Sources Of Phytase Research Articles

PSIII-17 Comparative assessment of New Generation Phytase (HiPhorius vs. Ronozyme HiPhos in growing-finishing pigs

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of HiPhorius (DSM-Firmenich), a new generation of phytase with improved temperature and pH stability, as a replacement of Ronozyme HiPhos (DSM-Firmenich) on performance of growing-finishing pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diet. A total of 1,200 growing pigs [PIC genetics, with average initial body weight (BW) = 26.8 ± 0.6 kg] were divided into 60 pens, with each pen consisting of 20 pigs and equal number of gilts and barrows. Each pen within a location block was randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments consisting of 2 sources of phytase (Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius) at a low or a high level of available Phosphorus release (AvP, 0.15 and 0.19% respectively). To achieve a low (0.15%) or high (0.19%) AvP, 1,000 or 2,000 FYT/kg of Ronozyme HiPhos was used respectively. To achieve the same levels of AvP, a decreased inclusion of HiPhorius was used (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg for the low and high AvP, respectively). A five-phase feeding program was utilized until pigs reached market weights. All performance data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as covariate. Least squares means were compared using Fisher’s LSD (P < 0.05). Overall (d 0 to d 92), there were no differences observed in any of the performance parameters [final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F] regardless of the dietary treatments provided (P > 0.20). There were also no differences in mortality and removals (P > 0.20) and in final weight variation (P > 0.20). In summary, using a reduced inclusion rate of HiPhorius (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg) resulted in similar overall growth performance as growing-finishing pigs fed Ronozyme HiPhos at 1,000 and 2,000 FYT/kg, respectively. The present study confirms the improved efficacy of the new generation phytase (HiPhorius) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos.

PSIII-18 Effects of HiPhorius and Ronozyme HiPhos on performance of nursery pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the new phytase HiPhorius (encoded by a 6-phytase gene from Citrobacter braakii and expressed from Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos (a 6-phytase product produced with a genetically modified strain of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) on performance of nursery pigs. A total of 528 weaned pigs [PIC Camborough female × PIC 337 boar; 19 d of age, initial body weight (BW) = 6.5 kg] were blocked by initial BW and gender and allotted to 48 pens which were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 to 12 pigs/pen; 12 pens/treatment), including T1) Ronozyme HiPhos 3,000 FYT/kg, T2) HiPhorius 1,000 FYT/kg, T3) HiPhorius 1,500 FYT/kg, and T4) HiPhorius 2,000 FYT/kg. Pigs were fed a 3-phase feed-budget program, consisting of 1.4 kg/pig in Phase 1, 5.5 kg/pig in Phase 2, and Phase 3 diets fed to d 42 postweaning. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained 1.41, 1.34, and 1.27% SID Lys for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phytase levels were tested at the same dose in phase 1 and 2 diets, while in phase 3, phytase levels were tested at 2,000 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively, for the Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius treatments. During d 0-15 and d 0-22, pigs fed HiPhorius 1000 had reduced (P < 0.05) feed conversion than Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius 2000. No significant treatment effects were observed on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) during these periods. During d 22-42, pigs fed HiPhorius 2,000 had greater ADG (P = 0.08), final BW (P = 0.09), and ADFI (P = 0.03) than HiPhorius 1,000 and Ronozyme HiPhos; however, there were no treatment effects on feed conversion. Overall (d 0 - 42), feeding HiPhorius 2,000 improved ADG compared with feeding Ronozyme HiPhos, HiPhorius 1,000, and HiPhorius 1,500 (476 vs. 458, 449, and 458 g, respectively; P = 0.07); however, similar ADFI and feed conversion were observed among treatments. Data from this study suggest that feeding HiPhorius at 2,000 FYT/kg provided greater ADG compared with feeding HiPhorius at reduced amounts or Ronozyme HiPhos. While the two sources of phytase had similar responses on nursery ADFI and feed conversion overall, feeding HiPhorius at 1,000 FYT/kg resulted in decreased feed conversion during the first 3 wk post-weaning.

263 Effects of source of calcium carbonate and microbial phytase on standardized total tract digestibility of calcium by growing pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that there are differences in the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and in response to microbial phytase among sources of calcium carbonate obtained from different regions of the world. Barrows [n = 320; average body weight (BW) = 17.47 kg; SD = 1.28] were allotted to 40 diets using a completely randomized block design with eight blocks of 40 pigs for a total of eight replicate pigs per diet. All diets were based on corn and potato protein concentrate. Twenty sources of calcium carbonate were obtained from different regions of the world, including the United States, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. Each source of calcium carbonate was used in two diets, one diet without microbial phytase and one diet that contained 1,000 phytase units/kg diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates. Pigs were provided feed at 3.0 times the maintenance requirement for energy. Feces were collected for 4 d following the adaptation period after 5 d of adaptation. Fecal samples were dried, ground, and analyzed for Ca to calculate the digestibility. The initial statistical model included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the Ca-source × phytase interaction as fixed effects; however, no interactions between Ca source and phytase were observed. Therefore, the final statistical model included only Ca source and phytase as fixed effects. A second analysis was performed to compare the digestibility of Ca in calcium carbonate obtained from different regions of the world (i.e., Europe, Asia, the United States, and South Africa). In this model region, phytase, and the region × phytase interaction were fixed effects. However, no interactions between region and phytase were observed and therefore, the final statistical model included only region and phytase as fixed effects. Concentrations of Ca in the 20 sources of calcium carbonate ranged from 32.1 to 40.9% (Table 1). Differences in the STTD of Ca were observed among pigs fed diets containing different sources of calcium carbonate (P < 0.001). Pigs fed diets containing 1,000 units of phytase had greater (P < 0.001) STTD of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing no phytase. The STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate from the United States was less (P < 0.001) than in calcium carbonate from Europe, Asia, or South Africa. In conclusion, the use of microbial phytase increases the STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among different sources and among sources from different regions. Therefore, consideration should be given to differences in analyzed concentrations of Ca, values for STTD of Ca, and response to microbial phytase among different sources of Ca carbonate to ensure Ca is not being oversupplied when formulating diets.

Effects of Phytase Source and Dose on Its Stability during Pelleting Process under Different Conditioning Temperatures

Phytase activity can be impaired during pelleting because of extreme thermal conditions. This study investigated the effects of dose and source of phytase on phytase activity during the conditioning, pelleting, and cooling process. A split-plot design was used in two experiments, with five phytase doses (Exp. 1; 7560, 14310, 33830, 43590 and 61500 FTU/kg) or eight phytase sources (Exp. 2) as the main plot and steam conditioning temperatures (Exp. 1 and 2; 75 and 85 °C) as the subplot. Each treatment processed four batches, one batch per replicate. The results of Exp. 1 showed phytase dose in diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the recovery rate of phytase activity after the conditioning, pelleting, or cooling process. The recovery rate of phytase activity in each process was higher (p < 0.05) at 75 °C than that at 85 °C for both Exp. 1 and 2. The phytase source significantly affected (p < 0.05) the recovery rate of phytase activity and had varied appearances of structure. In conclusion, the structure, phytase activity, and phytase recovery after steam conditioning–pelleting significantly varied across sources, but the stability of phytase was not affected by dose.

430 Awardee Talk: Recent Breakthroughs in Mineral Nutrition Research That Are Influencing Commercial Swine Diet Formulation

Abstract Mineral nutrition research continues to be of great importance to swine nutritionists because of the direct impact on swine performance and health, and consequently producer profitability. The emphasis of recent mineral research has often been focused on trying to overcome areas of concern in commercial production as opposed to the foundational work that historically was designed to establish basal nutrient requirements. Increased prevalence of post-wean diarrhea has stimulated a renewed interest in adding pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO in nursery diets. However, environmental and regulatory concerns are creating the need to find ZnO alternatives that will yield similar growth promotional benefits while also reducing diarrhea. Additionally, formulating nursery diets with an ABC-4 formulation concept considers the influence of dietary mineral concentrations and could allow for less dependence on high ZnO inclusion in nursery pig diets. Interest in identifying the correct Ca and P inclusion rate and relationship that supports optimum growth, feed efficiency, and bone mineralization continues to be of high importance, especially with the increased observation of lameness in commercial barns. Properly adjusting dietary P with the use of phytase is increasing in complexity as the number of new phytase sources enter the market. Research comparing different sources of minerals such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Fe continues to be conducted to identify the combination of source and inclusion rate that yields the greatest return for the producer. The trend for mineral research conducted in commercial barns with pigs exposed to a wide range of stressors will continue in the future. Additionally, an enhanced focus on research conducted with the goal of improving sustainability through life-cycle assessment analysis will drive future mineral research interests. While mineral-focused research has a long history in swine nutrition, the evolution of commercial production needs and consumer demands means that there will be heightened interest in studies that demonstrate optimum mineral feeding strategies in the future.

Identification of Phytate Degrading Probiotic Bacillus Sp. – potent Source of Phytase for Phosphate Bioavailability

Identification of Phytate Degrading Probiotic Bacillus Sp. – potent Source of Phytase for Phosphate Bioavailability

Evaluating the inclusion of phytase sources to phosphorus-free diets for GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Growth performance, intestinal morphometry, immune-antioxidant responses, and phosphorus utilization

The current study aimed at evaluating the growth performance, phosphorus (P) retention, and welfare status of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed on P-free diets containing fungal phytase (FPhyt) and/or a novel hybrid bacterial phytase (HB-Phyt). The control reference diet (T1) was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate (DCP; 8.7 g total P/kg). Other five low-P (with no DCP; 5.9 g total P/kg feed) diets were supplemented with 500, 1000 FTU/g of FPhyt (T2-T3) or 500, 1000 FTU/g of HB-Phyt (T4 – T5), while T6 contained 1000 and 1000 FTU/g of both phytase sources. Each diet was allocated randomly to three 100-L tanks stocked with GIFT tilapia (n = 15 fish per tank, initial mean weight, 2.38 ± 0.22 g). Fish were fed on experimental diets up to satiation thrice a day for 60 days. Fish in T1, T3, T5, and T6 recorded highest growth performance; meanwhile, highest values of villi length/width and absorption area were observed in T3, T5, and T6 fish groups as compared with other groups. Highest values of hematological indices (red blood cell, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell, and lymphocytes %) and immune-antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme, and respiratory burst activity) were highest in the case of fish in T3, T5, and T6 with no significant difference among them. Meanwhile, feeding fish on diets with 500 FPhytase (T2) or 500HB-Phyt (T4) showed lowest values of immune-antioxidant indices accompanied with highest value of malondialdehyde as compared with other treatments. Compared with other treatments, highest values of bone-P were observed in T3, T5, and T6, while highest whole-body P values were detected in T5 and T6 only, with no significant difference among them. The present study revealed much lower feed input per unit production accompanied with higher return on investment in GIFT fed on diets supplemented with 500 FTU/g of HB-Phyt than 1000 FTU/g of either FPhyt or HB-Phyt. Hence, the present study showed that the dietary inorganic P could be compensated by adding 1000 FTU/g of either FPhyt or HB-Phyt to fish diets. The growth and immune-antioxidant indices in fish fed with HB-Phyt were superior to FPhyt treatments. No synergetic effects of using both of FPhyt and HB-Phyt were detected in this study.

The effects of pelleting process parameters and phytase source on the in-feed stability of phytase

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various pelleting parameters and phytase sources on phytase stability during pelleting. In experiment 1, treatments were arranged in a 4 × 3 × 2 factorial with phytase source (A, B, C, and D), conditioning temperature (82, 88, and 93 °C), and conditioner retention time (30 and 60 s). In experiment 2, treatments were arranged for one phytase source as a 2 × 3 factorial of steam pressure (1.7 and 3 bar) and conditioning temperature (77, 82, and 88 °C). In experiment 3, treatments were arranged for one phytase source as a 2 × 3 factorial of die thickness (lengh:diameter [L:D] 5.6 and 8.0) and conditioning temperature (74, 79, and 85 °C). Treatment diets for all three experiments were mixed using a horizontal counterpoise mixer. Phytase premix was added to the mixer via a hand-add port after being hand mixed for 3 min with 2.3 kg of ground corn. Diets were steam conditioned and pelleted using a 30-horsepower pellet mill. Initial mash, conditioned mash, and pellet samples were collected for analysis of phytase level, moisture content, and pellet durability (PDI). Conditioning temperature, hot pellet temperature (HPT), and production rate were also recorded for each treatment, and each treatment was replicated 3 times. For Exp. 1, there was a source × conditioning temperature interaction for phytase stability. At conditioning temperatures of 82 and 88 °C, phytase A had greater stability compared to all other phytase sources. At 93 °C, phytase A stability was not different than phytase C, but greater than phytase B and D. At 82 °C conditioning temperature, phytase stability of phytase B was less than that of the other phytase sources and not different than the stability of phytase C or D at 88 and 93 °C. For all 3 experiments, phytase stability decreased and PDI and HPT increased with increasing conditioning temperature. Even at the lowest conditioning temperature of 74 °C (Exp. 3), maximum phytase stability averaged 63 % in pellets. There was no evidence that conditioner retention time or die L:D affected phytase stability and increasing steam pressure tended to improve phytase recovery by 18 % in pellets. There is a complex matrix of pelleting factors that influence phytase stability with most of the factors affecting HPT and enzyme recovery accordingly, perhaps making HPT the best determinant for phytase stability.

Microbial engineering for the production and application of phytases to the treatment of the toxic pollutants: A review

Phytases are a group of digestive enzymes which are commonly used as feed enzymes. These enzymes are used exogenously in the feeds of monogastric animals thereby it improves the digestibility of phosphorous and thus reduces the negative impact of inorganic P excretion on the environment. Even though these enzymes are widely distributed in many life forms, microorganisms are the most preferred and potential source of phytase. Despite the extensive availability of the phytase-producing microbial consortia, only a few microorganisms have been known to be exploited at industrial level. The high costs of the enzyme along with the incapability to survive high temperatures followed by the poor storage stability are noted to be the bottleneck in the commercialization of enzymes. For this reason, besides the conventional fermentation approaches, the applicability of cloning, expression studies and genetic engineering has been implemented for the past few years to accomplish the abovesaid benefits. The site-directed mutagenesis as well as knocking out have also validated their prominent role in microbe-based phytase production with enhanced levels. The present review provides detailed information on recent insights on the modification of phytases through heterologous expression and protein engineering to make thermostable and protease-resistant phytases.

Performance, carcass quality, tibia ash, and mineral digestibility responses of Ross 708 broilers to increasing dose of two commercially available mixer-added phytases

Mixer added phytases must maintain efficacy post-conditioning and pelleting. Heat from saturated steam and friction upon pellet die extrusion may deactivate phytases. The objective of this study was to assess the thermostability of 2 commercially available phytases concentrated at 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg in mixed mash post-steam conditioning at 82°C for 30 s and extrusion through a 4.8 × 38 mm pellet die and the subsequent effect on 0 to 44-d Ross 708 male broiler performance, mineral digestibility, and tibia ash responses. The phytase sources were both derived from E. coli and expressed in Trichoderma Reesei , (QB) and Pichia pastoris , (OP). A 3 (Phytase level) × 2 (Phytase source) factorial arrangement of treatments within a randomized complete block design was utilized. A positive control and negative control diet based on available phosphorus ( P ) and total calcium ( Ca ) were also manufactured and analyzed within a multiple comparison. Diets were fed to 8 replicate pens of 30 chicks in 3 phases. Live performance, d 20 and d 44 tibia ash, d 44 hot boneless, skinless breast weight, and mineral digestibility were measured. Phytase sources did not differ in their effect on live performance or breast yield. Calcium digestibility was increased for birds fed OP relative to QB ( P < 0.05). Phosphorus digestibility increased as phytase level increased ( P < 0.05). D 20 tibia ash percentage increased for 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg for both phytase sources ( P < 0.05). All phytase treatments increased d 44 tibia ash relative to the NC; however, OP tibia ash further increased when supplemented above 500 FTU/kg ( P < 0.05). The assessed phytase sources showed similar benefit to live performance and breast yield but varied in response to tibia ash and mineral digestibility at different concentrations. It is important to note that the conclusions in this study were derived using specific phytase products that were analyzed for activity by using a specific protocol, and diets were pelleted within a selected range of processing conditions (i.e., 82°C and 30 s of conditioning); using alternative methodologies may result in different conclusions.

Use of different combinations of enzyme complexes in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of “on top” addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6 - BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment, 112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from 1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.

Determining the phosphorus release of GraINzyme phytase in diets for nursery pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the available P (aP) release curve for a new phytase source, GraINzyme Phytase (Agrivida Inc., Woburn, MA), which is expressed in corn containing an engineered Escherichia coli phytase called Phy02. Plant-expressed phytases are created by inserting phytase-encoding genes into plants resulting in their ability to produce seeds with increased concentrations of phytase. A total of 360 pigs (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE, initially 9.9 ± 0.19 kg) were used in a 21-d growth study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed common starter diets. From days 18 to 21 postweaning, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP. On day 21 postweaning, considered day 0 of the study, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of eight dietary treatments with five pigs per pen and nine pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to include increasing aP derived from either an inorganic P source (0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 1.24% standardized ileal digestible Lys. On day 21 of the trial, one pig per pen (weighing closest to the mean pen BW) was euthanized and the right fibula was collected to determine bone ash using the nondefatted processing method. Overall (days 0 to 21), pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P or phytase had increased (linear, P < 0.002) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed (G:F; quadratic, P < 0.05). Bone ash weight (g) and percentage bone ash increased (linear, P < 0.001), with increasing inorganic P or added phytase. Based on the composition of the diets used in this study, the release equations developed for GraINzyme for ADG, G:F, bone ash weight, and percentage bone ash are as follows: aP = (0.255 × FTU)/(1299.969 + FTU), aP = (0.233 × FTU)/(1236.428 + FTU), aP = (45999.949 × FTU)/(462529200 + FTU), and aP = (0.272 × FTU)/(2576.581 + FTU), respectively.

Improvement of Fungal Phytase Production and Its In-vitro Application in Ruminant Nutrition

Various fungal genotypes (Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 (AN1), Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 (AN26), Aspergillus terrus F2-Kh (AT) and Mucor racemosus NRRL 3639 (MI)) were studied for their ability to produce phytase and improve the produced enzyme by ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. AN1 showed the highest phytase activity on phytase screening medium supplemented with glucose (PSMG) after 8 days of incubation (reached 1875.40 IU/mL). The phytase activity of AN1 increased with increasing incubation time and the highest value was achieved at 12 days of incubation (2859.33 IU/mL). The exposure of AN1 spore suspension to 200 mM of EMS for different times enhanced the phytase activity and that mutant 20 Mn exhibited the highest phytase activity (reached 4520.5 IU/mL) therefore it was chosen for the next experiment. An in-vitro gas production procedure was carried out to evaluate the impact of using various amounts of laboratory produced phytase (PE) compared with commercial phytase (Axtra® PHY) on nutrients availability of ruminant's ration. Six levels (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 IU phytase-1Kg dry matter) of phytase enzyme were evaluated with tested ration consisted of 40% berseem hay (BH) and 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM). In-vitro dry and organic matter degradability (IVDMD and IVOMD), total gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA’s) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration were improved significantly (P<0.05) by phytase addition from the two sources of phytase and the highest significant (P<0.05) values achieved at the level of 1200 IU. Results suggest that phytase activity was influenced by exposure to EMS mutagen compared to the wild type. Also, the produced enzyme source has the ability to improve the utilization efficiency of phytate diets as evidenced by the significant (P<0.05) increase in all tested parameters compared to the commercial source.

Supplemental phytase increases phosphorus digestibility in pigs regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of phytase source and feed pelleting on digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, organic matter (OM), and phosphorus (P) with different doses of supplemental phytase in pigs. In Exp. 1, ten barrows (31.4 ± 3.5 kg of body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted to a replicated 5 × 6 Latin square design with 5 diets and 6 periods. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (28.2 ± 3.2 kg of body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods. Each period lasted for 10 days consisted of a 5-day adaptation period and a 5-day collection period, and the marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. In both experiments, a basal diet was prepared based on corn and soybean meal without phytase or inorganic P. Four experimental diets were prepared in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 phytase sources (Buttiauxella spp. or Escherichia coli) and 2 feed forms (mash or pellet). Supplemental dietary phytase concentrations were 500 and 1500 phytase units (FTU)/kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, supplemental phytase at 500 FTU/kg increased apparent total tract digestibility of P (P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM, crude protein, and OM (P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, supplemental phytase at 1500 FTU/kg increased apparent total tract digestibility of P (P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM and OM (P < 0.001). Based on the results from the 2 experiments, supplemental phytase at 500 and 1500 FTU/kg increased P digestibility in pigs regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting, and feed pelleting increased nutrient digestibility.

Effect of Bacterial or Fungal Phytase Supplementation on the Performance, Egg Quality, Plasma Biochemical Parameters, and Reproductive Morphology of Laying Hens.

Simple SummaryThe present study shows that 5000 FTU/kg dietary supplementation with bacterial (E. coli) or fungal (Aspergillus niger and Trichodermareesei) sources of phytase with less available phosphorus is capable of maintaining productive efficiency, reproductive morphology, and egg quality of laying hens. Eggshell consistency was increased while yolk cholesterol was decreased as a result of diets supplemented with bacterial or fungal phytase. All in all, our results clarify that feeding laying hens bacterial and fungal phytase at 5000 FTU/kg can be effective to replace inorganic phosphorus commercially.Catalytic and physicochemical properties of microbial phytase sources may differ, affecting phosphorus (P) release and subsequently the productive and reproductive performance of layers. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacterial and fungal phytase sources on layer productivity, egg production, biochemical blood indices, and reproductive morphology. For this purpose, 360 Bovans brown hens at 42 weeks of age were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups, each with 15 replicates of 6 hens. The first group (control) was fed a basal diet with 4.6 g/kg available P. In contrast, the second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets treated with 3.2 g/kg available P, supplemented with either 5000 FTU/kg of bacterial E. coli (QuantumTM Blue 5G), fungal Aspergillus niger (VemoZyme® F 5000 Naturally Thermostable Phytase (NTP)), or fungal Trichodermareesei (Yemzim® FZ100). Dietary supplementation of bacterial and fungal phytases did not affect the productive performance or egg quality criteria, except for increased shell weight and thickness (p < 0.05). Serum hepatic function biomarkers and lipid profiles were not altered in treated hens, while calcium and P levels were increased (p < 0.05) related to the controls. Ovary index and length, and relative weight of oviduct and its segments were not influenced. The contents of cholesterol and malondialdehyde in the yolks from treated birds were lower compared to control hens, while calcium and P content increased (p < 0.05). Conclusively, bacterial and fungal phytase sources can compensate for the reduction of available P in layers’ diets and enhance shell and yolk quality without affecting productive performance, and no differences among them were noticed.

Mitsuokella Jalaludinii Supplementation Improved Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Fed Low-Available Phosphorus Diet

ABSTRACT Phytase enzyme is supplemented to poultry feed to improve phosphorus (P) availability. Mitsuokella jalaludinii, bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle, has been reported as a cheaper alternative source of phytase. As much nutrients are trapped within the phytate complex, we hypothesized that the supplementation of M. jalaludinii phytase to poultry feed would enhance nutrient utilization by poultry. In the current study, the efficacy of freeze-dried M. jalaludinii cells (Mj) as feed supplement for broilers fed low-available phosphorus (low-aP) diet was evaluated. Day-old male Cobb raised in battery cages were assigned to three treatment groups [normal-available phosphorus diet with heat-deactivated Mj (DMj); low-aP diet with DMj; and low-aP diet with Mj], each consisting of four replicates (10 birds per replicate) for a 3-weeks feeding period. Feed intake was recorded daily from day 1-21, whereas broilers were weighted at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Total excreta were collected at day 11-13 and 18-20. At day 21, twelve broilers from each treatment group were slaughtered to collect plasma and tibia. The results showed that Mj significantly enhanced broilers’ live weight and feed conversion ratio compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Supplementation with Mj have also enhanced the level of P, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sera; and Ca and Mn in the tibia at day 18-20 sampling period (p<0.05). As Mj supplementation can enhance nutrient utilization particularly in broilers fed with low-aP diet, it could provide the market with another option in improving broilers’ growth rate at a lower cost.

Performance of Aspergillus niger (NCIM 563) phytase based feed supplement for broiler growth and phosphorus excretion

Despite availability of commercial enzymes, the phytase produced from relatively inexpensive systems with high yields are gaining global attention in the feed industries in post-antibiotic era. We studied A. niger NCIM 563 Phytase produced in solid state fermentation (SSF) derived Koji powder and evaluated its utility in the poultry feed for broiler growth performance and phosphorous (P) excretion. The ability of phytase in the dried powder was estimated to dephytinize the poultry feed under simulated gastric conditions. Poultry feed was formulated using A. niger NCIM 563 phytase followed by a 42 days feed trial on broilers. After supplementation of phytase to the diet, there was a reduction of dietary P, maintained growth performance, skeletal development of broilers and reduced levels of phytic acid and available P in the litter. Extracellular phytase was able to replace up to 0.1% P in poultry feed. Minimal downstream processing a low-cost feed supplement with significant phytase activity could provide added advantage for anti-nutrition free poultry feed. • Fungal phytase was produced in lab by solid state fermentation. • Dried koji was directly used as phytase source in poultry feed. • Phytase at 500U/kg of feed can replace 0.1% NPP without affecting growth performance.

131 The effect of increasing phytase dose to 1000 FTU/kg on phosphorous and calcium digestibility in pigs fed diets without inorganic P

Abstract An experiment was conducted to compare two sources of phytase, Buttiauxella phytase expressed in T. reesei (Phytase B) and a hybrid phytase expressed in A. niger (Phytase H), on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) in pigs fed diets without inorganic P. Eighty barrows (12.8 ± 1.04 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and fed 8 diets (10 pigs/diet). A positive control diet (PC) based on corn, wheat, canola meal, and soybean meal was formulated to contain 0.29% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P and 0.60% Ca. A negative control (NC) was formulated without inorganic P, and this diet contained 0.48% Ca and 0.19% STTD P. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 250, 500, or 1000 units of each phytase (FTU)/kg to NC. After 5 d of adaptation, feces were collected from the feed fed during the following 4 days. Data were analyzed using contrast statements to compare source of phytase and determine the linear and quadratic effects within each source of phytase. With increasing dosage, fecal excretion of P decreased with phytase B (quadratic, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to decrease with phytase H (P &amp;lt; 0.10), but fecal P was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for phytase H than phytase B. The ATTD of P increased quadratically with increasing dose of either phytase B or phytase H (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Across dose levels, phytase B had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of P and Ca (77.3 and 83.5%) than phytase H (71.0 and 79.3), indicating that phytase B increases the ATTD of P and Ca to a greater extent than phytase H. In conclusion, both phytase B and phytase H, to a different extent, reduced fecal P excretion and increased ATTD of Ca and P in a dose dependent manner.

Addition of Whole Wheat Flour During Injera Fermentation Degrades Phytic Acid and Triples Iron Absorption from Fortified Tef in Young Women

Iron deficiency is a major public health concern in Ethiopia, where the traditional diet is based on tef injera. Iron absorption from injera is low due to its high phytic acid (PA) content. We investigated ways to increase iron absorption from FeSO4-fortified tef injera in normal-weight healthy women (aged 21-29 y). Study A (n=22) investigated the influence on fractional iron absorption (FIA) from FeSO4-fortified injera of 1) replacing 10% tef flour with whole wheat flour (a source of wheat phytase), or 2) adding an isolated phytase from Aspergillus niger. Study B (n=18) investigated the influence on FIA of replacing FeSO4 in tef injera with different amounts of NaFeEDTA. In both studies, the iron fortificants were labeled with stable isotopes and FIA was calculated from erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron isotopes 14 d after administration. In study A, the median (IQR) FIA from the 100% tef injera meal was 1.5% (0.7-2.8%). This increased significantly (P<0.05) to 5.3% (2.4-7.1%) on addition of 10% whole wheat flour, and to 3.6% (1.6-6.2%) on addition of A. niger phytase. PA content of the 3 meals was 0.62, 0.20, and 0.02g/meal, respectively. In study B, the median (IQR) FIA from the 100% tef injera meal was 3.3% (1.1-4.4%) and did not change significantly (P>0.05) on replacing 50% or 75% of FeSO4 with NaFeEDTA. FIA from tef injera by young women was very low. NaFeEDTA was ineffective at increasing iron absorption, presumably due to the relatively low EDTA:Fe molar ratios. Phytate degradation, however, greatly increased during tef fermentation on addition of native or isolated phytases. Replacing 10% tef with whole wheat flour during injera fermentation tripled FIA in young women and should be considered as a potential strategy to improve iron status in Ethiopia.

Effect of two commercial limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in 0-21 d old broilers

A study evaluated the effects of limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in broilers. A 2×5 factorial arrangement was employed with two commercial limestone sources and five diet treatments; a positive control (PC) diet with 7.2 g/kg P and 9.6 g/kg Ca, and a negative control diet containing reductions of 1.87 g/kg available P, 1.99 g/kg Ca and 0.4 g/kg Na, supplemented with either Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) or Escherichia coli phytase (PhyE) at 500 or 1000 FTU/kg diet. The two limestone sources were feed-grade commercial products with different particle sizes and solubility (fast-soluble (FS) 100%; slow-soluble (SS) 26% soluble after 30 minutes at pH 3) containing similar levels of Ca. Diets were fed to one-day-old Ross 308 males (n=2,400) with 30 birds/pen and eight pens/treatment in two phases (starter 0-10 d and grower 10-21 d). On d 21, ileal digesta was collected from 12 birds/pen to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca, and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) disappearance, and tibias from four birds/pen for ash determination. The SS limestone improved body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and FCR vs FS limestone in starter/grower phases (P&lt;0.05), and improved AID of P (P&lt;0.05) and IP6 disappearance (P&lt;0.05) at d 21. There was an interaction between limestone and phytase on BWG, FI and FCR in the grower phase (P≤0.05) whereby FS (vs SS) limestone reduced BWG at either dose of PhyE, but only at 500 FTU/kg of PhyB. At an equivalent dose, PhyB had higher BWG and feed intake than PhyE (P&lt;0.05). At 1000 FTU/kg, performance was equivalent (BWG and FI) or superior (FCR) to the PC, PhyB produced greater tibia ash, AID of P and IP6 disappearance (P&lt;0.05). The findings showed that the effects of limestone particle size on phytase efficacy varied with phytase source and dose.