Dietary Phytase Research Articles

Effects of supplemental phytase on growth, nutrient digestibility and anti-oxidant enzyme activity in the gills of juvenile mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1882) fed distillers dried grains with soluble based diets

ABSTRACT A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase supplemented Distiller’s Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS) based diet on the production performance, tissue composition, nutrient digestibility and activity of anti-oxidant enzymes in the gills of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of supplemental phytase, 0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3), 750 (D4), 1000 (D5), and 1250 (D6) phytase (FTU/kg). Each experimental diet was randomly assigned and fed three times daily to triplicate groups of 180 fish. Significant increase in body weight gain and specific growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios of groups fed up to 750 FTU/kg were observed. Broken line analysis of Specific Growth Rate showed that the optimal dietary phytase level of mrigal juveniles is 750 FTU /kg or higher than this dose. Results among protein, lipid, moisture, ash and P contents of whole body, muscle, liver and viscera were not significantly different as phytase level increased from 250 FTU/kg to 1250 FTU/kg (D2 to D6). It was concluded that phytase at the rate of 750 FTU /kg is the optimum dose for the enhanced growth in juvenile mrigal.

The Impact of Dietary Phytase on the Protein Efficiency Ratio and Growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The Impact of Dietary Phytase on the Protein Efficiency Ratio and Growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Optimal dietary supplementation of phytase for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) based on growth and mineral utilization

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile red drum to evaluate the potential benefits of supplementing dietary phytase on growth performance and utilization of phosphorus (P) and various trace minerals. The negative control diet (0.9% of total P and 0.57% of available P) was formulated to have inadequate available P based on the established P requirement of red drum. The positive control diet contained extra monocalcium phosphate (MCP) to provide 0.73% available phosphorus to meet the red drum's minimum P requirement. Another four phytase-supplemented diets were made via adding Quantum Blue phytase (AB Vista, Plantation, Florida) at either 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 phytase units (FTU)/kg to the negative control diet. Each diet was fed to quadruplicate groups of 20 juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4.99 ± 0.09 g) in 110-L aquaria operated as a brackish water (7 ppt) recirculating aquaculture system for 9 weeks. The results showed that compared to red drum fed the negative control diet, fish fed the phytase-supplemented diets had significantly (P < 0.05) increased weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein retention. In addition, significantly increased apparent availability of P was observed in red drum fed the diets containing phytase compared to those fed the negative control diet. Red drum given the phytase-supplemented diets also had significantly enhanced utilization of various minerals, except for whole-body retention of Mn and bone deposition of Fe, compared to fish fed the negative control diet. According to the results based on the orthogonal polynomial contrasts, the optimal dietary phytase dosage was found to be 5520 FTU/kg of dry diet. Consequently, the supplementation of dietary phytase significantly improved growth performance of red drum and partly substituted for dietary MCP in diets containing 40% soybean meal and insufficient available P. In addition, dietary phytase supplementation significantly enhanced the utilization of dietary protein and various minerals by red drum.

Estimation of digestible zinc and copper in pigs: a meta-analysis approach

The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of Zn and Cu supplementation and nutritional factors on the digestible content of these minerals using a meta-analysis approach. A database derived from 24 publications and describing 142 experimental treatments was compiled. A model showed that positive effects of chelated, (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.01) and inorganic Zn supplementation ( P &lt; 0.05) (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.01), Zn from ingredients (linear, P &lt; 0.01) and a negative linear effect of dietary Cu concentration ( P = 0.067; R2= 94%) on digestible Zn content. In other model, addition of phytase showed linear improvement of digestible Zn ( P &lt; 0.01; R2= 96%). For digestible Cu, a model showed that chelated and inorganic Cu supplementation ( P &lt; 0.01) linearly increased digestible Cu while dietary Zn level decreased it ( P &lt; 0.01; R2 = 93%). Dietary phytase did not impact digestible content of Cu. The digestibility of Zn and Cu depends on dietary supplementation of these minerals in diets but also on the interaction between these minerals. Finally, phytase supplementation improves digestible Zn content but not Cu.

149 Effects of Microbial Phytase on Standardized Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Feed Phosphates Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased microbial phytase on total tract digestibility of P in feed phosphates when fed to growing pigs. A source of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) were procured. Three basal diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, and 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU) and no addition of feed phosphates. Nine phosphate-containing diets were formulated by adding each of the 3 feed phosphates and 3 levels of phytase. A P-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous P loss. A total of 117 growing barrows (BW = 15.56 kg; SD = 1.68) were divided into 3 blocks of 39 pigs and allotted to the 13 diets for a total of 9 pigs per diet. During the experiment, pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a slatted floor, a feeder, and a nipple drinker. Fecal samples were quantitatively collected for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation using the marker-to-marker approach. Fecal samples were dried and ground before analysis. Fecal samples, feed ingredients, feed phosphates, and diet samples were analyzed for P, Ca, and dry matter and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) were calculated. The ATTD and STTD of P in the 3 feed phosphates were calculated using difference procedure. The statistical model included the level of phytase and the P source as the fixed effects and the random effects of period and replicate within period. Contrast statements were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of increasing phytase in diets and the model included diet as the fixed effect and period and replicate as the random effects. Pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase (Table 1). This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MgP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.

PSIV-13 Evaluation of Floor Space Restriction and Hyper-Dosing of Phytase on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Serum Chemistry of Late Finishing Pigs

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of strategically applied hyper-dosing of phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum chemistry profile of late finishing pigs housed under space-restricted conditions. A total of 375 finishing pigs (94.63 ± 0.61 kg) were randomly assigned to 48 pens, with 7 to 8 pigs per pen equally balanced for gilts and barrows. Two phytase supplementation doses (control of 2,500 FTU/kg or hyper-dose of 5,000 FTU/kg) and two space allocation dimensions (adequate with 0.85 m2/pig or restricted with 0.66 m2/pig) were combined to create 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Pigs were fed a finishing diet formulated to contain 0.68% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine, 0.55% Ca, and 0.24% available P and phytase was given equal matrix values for Ca, P, SID amino acids, and net energy for both supplementation levels. Analyzed dietary phytase concentrations were 2,970 and 6,560 FTU/kg for the 2,500 and 5,000 FTU/kg treatments, respectively. The 3 heaviest pigs per pen (2 barrows and 1 gilt) were marketed on d 28 and the remaining pigs were marketed on d 42. No interactions; P &amp;gt; 0.10) were observed between floor space allowance and phytase supplementation. Pig body weight was determined weekly and was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.008) by restriction of space on week 3 (116.7 vs. 118.4 kg), and 4 (time of first marketing; 123.6 vs. 125.4 kg) and tended to be reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.08) on week 5 (125.5 vs. 127.8 kg), and 6 (second marketing; 133.0 vs. 135.3 kg). Body weight considering all pigs marketed (d 28 and d 42) was reduced (P = 0.009; 133.9 vs. 135.4) by space restriction. Space restriction reduced ADG during week 1, 3, the first marketing period, and for all pigs marketed (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Similarly, ADFI was reduced in space restricted pigs for all periods (P ≤ 0.001), but gain:feed was not impacted (P &amp;gt; 0.08). Back fat depth and loin eye area measured using ultrasound was not impacted by space restriction. Hyper-dosing with phytase did not impact (P &amp;gt; 0.06) growth performance or carcass characteristics, regardless of space allowance. Space restriction and phytase supplementation did not impact serum chemistry except for increased serum total protein and decreased urea N (P &amp;lt; 0.05) due to space restriction and decreased aspartate transaminase with hyper-dosing phytase. Results indicate that restricted floor space allowance reduced growth rate, feed intake and body weight of late finishing pigs and that hyper-dosing phytase was not an effective strategy in improving growth performance regardless of space allowance.

273 Dynamics of Bone Mineralization in Primiparous Sows as a Function of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium During Lactation

Abstract In a context of maximizing the use of dietary phosphorus (P) in swine production, research should focus on understanding the mechanisms of bone P and calcium (Ca) utilization in sows. A better knowledge of P and Ca quantities that can be mobilized from bones during lactation, which would then be restored during gestation, would allow the development of new feeding strategies including this dynamic process. In turn, it can lead to a substantial decrease in dietary P supply. The role of dietary phytase supplementation also needs to be quantified in such potential strategies. In addition to the bone mineral status of sows, the consequences of these strategies on litter performance need to be documented. The objectives of the experiment were to measure the capacity of the sow to mobilize bone minerals reserves during lactation according to dietary digestible P (P dig) content and phytase addition, to restore them, during the following gestation, and to measure the effects on the growth performance of the offspring. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) of primiparous Swiss Large White sows (n = 24) from the Agroscope sow herd was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on days 2, 14, 26, 66, and 106 after parturition. Four lactation diets were formulated to cover all nutritional requirements except for Ca and P dig: control without phytase (100%; 3.0 g P dig, 9.9 g Ca/kg), 75% of P dig without phytase (75%; 2.3 g P dig, 8.3 g Ca/kg), 50% of P dig without phytase (50; 1.5 g P dig, 6.0 g Ca/kg), and 50% of P dig with phytase (50+Phyt; 3.0 g P dig, 7.6 g Ca/kg). The gestation diet was formulated to cover nutritional requirements of Ca and P dig (2.6 g P dig, 8.2 g Ca/kg). Piglets were weighed at 1 and 14 days after parturition and at weaning (day 26), and the average daily gain (ADG) per piglet was calculated. During lactation, BMC of the sow (in g/kg of body weight, BW) tended to be less in treatment 50% than in treatment 100% (-12.8%, linear effect x time quadratic, P = 0.05). During gestation, BMC was similar between treatments. Therefore, sows in treatment 50% were able to recover their bone-mineralization deficit during the next gestation. The BMC (in g and in g/kg BW) was similar between treatments 100% and treatment 50+Phyt throughout the experimental period. Piglet weight at days 1, 14, and 26 and ADG (days 1 to 14, 14 to 26 and 1 to 26) were similar between dietary treatments. These results show the possibility of drastically reducing dietary P during lactation without decreasing litter performance and highlight the ability of primiparous sows to mobilize bone mineral during lactation and restore it during gestation.

255 Evaluation of Growth Performance and Bone Mineral Density in Grower Pigs Fed Phosphorus, Calcium, and Vitamin D Deficient Diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D deficient diets on growth performance and bone mineral density (BMD) in grower pigs. In two replicates, a total of 80 mixed sex pigs (26.7 kg BW) were allotted by BW and sex into individual pens across 5 dietary treatments (16 pigs/trt) for 28 days. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC) diet containing monocalcium phosphate and no phytase, 2) PC diet containing phytase 1,500 FTU of Optiphos 2500, 3) Diet deficient in phosphorus (no monocalcium phosphate or phytase), 4) Calcium deficient diet (as diet 2 with no limestone), and 5) Diet deficient in vitamin D as diet 2 containing no added vitamin D. All diets were formulated to 3,297 kcal/kg ME, 1.15% SID Lys and contain the same AA:Lys ratios. Total Ca was formulated to be 0.76, 0.53, 0.45, 0.20 and 0.53%, with available P at 0.32, 0.32, 0.07, 0.32 and 0.32% respectively, for Treatments 1-5. Vitamin D was formulated to be at 154 IU/kg diet for Treatment 1-4. Pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the start and end of the study to calculate ADG, ADFI and G: F. On day 28, serum was collected, and all pigs euthanized to determine whole body bone, foot, rib, femur, and tibia BMD via dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed with pen as experimental unit, fixed effect of dietary treatment, sex and their interaction, and initial BW block and repartition as random effects. Diet by sex interactions not observed (P &amp;gt;0.05). Compared with either Treatment 1 and 2, P and Ca deficient diets reduced ADG (0.96, 1.01, 0.80 and 0.91 kg/d, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The ADFI did not differ across dietary treatments. Vitamin D deficient pigs did not differ from either control treatments. Feed efficiency was different between treatments 1-4 (0.51, 0.53, 0.47 and 0.50, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Whole body BMD was reduced in the P and Ca deficient diets compared with Treatment 1 and 2 (0.582, 0.678, 0.803 and 0.758 g/cm2, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Similar results for 10th rib, femur, and tibia bones (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Vitamin D deficient diets reduced whole body and tibia BMD compared with Treatment 1 by 1.5% (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gilts had greater whole body (0.762 vs. 0.703 g/cm2) and tibia (0.448 vs. 0.408 g/cm2) BMD compared with barrows (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary phytase provided similar performance and BMD to that of non-phytase control diet. Feeding P and Ca deficient diets for 28 days reduced pig growth and bone density, with P diets having more severe reductions. Further, while there was a slight reduction in growth there were no detrimental effects on bone mineralization in pigs fed vitamin D deficient diets.

Use of a Multi-Carbohydrase Complex with Phytase in Diets of Broiler Chickens containing Ingredients of Animal Origin

Currently, the use of exogenous enzymes in the diet of broilers has grown, not only in diets based on corn and soybean meal, but also in diets with proteins of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing a multi-carbohydrase complex (xylanase, glucanase, other carbohydrases) with phytase (MCCP) in broiler diets containing animal ingredients on performance, litter quality, jejunum morphometry and feed cost. Three treatments were evaluated: T1 - positive control diet: reference diet; T2 - negative control diet + MCCP; T3 - negative control diet (reference ration minus the MCCP nutritional matrix), with five replicates per treatment, totaling 15 experimental units of 15 female chicks each for an experimental period of 47 days. It was found that the T1 animals showed better feed conversion when compared to the T2 and T3 in the period from one to 21 days. In addition, greater weight at 28 days was found for T1compared to T3. The greater villus height of the jejunum at seven days was verified for the T3 animals concerning the T2 and T1 treatments. There were no differences between treatments in relation to the litter quality and the cost of the feed to produce one kilogram of broiler chicken. It is concluded that the supplementation of the MCCP in broiler chicken diets with ingredients of animal origin does not improve the performance, does not modify the jejunum morphometric, litter quality, and cost parameters evaluated. Keywords: Feed Conversion. Glucanase. Phytase. Villus Height. Xylanase. Resumo Atualmente, tem crescido o uso de enzimas exógenas na dieta de frangos de corte, não só em rações à base de milho e farelo de soja, mas também em rações com proteínas de origem animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de um complexo multi-carboidrase (xilanase, glucanase, outras carboidrase) com fitase (CMCF) em dietas de frangos de corte contendo ingredientes de origem animal sobre o desempenho, qualidade da cama, morfometria do jejuno e custo da alimentação. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: T1 - dieta controle positivo: dieta referência; T2 - dieta controle negativo + CMCF; T3 - dieta controle negativo (ração referência menos a matriz nutricional CMCF), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 15 unidades experimentais de 15 pintos fêmeas cada, por um período experimental de 47 dias. Verificou-se que os animais T1 apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar quando comparados aos T2 e T3 no período de um a 21 dias. Além disso, maior peso aos 28 dias foi encontrado para T1 em relação a T3. Maior altura de vilo do jejuno aos sete dias foi verificada para os animais T3 em relação aos tratamentos T2 e T1. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos em relação à qualidade da cama e ao custo da ração para produzir um quilo de frango de corte. Conclui-se que a suplementação do CMCF em rações de frangos de corte com ingredientes de origem animal não melhora o desempenho, não altera os parâmetros morfométricos do jejuno, a qualidade da cama e o custo avaliado. Palavras-chave: Altura de vilo. Conversão alimentar. Fitase. Glucanase. Xilanase.

Dietary phytase effects on copper requirements of broilers.

Information on the availability of Cu from plant feedstuffs for broilers in the presence of phytase is scarce. The present research has been conducted with the objective of evaluating the Cu requirements of broilers when fed corn-soy diets with or without phytase. A total of 640 one-day-old male Cobb x Cobb 500, allocated into 80 battery cages with 8 chicks in each, were fed a low Cu content diet (formulated with 8.58 ± 0.21 mg/kg Cu) without phytase from placement to day 7. Starting on day 8, battery cages were distributed into a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (phytase-added diets X 5 with graded increases of supplemental Cu) until day 28. Feeding treatments (feeds added or not with phytase and 5 graded increases of Cu) were randomly distributed with 8 cages of 8 chicks. The basal non-supplemented feeds were formulated with corn and soybean meal (SBM) without any other significant Cu contributors. Supplemental Cu was from laboratory-grade Cu sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO5H20) which was increasingly added to the feeds. Phytase was added in excess to the producer recommendation (2,500 FYT) and had average analyzed values of 2,768 ± 135.2 FYT/kg whereas analyzed Cu values were: 8.05 ± 0.25, 11.25 ± 0.15, 14.20 ± 0.40, 16.55 ± 0.05, and 19.45 ± 0.45 mg/kg. Statistics were conducted using linear and quadratic polynomial regression models. No interactions occurred between dietary Cu and phytase (p > 0.05) for any response and no effects were found for the individual factors (phytase or dietary Cu) for Ht, Hb, varus, valgus, rotated tibia, and tibia breaking strength, as well as for Cu contents in breast, gastrocnemius tendon, and kidney (p > 0.05). However, the phytase-added diets led to higher BWG, lower FCR, and increased ileal digestible Cu (p < 0.05). The gradual increase in dietary Cu produced linear increases in Cu content in livers, as well as in excreta and retention (p < 0.05). Supplementing phytase at levels expected to maximize phytate degradation was demonstrated to improve BWG and FCR; however, no effects were observed when dietary Cu was increased to a maximum of 19.45 mg/kg. An increase of 8.8% in ileal digestible Cu was observed when birds were fed phytase.

A Novel Bacterial 6-Phytase Improves Growth Performance, Tibia Mineralization and Precaecal Digestibility of Phosphorus in Broilers: Data from Four Independent Performance Trials

A series of four broiler performance studies were conducted in different facilities to investigate the efficacy of a novel bacterial 6-phytase added at 500 FTU/kg diet on growth performance, bone mineralization and precaecal digestibility of phosphorus (pcdP) in broilers fed diets deficient in available P (avP) and calcium (Ca). The experimental design was the same for all studies, with each having three treatments: positive control (PC) diet formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of birds, negative control (NC) diet similarly reduced by 0.15% points in avP and Ca compared to the PC diet, and the NC diet supplemented with phytase (PHY) at 500 FTU/kg diet from 1 to 35 days of age. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured at 21 and 35 days of age, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), BW gain-corrected-FCR (cFCR), mortality and European performance efficiency factor (EPEF) were calculated. Tibia dry matter, tibia ash content and pcd of P were measured at 21 days of age in all experiments. The analysis of the data from the four experiments showed that compared with birds fed the adequate-nutrient diet, birds fed the NC diet resulted in a decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in BW, ADG, ADFI and EPEF by 6.4, 6.3, 5.9 and 7.1%, respectively, and an increase in (p = 0.02) cFCR by 2.0%. The tibia dry matter and tibia ash content of these birds were also reduced (p &lt; 0.001) by 3.8 and 4.0% points, respectively. PHY diets improved (p &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, EPEF and cFCR by 8.0, 8.3, 7.3, 10.6 and 2.8%, respectively. Phytase addition at 500 FTU/kg diet also increased (p &lt; 0.001) the tibia dry matter and tibia ash content by 3.5 and 4.2% points, respectively. The pcd of P was improved (p &lt; 0.001) by 11.1 and 11.3% points, in comparison with NC and PC diets, respectively, when phytase was added. These performance parameters and tibia mineralization obtained with a diet supplemented with phytase were comparable to or better than the PC diet. The results demonstrated that avP and Ca could be lowered similarly by 0.15% points in broilers diets by using the new bacterial 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg diet.

The effects of dietary microbial 6-phytase on growth parameters, intestinal morphometric properties and selected intestinal genes expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1876).

This study investigated the effects of dietary 6-phytase, produced by a genetically modified Komagataella phaffii, on growth performance, feed utilisation, flesh quality, villus morphometric properties, and intestinal mRNA expression in rainbow trout. Six iso-nitrogenous, iso-lipidic, and iso-caloric diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile rainbow trout weighing 32.57 ± 0.36 g (mean ± SD) for 90 days. The dietary treatments included two positive controls (PC), one formulated with 400 g/kg of fish meal named T1, and the other formulated with 170 g/kg of fish meal plus 1% avP derived from monocalcium phosphate named T2. The remaining dietary treatments consisted of a negative control (NC) formulated with 170 g/kg of fish meal (T3), NC+ 750, NC+ 1500, and NC+ 3000 OTU/kg levels of phytase designated as T4, T5, and T6 dietsrespectively. Compared to T1, weight gain (WG) increased by 16.29, 13.71and 11.66% in T4, T5and T6,respectively (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowered by 3.2 and 0.8% in T4 and T5 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). WG, feed intake (FI), FCR, final body length, bone ash, bone ash P, and intestinal morphometry were negatively affected in T3 fed fish (p < 0.05). Whole-body fish nutrient, bone ash, bone ash phosphorus (P) compositions and mucosal villus morphometric properties improved in rainbow trout fed diets supplemented with phytase dose ranging from 750-3000 OTU. Bone ash increased by 6.12% in T5 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). Phytase inclusion enhanced the profitability of feeding juvenile rainbow trout such diets as it reduced the feed price and economic conversion rate. Dietary inclusion of phytase down-regulated mRNA expression of genes responsible for fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis in juvenile rainbow trout. Dietary phytase up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes (SLC4A11 and ATP1A3A) responsible for nutrient uptake and down-regulated intestinal expression of MUCIN 5AC-like genes (mucus secreting genes) in juvenile rainbow trout. Along with improving performance parameters, the inclusion of phytase in rainbow trout diet containing plant-based protein sources, can preserve intestinal morphology by regulating the mRNA expression of genes responsible for fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and nutrient uptake and transport.

Impact of Phytase Supplementation on Meat Quality of Heat-Stressed Broilers.

Heat stress (HS) is one of the most challenging stressors to poultry production sustainability. The adverse effects of HS range from feed intake and growth depression to alteration of meat quality and safety. As phytase supplementation is known to improve nutrient utilization and consequently growth, we undertook the present study to evaluate the effects of dietary phytase on growth and meat quality in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 720 day-old hatch Cobb 500 chicks were assigned to 24 pens within controlled environmental chambers and fed three diets: Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC), and NC diet supplemented with 2000 phytase units (FTU)/kg) of quantum blue (QB). On day 29, birds were exposed to two environmental conditions: thermoneutral (TN, 25 °C) or cyclic heat stress (HS, 35 °C, 8 h/d from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Feed intake (FI), water consumption (WI), body weight (BW), and mortality were recorded. On day 42, birds were processed, carcass parts were weighed, and meat quality was assessed. Breast tissues were collected for determining the expression of target genes by real-time quantitative PCR using the 2-ΔΔCt method. HS significantly increased core body temperature, reduced feed intake and BW, increased water intake (WI), elevated blood parameters (pH, SO2, and iCa), and decreased blood pCO2. HS reduced the incidence of woody breast (WB) and white striping (WS), significantly decreased drip loss, and increased both 4- and 24-h postmortem pH. Instrumental L* and b* values were reduced (p < 0.05) by the environmental temperature at both 4- and 24-h postmortem. QB supplementation reduced birds' core body temperature induced by HS and improved the FCR and water conversion ratio (WCR) by 1- and 0.5-point, respectively, compared to PC under HS. QB increased blood SO2 and reduced the severity of WB and WS under TN conditions, but it increased it under an HS environment. The abovementioned effects were probably mediated through the modulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1, heat shock protein 70, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and/or glutathione peroxidase 1 gene expression, however, further mechanistic studies are warranted. In summary, QB supplementation improved growth performance and reduced muscle myopathy incidence under TN conditions. Under HS conditions, however, QB improved growth performance but increased the incidence of muscle myopathies. Therefore, further QB titration studies are needed.

Phytase Supplementation of Growing-Finishing Pig Diets with Extruded Soya Seeds and Rapeseed Meal Improves Bone Mineralization and Carcass and Meat Quality.

The aim of this study was to determine how different doses of phytase in diets with extruded soybean seeds and rapeseed meal affected pigs' growth performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profiles. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatments by sex and body mass. Pigs were divided into starter (25 days), grower (36 days), and finisher (33 days) periods and fed with mash diets. No phytase was used in the control group diet, whereas in Phy1 and Phy2, 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of mixture were used, respectively. The feed conversion ratio and meat color were significantly correlated with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no effect on the growth of pigs, but total phosphorus was significantly increased in the bones and meat of the pigs. The enzyme additive reduced the C22:4 n-6 acid content in the meat, whereas other results were not significantly affected. The data suggest that the addition of phytase at a dosage of 100 g/ton to diets with extruded full-fat soya seeds and rapeseed meal can be valuable, as it reduces the FCR and increases the P content in the meat and bones.

Microbial Phytase in a Diet with Lupine and Extruded Full-Fat Soya Seeds Affects the Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Bone Mineralization of Fatteners.

This study aims to determine how different doses of phytase in diets including extruded soya and lupine seeds affect fatteners' performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profile. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatment groups. The control group was offered a diet without phytase, whereas the Phy100 and Phy400 groups were provided with 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of their diet, respectively. The animals from both experimental groups were characterized by a significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and lower feed efficiency in the starter period than the control group. Unfortunately, their meat had lower (p < 0.05) fat content, gluteal muscle thickness, and water-holding capacity. In the meat, a higher phosphorus content (p < 0.05) was found, and in the bones, a higher calcium (for Phy400) content was found when phytase was added to the pigs' diet. The pigs from the Phy100 group tended to have higher mean backfat thickness and C18:2 n-6 content in their fat, but lower C22:5 n-3 content, than the other groups. A higher dosage of phytase is not necessary for the diets of fatteners with extruded full-fat soya and lupin seeds.

Mucosal bacteriomes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestines are modified in response to dietary phytase

Global aquaculture has seen an unprecedented expansion in recent years partly due to “functional feeds” that is known to improve feed utilization, fish growth performance and resilience to infectious disease. Nevertheless, a knowledge gap exists about how dietary phytase might influence intestinal bacteriomes of farmed fish. We therefore performed 16S rRNA gene-based community profiling. The remarkably uniform mucosal bacteriomes of rainbow trout (median Bray-Curtis similarity index 0.76 ± 0.09) fed the control diet were dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from putative phytase producing genera Lactococcus and Leuconostoc that likely originated from plant-based feed ingredients. Mucosal bacteriomes developed into uniform communities instead dominated by Mycoplasma-bacteria (median Bray-Curtis similarity index 0.55 ± 0.13) in response to the optimal amount of dietary phytase (0.15 g/kg feed). Both community types had a similar median species richness with 933 ± 301 and 1005 ± 678 bacterial taxa, respectively. A functional genomics analysis revealed that especially genes for amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism/transport were enriched in the LAB-dominated mucosal bacteriomes supporting their role as providers of otherwise inaccessible nutrients from for example dietary fibres. In contrast, only genes for energy production and conversion were marginally enriched in Mycoplasma-dominated communities. It is plausible that a combination of nutrient and mucosal space/attachment site competition is behind the observed shift in mucosal communities. Our results confirm previous reports that dietary phytase improve significantly both fish growth performance and feed utilization (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary phytase is recommended for use in aquaculture as the enzyme apparently can facilitate the establishment of beneficial Mycoplasma-dominated bacteriomes in the intestinal mucosa of farmed rainbow trout.

Influence of Dietary Phytase Inclusion Rates on Yolk Inositol Concentration, Hatchability, Chick Quality, and Early Growth Performance

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary phytase in breeder hens on yolk nutrients, hatchability, chick quality, and growth rate of their progeny, and their subsequent performance to 42 d post-hatch when fed diets with the same phytase concentrations. Breeder hens (n = 216) were divided into 3 groups receiving nutrient-adequate diets with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with either 500, 1500, or 4500 FTU/kg phytase from 27 to 50 weeks of age. Eggs were collected at 38 weeks of age and incubated. On the day of hatch, the chick quality and hatchability were determined, and 18 chicks/group were euthanized for yolk sac collection and the determination of inositol and glycerol concentrations. The remaining chicks were divided into three groups, receiving different diets with reduced Ca and P (by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively), supplemented with 0, 500, or 1500 FTU/kg phytase to 42 d post-hatch. Increasing the phytase concentration in the breeder hen diet linearly (p < 0.05) increased the number of early embryo deaths and decreased the number of late deaths and pips. The inositol concentration in the yolk sac at day of hatch increased (quadratic; p < 0.05) as the phytase dose increased in the breeder hen diet. The breeder hen diet (p < 0.05) influenced the body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) up to 21 days of age. The supplementation of breeder hen diets with 1500 FTU/kg phytase increased the concentration of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the yolk sac. The inclusion of phytase doses up to 4500 FTU/kg appeared to influence embryo mortality, chick feed intake, and BW gain to 21 days and the FCR throughout the entire production phase.

Evaluation of Phosphorus Storage and Performance of Broilers Using Phytase Synthetic Enzyme.

Phytic acid is a stored form of phosphorus in cereals, 65 to 70% of phosphorus in plant sources is phytate, and broilers are only able to use part of the phosphorus in plant sources. To meet the needs of chickens, it is necessary to use other artificial resources, which not only impose part of the cost of the breeding period because of its presence in the manure but is one of the factors polluting the environment. This study aimed to use different levels of phytase enzyme to reduce dietary phosphorus levels. 600 Ross 308 broilers were used in this experiment with five treatments and six replications, and in each replication, 20 chickens were used in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments include 1) basal diet (control) 2) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus 3) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 1250 (FTU) phytase enzyme 4) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 2500 (FTU) phytase enzyme 5) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 5000 (FTU) phytase enzyme. The evaluated traits included weekly feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, ash, calcium, and bone phosphorus. The use of phytase enzyme in different diets had no significant effect on food intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). However, the use of phytase in different diets significantly affected the percentage of Gizzard, Heart, Liver, Proventriculus, and Spleen (P<0.05). The most changes were the increase in the ratio of feed intake and weight gain in the fourth week compared to the third week so that the changes in the ratio of feed intake ranged from 1.85 to 1.91, and this ratio for weight gain also ranged from 3.12 to 3.86 was recorded, and the lowest feed conversion ratio was obtained at the same age. The percentage of raw ash in broiler chickens was significantly increased by adding dietary phytase. The lowest amount of ash, calcium, and phosphorus belonged to the second group (diets with low phosphorus and no enzyme). The difference between the other groups and the control was not significant. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio with the addition of phytase enzyme were not affected by phosphorus reduction and had no significant effect on carcass characteristics. Environmental pollution can be prevented by reducing the level of dietary phosphorus and reducing excreted phosphorus.

Evaluation of a novel phytase derived from Citrobacter braakii and expressed in Aspergillis oryzae on growth performance and bone mineralization indicators in nursery pigs.

A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 8.64 ± 0.181 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the efficacy of a novel phytase derived from Citrobacter braakii and expressed in Aspergillis oryzae (HiPhorius; DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health, Parsippany, NJ) on pig growth and bone mineralization indicators. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. The trial was initiated 14-d after weaning. The first three treatments were formulated to contain 0.09% aP; without added phytase (control), or the control diet with 600 or 1,000 FYT/kg of added phytase (considering a release of 0.15% or 0.18% aP, respectively). The remaining two treatments were formulated to contain 0.27% aP, one without added phytase and the other with 1,000 FYT/kg. From days 0 to 21, pigs fed increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP had increased (linear, P ≤ 0.002) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, but added phytase in the 0.27% aP diet did not impact growth performance. Increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP increased percentage bone ash in metacarpals and 10th ribs (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.004, respectively), and increased grams of Ca and P in metacarpals, 10th ribs, and fibulas (linear, P ≤ 0.027). Adding 1,000 FYT/kg phytase in diets with 0.27% aP increased (P ≤ 0.05) percentage bone ash and grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs compared with pigs fed 0.27% aP without added phytase. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased bone density (P ≤ 0.002) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.074), and increased (P < 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. Pigs fed diets containing 0.09 or 0.27% aP, both with 1,000 FYT added phytase, had increased (P < 0.05) bone density in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones, and increased grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. For growth performance (average of ADG and G:F), aP release was calculated to be 0.170% for 600 FYT/kg and 0.206% for 1,000 FYT/kg. For the average of all bone measurements (average of 3 bones for both bone density and percentage bone ash), aP release was calculated to be 0.120% and 0.125% for 600 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively.

Phytate-phosphorus and phytase on performance, bone characteristics, tissue and serum mineral concentration on broilers.

Male broiler chickens (384), Cobb 500, were housed in metabolic cages to assess the efficacy of phytase in diets with low and high phytate-phosphorus on the performance, bone physical characteristics, tissue and serum mineral deposits. Birds were distributed in four treatments with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized block design. Experimental diets based on maize-soybean meal were T1 - diet low phytate-phosphorus; T2 - diet low phytate-phosphorus and phytase (500 FTU/kg); T3 - diet high phytate-phosphorus; T4 - diet high phytate-phosphorus and phytase (500 FTU/kg). Feed intake, body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were assessed. Two left tibias per experimental unit were analyzed for physical characteristics and mineral concentration; a section of skinless breast muscle and blood were collected to measure the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and sodium. Results showed interaction between bone stiffness and serum calcium. The inclusion of phytase in diets with low and high phytate-phosphorus did not alter performance, bone resistance and flexibility, mineral deposits in the tibia and breast muscle, but increased bone stiffness after 22 days of age. It also provided a higher serum calcium rate in broilers fed diets with low phytate-phosphorus up to 32 days of age.