by and challenged by liver cancer. The molecular interactions between biological chemicals originating from plants and proteins relevant to apoptosis, however, are not well documented in research. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the potential biological compounds of flavone and phytol found in the vilvam fruit and examine their interactions with the targeted apoptotic proteins using molecular docking simulation towards liver cancer mitochondrial signalling pathway proteins such as Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2, PARP, p53, and Cytochrome C. Flavone showed a docking score with Caspase 3 (-10.51 kcal/mol), Bax (-9.49 kcal/mol), Bcl-2 (-11.10 kcal/mol), PARP (-10.22 kcal/mol) and p53 (-10.36 kcal/mol), but could not bind with Caspase 9 and Cytochrome C, while phytol could not bind with all the apoptotic proteins. The consequence of Lipinski rule recommends that flavone is the best curative drug for liver cancer. Docking results verify the application of flavone as a potential and natural therapeutic agent to treat diseases.

Countenance and implication of Β-sitosterol, Β-amyrin and epiafzelechin in nickel exposed Rat: in-silico and in-vivo approach

The detrimental impact of reactive oxygen species on D.N.A. repair processes is one of the contributing factors to colon cancer. The idea that oxidative stress may be a significant etiological element for carcinogenesis is currently receiving more and more support. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity of three powerful phytocompounds—sitosterol, amyrin, and epiafzelechin—alone and in various therapeutic combinations against colon cancer to identify the critical mechanisms that mitigate nickel's carcinogenic effect. To evaluate the ligand–protein interaction of four selected components against Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) inhibitor and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) molecular docking approach was applied using PyRx bioinformatics tool. For in vivo analysis, hundred albino rats were included, divided into ten groups, each containing ten rats of weight 160–200 g. All the groups were injected with 1 ml/kg nickel intraperitoneally per week for three months, excluding the negative control group. Three of the ten groups were treated with β-sitosterol (100 mg/kg b wt), β-amyrin (100 mg/kg b wt), and epiafzelechin (200 mg/kg b wt), respectively, for one month. The later four groups were fed with combinatorial treatments of the three phyto compounds for one month. The last group was administered with commercial drug Nalgin (500 mg/kg b wt). The biochemical parameters Creatinine, Protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), VEGF, MMP-9 Inhibitor, and IL-10 were estimated using ELISA kits and Glutathione (G.S.H.), Superoxide dismutase (S.O.D.), Catalase (C.A.T.) and Nitric Oxide (NO) were analyzed manually. The correlation was analyzed through Pearson’s correlation matrix. All the parameters were significantly raised in the positive control group, indicating significant inflammation. At the same time, the levels of the foresaid biomarkers were decreased in the serum in all the other groups treated with the three phytocompounds in different dose patterns. However, the best recovery was observed in the group where the three active compounds were administered concomitantly. The correlation matrix indicated a significant positive correlation of IL-10 vs VEGF (r = 0.749**, p = 0.009), MMP-9 inhibitor vs SOD (r = 0.748**, p = 0.0 21). The study concluded that the three phytocompounds β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, and epiafzelechin are important anticancer agents which can target the cancerous biomarkers and might be used as a better therapeutic approach against colon cancer soon.

Exploring the Impact of Resveratrol on Gynecological Cancer: Insights and Perspectives

Gynecological cancers, a group of malignancies affecting the female reproductive system, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in women. Different types of gynecological cancers differ by distinct attributes, risk determinants, and therapeutic methodologies. So, depending on the type and stage of the cancer, a tailored combination of therapies is required for the treatment. However, it is shocking that the side effects of these therapeutic methods range from mild to severe. Hence, developing innovative therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes is imperative. Here's the juncture where the role of plant-derived compounds in curing gynecological cancers becomes evident. Various plant-derived compounds, including phytochemicals, polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids for their cytotoxic, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties, have been examined so far. Besides, certain phytocompounds can modulate hormonal-dependent gynecological cancers. Among the widely studied phytocompounds, RSV is the one that is extensively researched in vitro, in vivo and in-silico studies. In this context, this review article provides insights into the present-day knowledge about how RSV can potentially manage gynecological cancers. However, further research is needed to standardize their mode of action, optimal dosages, and potential interactions with conventional treatments. Rigorous clinical trials must validate their safety and efficacy profiles in different patient populations. As a result, a novel avenue for treating and preventing gynecological cancers could emerge by harnessing the multifaceted properties of phyto compounds, instilling new hope for patients and healthcare providers alike.

A search towards alternative ways: replacing conventional chelation therapy against arsenic-induced female reprotoxicity: A review

long-term intake of contaminated water and poses the greatest public health threat from arsenic. Depending on the degree of exposure,its drastic effects might take years to manifest in developing skin lesions and peripheral neuropathy. Major radical changes occur withthe onset of developmental toxicity and reproductive health hazards in both sexes. Arsenic causes cellular damage by promotingoxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in chromosomal aberration and DNA damage. Managing thehealth risks brought on by arsenic has now become a global challenge. Available therapeutic strategy against arsenicosis is mainlyconcerned with using chelating agents that very often redistribute arsenic in the brain. This chelating treatment approach also needsa painful and invasive route that discourages affected individuals from continuing the therapy. Hence, we focused on alternative noninvasivestrategies in managing female reproductive ailments in arsenicated animals. We used different micronutrients, herbal extracts,phytochemicals, etc. The studies established that arsenic-nutrients/arsenic-phytomolecules interaction efficaciously reduced toxicitylevels by correcting the components of the s-adenosine-methionine pool (SAM) on the way of endorsing probable elimination ofarsenic from the system. Natural non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium were investigated against arsenictoxicity and proved to be beneficial for scavenging free radicals. These nutrients also enhance female gonadal function by regulatingovarian steroidogenesis and gonadotropin levels by controlling the brain’s biogenic amines. Phyto compounds such as curcumin,N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), arjunolic acid, extracts of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), pectic polysaccharide (CCPS) from bitter gourd(Momordica charantia) and functional foods such as probiotics and spirulina have been studied. These have been shown to mitigatearsenic toxicity via regulating various inflammatory markers such as NF-κB, MT-1, TNF-α, IL-6, etc. The potential benefits of these werealso shown against arsenic toxicity by upregulating Bcl-2 gene expression accompanied with suppression of pro-apoptotic genes BAX,p53 caspase-3, PARP, PCNA, AKT, etc., and eventually corrected female reproductive stress with improved fertility in arsenicated rats.Hence, these findings may pave the way for the development of a new drug as well as nutraceuticals with more effective and noninvasivetherapeutic approaches for arsenic toxicity.

SYNTHESIS OF A DOUBLE COMPOUND BASED ON DIMETHYLOL UREA AND PHYTOCOMPOUND OF MOLYBDENUM AND THE STUDY OF ITS INFLUENCE ON THE POPULATION OF SOME SOIL MICROORGANISMS AND ACCUMULATION OF NITROGEN

Drillers used for agricultural crops, in particular cotton seeds, cannot provide additional nitrogen feeding in the required volume during a shortage of nitrogen fertilizers. This article sets the task of creating a new active substance based on the phyto compound dimethylolure and molybdenum, which allows you to reduce cotton diseases in cotton cultivation, increase the accumulation of light hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil and obtain a high cotton yield. The purpose. Study of chemical interactions in a three-component aqueous-salt system of dimethylolure-molybdenum phyto-compound-water by isothermal method. Objects. DMM, FSMo, double compound DMM is the active reactant of FSMo. Results.The isothermal method at a temperature of 25°C found that in the concentration range of solutions of 12.2-9.8% DMM and 2.8-5.4% FSMo, DMM crystallizes in the system, at a concentration range of 5.7-2.1% DMM and 12.3-15.5% FSMo, FSMo crystallizes, and in the concentration range of 8.2 -6.4% DMM and 6.2-9.3% FSMo, the compound DMM•FSMo is separated from the solution into this phase.Conclusion. The chemical interaction in the water-salt system dimethylol urea (DMM) - molybdenum phytocompound (FSMo) - water was studied by isothermal methods of chemical analysis. The region of crystallization of a new double compound, an active substance based on DMM and FSMo, was established at a molar ratio of 4DMM•FSMo. On model soil samples, it was determined that the active substance - the double compound 4DMM•FSMo against the background of ammonium nitrate, in comparison with ammonium nitrate, increases the number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria by 3.0 and 3.2 times.

Network pharmacology-based findings of the immunomodulatory activity of phytocompounds from Withania somnifera and Aloe barbadensis

Immunomodulation constitutes a crucial part of individual organisms’ defense systems. Moreover, the utilization of plant-based natural products as herbal medicine for immunomodulation has garnered significant interest. Herein, we examined the immunomodulatory potentials of active phytocompounds extracted from Withania somnifera and Aloe barbadensis by employing ADMET screening, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. This study follows the paradigm in drug discovery, which has shifted from a “one-target, one-drug” mode to a “network-target, multiple-component-therapeutics” mode. Phyto compounds sourced from W. somnifera and A. barbadensis were mined from online databases, including Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical Ethnobotanical Database. After screening these active compounds, their potential targets were predicted through in silico ADMET property prediction models. Network pharmacology was utilized to establish a “compound-protein/gene-disease” network and reveal the regulatory mechanism of small molecules in a high-throughput manner through STRING, Cytohubba plugin in Cytoscape, and the g: Profiler software. A molecular docking simulation was performed to examine the binding affinity between the selected hub targets and bioactives. The findings showed that phytocompounds derived from the W. somnifera and A. barbadensis exhibit immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting specific protein targets, notably AKT1, HCK, JAK2, PDPK1, KIT, and IL2. Molecular docking analysis further revealed the potential of withanolide G, somniferine, and somniferanolide as promising immunomodulatory compounds against HCK, JAK2, and PDPK1 proteins, which are involved in multiple myeloma pathways, encompassing the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. In conclusion, these compounds are recommended for further in vivo and in vitro investigations to ascertain their potential as treatments for multiple myeloma.

Comparative analysis of α-pinene alone and combined with temozolomide in human glioblastoma cells

α-Pinene (PEN) is a phyto compound present in terpene plants. In traditional medicine, PEN has been used for its anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and bronchodilator properties. The effect of PEN in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells has been evaluated. The action of the PEN + TMZ combination on cell migration, soft-agar, and cell death was determined in LN229 and U87MG human glioblastoma cells. In combination, PEN with TMZ showed a synergistic inhibitory effect in the GBM cells. The PEN + TMZ treatment showed a higher fluorescent intensity and reduced the percentage of wound area closure compared to the compound alone. The compounds in combination also resulted in a reduction in single-cell colony formation. To conclude, the study showed that plant-derived PEN enhanced the effectiveness of standard chemotherapeutic, TMZ, in LN229 and U87MG cells.

Antimycotic activity of green tea phytocompounds against Candida glabrata

One of the medically important opportunistic fungal pathogen for humans is Candida glabrata that causes various types of candidiasis. Its environmental adaptations and antimicrobial resistance is now a great concern for public health. In the present study, the green tea phytocompounds; EGCg, Chlorogenic acid, Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate along with a known antimycotic Fluconazole were studied for their antimycotic activity against Candida glabrata. The MIC90 for C. glabrata was observed at 125µg/ml for EGC g, 250 µg/mlf or Chlorogenic acid, 500µg/ml for Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate while 12.5µg/ml for Fluconazole in macro dilution assay while the MFC values were 1000 µg/ml for EGC g, 500 µg/ml for Chlorogenic acid, Coumaroyl quinic acid, Rutin trihydrate and 50 µg/ml for Fluconazole. In microdilution assay, the MIC90 for C. glabrata was observed 125µg/ml for EGC g and chlorogenic acid, 500µg/ml for Coumaroyl quinic acid, Rutin trihydrate and 12.5µg/ml for Fluconazole while the MFC values were 31.25 µg/ml for Fluconazole, 250 µg/ml for chlorogenic acid and 500 µg/ml for EGC g, Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate. EGCg and Chlorogenic acid was found to be more effective against C. glabrata and therefore these two were used for synergistic study along with Fluconazole. The viability of HeLa cells (in per cent) was observed ≥100% green tea phyto compounds. The viability of treated cells (in per cent) with a combination of Green tea, phytocompounds and fluconazole was observed between ≥98± 0.79 to ≥ 98± 0.87. Green tea phytocompounds mainly EGC g and chlorogenic acid can be used as synergistic molecules having antimycotic activity against C. glabrata.

Antidiabetic activity of eupafolin through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and PI3K/Akt signaling in Type 2 diabetic rats.

Eupafolin is a phyto compound of flavone that exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. The main purpose of this study is to examine the antidiabetic effect of eupafolin on nicotinamide-streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 2 diabetes (T2D) rats. After nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) treatment, STZ (60 mg/kg) was administrated intravenously to induce T2D. Rats with fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 200 mg/dL are chosen for the study 7 days after T2D induction. The eupafolin treatment was continued for another 15 days. FBG and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were measured on the 21st day after T2D induction. The blood lipid, serum insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) were determined. In liver homogenate, oxidative stress indicators were measured. In addition, the effect of eupafolin on the expression of the proteins InsR, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2, GLUT4, PPARγ, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt was investigated using a western blot. As measured by OGTT and HOMA-IR, eupafolin treatment reduced FBG and insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, when compared to diabetic rats, liver antioxidant enzymes were dramatically normalized. The level of glycogen in the liver of diabetic rats was increased by eupafolin treatment. In T2D rats, eupafolin dramatically increased the InsR, IRS-2, GLUT4, and PPARγ. Further, the eupafolin treatment activated the PI3K/Akt signaling in T2D rats. These findings imply that the antidiabetic mechanism of eupafolin may be related to the activation of the PPARγ and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in T2D rats. As a result, the flavonoid eupafolin could be an antidiabetic medication for T2D after a comprehensive clinical investigation.

Anti-ischemic Effect of Monoterpene Citronellol on Experimental Stroke Models Mediated by Pro-inflammatory Cytokines.

Phytomedicines are proven to treat various chronic diseases as these compounds are cost-effective with few or no side effects. Elucidating the ameliorative effect of phytomedicine on cerebral ischemia may be a potent alternative therapy. Citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, is one such phyto compound present in the essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus and Pelargonium geraniums and has immense pharmacological properties such as antihyperalgesic, anticonvulsant and antinociceptive. In the present work, the anti-ischemic effect of citronellol in both cellular and animal models of stroke was analyzed. Citronellol-pretreated SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. The cells were assessed for cell viability and LDH quantification. Inflammatory cytokines were estimated in the cell lysate of citronellol pretreated OGD-R induced cells. Healthy young SD rats were pretreated with citronellol and induced with MCAO-R. The control group was comprised of sham-operated rats treated with saline. Group II was comprised of MCAO/R-induced untreated rats. Groups III and IV rats were previously treated with 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg citronellol, respectively, for 7 consecutive days and induced with MCAO/R. Brain edema was analyzed by quantifying the water content and the percentage of infarct was assessed using the TTC staining technique. Acetylcholinesterase activity and neurological scoring were performed to assess the neuroprotective activity of citronellol. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels were quantified to evaluate the antioxidant activity of citronellol. The anti-inflammatory activity of citronellol was assessed by quantifying proinflammatory cytokines using commercially available ELISA kits. Citronellol treatment significantly ameliorated neuronal damage in both cellular and animal stroke models. Prior treatment of citronellol significantly decreased the inflammatory cytokines and increased the antioxidants. Citronellol treatment effectively protected the rats from MCAO/R-induced brain edema. Our results confirm that citronellol is an effective anti-ischemic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Fermented Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC) Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties

Green synthesis is a promising strategy for producing eco-friendly, non-toxic, and less expensive metallic nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. This research synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fermented leaf extract of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC). The physicochemical characterization of AgNPs was conducted by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of AgNPs were evaluated. The results indicated the successful formation of AgNPs by a visual change of color in fermented bush tea leaf extract from black to brown and in unfermented bush tea leaf crude extract from dark brown to light brown. The UV-vis spectrum of the reaction of the mixture of synthesized AgNPs with unfermented and fermented bush tea showed maximum absorbance at 457 nm and 450 nm, which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. FTIR revealed the functional groups of a leaf extract from bush tea that contributed to the reduction and capping process. The thermal properties suggest that low thermal stable compounds contributed to the reduction of Ag+ to Ag° in the phyto compounds found in the extract. The total phenolic content was higher in fermented AgNPs (290.44 mg/g GAE) compared to unfermented AgNPs (171.34 mg/g GAE). On the other hand, the total flavonoid content was higher in unfermented AgNPs (17.87 mg/g CE) than in fermented AgNPs (9.98 mg/g CE). Regarding antioxidant activity values, unfermented AgNPs had the highest FRAP (535.30 TE/mL) and 47.58% for DPPH. Fermented AgNPs had more antimicrobial activity than unfermented AgNPs. The results show that bush tea leaf extract can be used in different industries such as food, cosmetics, and biomedical.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant activity of Byttneria herbacea (Malvaceae)

Ethno-medicinal plants are a major source of phytochemicals that provide traditional medicinal treatment for various diseases. As a result, phytochemical analysis of ethnomedicinal plants is gaining momentum recently for new drug discovery processes. Keeping this thought in mind, the current study was carried out to determine the qualitative nature of the areal part of Byttneria herbacea. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of the areal parts of Byttneria herbacea was performed and the total phenolic contents by using the Folin–Ciocalteu (F-C) technique. The ethanolic extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity by measuring decolourizing activity followed by capturing the unpaired electron from the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Phytochemical testing indicated the presence of the most important phyto compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, phenols, and saponins. Aside from that, the ethanolic extracts had a total phenol content of 185.25 mg/g (reported as Gallic acid equivalents, GAE). The antioxidant activity was found to be satisfactory. The presence of the phenolic components of the plant is connected to the antioxidant potency.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive compounds present in different extracts of an Endemic tree Huberantha senjiana (Annonaceae) leaves

Objective: To explore the volatile chemical constituents present in different crude extracts of Huberantha senjiana (H. senjiana) leaves. Method: The coarsely powdered foliar parts of the leaves were extracted sequentially with solvents of increasing polarity like n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, and methanol. The extracts obtained were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: The analysis revealed the presence of different non-polar compounds in all five extracts in different concentrations. The bioactive Phyto compounds were recognized and characterized based on their retention and elution order in an analytical column. The mass spectra are matched with the inbuilt database of the NIST 8 library to identify the compound present. Conclusion: The present study is considered to be the preliminary study that reveals the presence of volatile components in different leaf extracts of H. senjiana which will serve as a reference for future studies.

Targeting Different Types of Cancer: Molecular Factors and Therapeutic Applications of Phyto Compounds

Cancer is still the second most common cause of death because of genetic mutations in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences. The standard target-directed strategy, which is one of the biggest hurdles in anti-cancer research is dealing with the significance of target function in healthy cells. Cancer cells also suffer from a variety of mutations, alterations in gene duplication, and chromosomal abnormalities, all of which have an immediate impact on the effectiveness of anticancer medications at various developmental stages. Cancer medicine development is challenging due to a combination of these characteristics, which also contribute to lower clinical licensure success rates than in other therapeutic categories. The pathophysiology and molecular characteristics of prevalent cancer types are the main topics of the current review. The search for herbal-based alternatives that lessen resistance brought on by cancer therapy and exert chemo-protective properties is motivated by the fact that the currently available chemotherapeutic medications, also known as combination chemotherapy, are linked to a number of negative effects. This review revised the list of important substances that may improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment in order to offer fresh perspectives

Phyto compounds identified in the methanol extract of Sphagneticola trilobata using GC-MS

Phyto compounds identified in the methanol extract of Sphagneticola trilobata using GC-MS