Phytase Enzyme Research Articles

Fluorescent ratiometric supramolecular tandem assays for phosphatase and phytase enzymes.

Ratiometric fluorescent assays have a built-in correction factor which enhances assay accuracy and reliability. We have developed fluorescent ratiometric supramolecular tandem assays for phosphatase and phytase enzymes using a mixture of three molecular components. One of the molecules is a tetra-cationic fluorescence quencher called CalixPyr which can bind and quench the polyanionic pyrene fluorophore, CMP, that emits at 430 nm. Polyphosphates can disrupt the CMP/CalixPyr complex and alter the fluorescence intensity (responsive signal). CalixPyr has no effect on the fluorescence emission of cationic pentamethine cyanine fluorophore, cCy5, which emits at 665 nm and acts as a non-responsive reference signal. The continuous ratiometric fluorescent assay for alkaline phosphatase monitored hydrolytic consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The continuous ratiometric fluorescent assay for phytase activity monitored hydrolytic consumption of phytate. With further development this latter assay may be useful for high throughput assessment of phytase activity in individual batches of fortified animal feed. It is likely that the three-molecule mixture (CMP, CalixPyr, cCy5) can become a general assay platform for other enzymes that catalyse addition/removal of phosphate groups from appropriate molecular substrates.

Review on Desirable Microbial Phytases as a Poultry Feed Additive: Their Sources, Production, Enzymatic Evaluation, Market Size, and Regulation.

Poultry's digestive tract lacks hydrolytic phytase enzymes, which results in chelation of dietary minerals, vital amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates, phytate-phosphate unavailability, and contamination of the environment due to phosphorus. Therefore, it is necessary to use exogenous microbial phytases as feed additive to chicken feed to catalyze the hydrolysis of dietary phytate. Potential sources of microbial isolates that produce desired phytases for chicken feed supplementation have been isolated from agricultural croplands. It is achievable to isolate phytase-producing bacteria isolates using both broth and agar phytase screening media. Potential substrates for submerged fermentation (SmF) for bacterial phytase production and solid-state fermentation (SSF) for fungal phytase production include rice and wheat bran. Following fermentation, saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation is typically used to partially purify microbial culture filtrate. The precipitate is then desalted. Measurements of the pH optimum and stability, temperature optimum and stability, metal ions stability, specificity and affinity to target substrate, proteolysis resistance, storage stability, and in vitro feed dephosphorylation are used to perform an enzymatic evaluation of phytase as an additive for poultry feed. The growth of the feed phytase market is primarily due to the expansion of chicken farms to meet the demand for meat and eggs from humans. The Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Food and Safety Authority are primarily in charge of putting rules pertaining to feed phytase use in chicken feed into effect. Conclusively, important components of the production of phytase additives for poultry feed include identifying a reliable source for potential microbe isolation, selecting an economical method of phytase production, thoroughly characterizing the biochemical properties of phytase, and comprehending the size and regulation of the current feed phytase market.

EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) MAGNETIC FIELD RADIATION ANALYSIS OF TEMPE MATERIAL MATURITY

Electromagnetic waves in physics are waves composed of a magnetic field and an electric field whose propagation does not require an intermediary medium. Magnetic fields with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) frequencies have a frequency range of 0 to 300 Hz. Electromagnetic waves can propagate without needing a medium, so they are called electromagnetic radiation with various types of electromagnetic waves which are differentiated based on their frequency. Electric fields are easily blocked, so their intensity will decrease if they are blocked by objects. Meanwhile, magnetic fields have characteristics that are not easily blocked so they can penetrate almost all materials. The aim of this conducted research is to examine the influence of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure on pH in the tempe fermentation process. This research uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) research design to examine the effect of several treatments with a number of replications for several experiments. The research findings indicate that exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affects the pH in the tempe fermentation process, as depicted by the variations in the tables presented in the research results. Tempe is one of the fermented products that generally uses soybeans as the main raw material that has been fermented and has excellent nutritional content. Fermentation in making tempe occurs due to the activity of the mold Rhyzopus oligosporus which is able to produce phytase enzymes that function to hydrolyze phytic acid into inositol and phosphate.

Antinutrient Phytic acid: Can be proved to be a Boon for Colorectal Cancer

Phytic acid also known as inositol hexa-phosphate, is a simple ringed bioactive sugar molecule with six phosphate groups attached to each carbon. Cereals, pulses, and oil seeds contain considerable amounts of Phytic acid. Phytic acid is known as a potent anti-nutrient that binds with the minerals and forms chelates thus leading to mineral deficiency diseases if administered in excess dosage. The phytase (enzyme) containing foods can reverse the reaction and increase the bioavailability of minerals. In-spite of having anti-nutritional properties, phytic acid can be a boon for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer, the third most often malignant carcinoma, progresses sporadically in the setting of hereditary cancer syndromes, or on the basis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients can directly affect the fundamental cellular processes and is considered as the most important risk factors in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Cancer occurs with the formation of polyps. Various mechanisms have been proposed for Phytic Acid as anti-tumorigenic abilities that are antioxidant properties, gene alteration, increase natural killer activity and cell cycle inhibition. Different studies suggest phytic acid can suppress tumour growth and prevent colorectal cancer. Phytic acid supplementation with its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, and metal chelation capacity are of great deal of interest to improve the anticarcinogenic activity of chemotherapeutic drugs in combination or alone. Further studies are needed to establish the safe dosage of phytic acid in daily diet as well as for preventing colorectal cancer.

The Impact of Phytase and Different Levels of Supplemental Amino Acid Complexed Minerals in Diets of Older Laying Hens.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sources and levels of supplemental amino acid-complexed minerals (AACM), with and without enzyme phytase (EZ). A total of 512 Dekalb White laying hens at 67 weeks of age were used in a 2 × 3 + 2 factorial arrangement of 8 treatments and 8 replications each. The main effects included EZ supplementation (10,000 FTU kg-1) and AACM inclusion level (100, 70, and 40% of inorganic mineral recommendations), plus 2 control treatments. The group of hens fed AACM-100 showed lower feed intake than the inorganic mineral (IM) group. The diet containing AACM-EZ-70 provided a higher (p < 0.05) laying percentage and a lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio than both the IM and IM-EZ diets. The groups fed AACM-EZ-40, AACM-EZ-100, and AACM-70 produced heavier yolks (p < 0.05). Hens fed IM laid eggs with the lowest yolk and albumen weights (p < 0.05). Layers fed with AACM-100 and AACM-70 produced the most resistant eggshells to breakage (p < 0.05). In diets containing phytase, the optimal AACM recommendations for better performance and egg quality in older laying hens are: 42, 49, 5.6, 28, 0.175, and 0.70 mg kg-1 for Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Se, and I, respectively.

Bioinformatics study of phytase from Aspergillus niger for use as feed additive in livestock feed

BackgroundPhytase supplementation in rations can reduce their phytic acid composition in order to enhance their nutritional value. Aspergillus niger is a fungus that can encode phytase. This study aims to determine the characteristics of its DNA sequences and amino acid composition that encode the phytase enzyme, as well as to determine the primer designs. MethodThis study used gene sequence data and protein-encoding phytase from Aspergillus niger that was collected manually from NCBI and PDB. The data was analyzed using SPDBV and then be aligned using the ClustalW Multiple Alignment features. The phylogenetic tree was built by Mega11 software. Primers were designed from selected candidate sequences that were analyzed. The designed primers were then simulated for PCR using FastPCR and SnapGene software. ResultsThere are 18 Aspergillus niger phytases in NCBI which is 14.87% of the total Aspergillus. There are 14 Aspergillus niger phytases that have identity above 95%. Aspergillus niger 110. M94550.1 is the closest strain to the PDB template. Candidate sources of phytase genes are Aspergillus niger 110.M94550.1, 48.2.BCMY01000003.1, and 92.JQ654450.1. The primer design has 2 possibilities of self-annealing and high melting temperature on the reverse primer. PCR simulation shows that the primer design can attach completely but still has the possibility of mispriming. ConclusionThis study suggests promising results for the future development of phytase enzyme production from Aspergillus niger as a feed additive using genetic engineering to enhance the quality of livestock feed in Indonesia.

287 The Effect of Greater Inclusion Levels of Ddgs with or without a Syncra SWI in Swine Grower-Finisher Diets on Performance and Economics

Abstract To evaluate the effect of greater inclusion levels of DDGS with or without a Syncra SWI (SWI; bacillus plus protease; IFF, USA) in swine grower-finisher diets, a trial was conducted consisting of 528 pigs across 6 treatments with 8 replicates consisting of 11 pigs each where weights were balanced at the start of the trial. Inclusion levels of DDGS were 0%, 15%, and 30% all containing phytase and carbohydrase enzymes. Each inclusion level was split to include or not include SWI. At the end of the trial, slaughter weights were measured. While no significant differences were detected, the heaviest slaughter weights were observed in the 0% DDGS diet, 30% DDGS diet with SWI and the 0% DDGS diet with SWI (115.28, 115.16, and 115.15 kg, respectively). For total body weight gain, there were no significant differences between both 0% DDGS diets, the 15% DDGS diet without SWI, and both 30% diets. However, the 15% diet with SWI was significantly lighter than both 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS with SWI diet (P = 0.01, 0.04, 0.008 respectively). Similarly, no significant differences were found between both of the 0% DDGS diets, the 15% DDGS diet without SWI, or both 30% DDGS diets on average daily gain. A significant difference was detected between the 15% DDGS with SWI and both 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS diet with SWI (P = 0.002, 0.0003, and 0.001, respectively) on average daily gain. The lightest cold carcass weight was observed in pigs fed the 15% DDGS diet with SWI, which was significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) different from all other diets, while the heaviest cold carcass weight was observed in pigs fed the 0% DDGS diet with SWI (87.22 kg) followed by the 30% DDGS diet with SWI (86.53 kg) but were not significantly different. While there were no significant differences detected in the economics of the trial, the feed with the greatest cost was the 0% DDGS diet with SWI ($299.98) while the least cost was demonstrated in the 30% DDGS with SWI diet ($288.80). The diet that generated the highest revenue was the 0% DDGS diet with SWI ($124.89) followed by the 30% DDGS diet with SWI ($123.94) while the least revenue was seen in the 15% DDGS diet with SWI ($119.65). Margin over feed cost was greatest in the 15% DDGS diet ($66.87) and the 30% DDGS diet with SWI ($66.16) and the least MOFC was seen in the 0% DDGS diet. While no significant differences were detected in performance between the 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS diets, these data shows there is a potential benefit to feeding greater inclusion DDGS diet if an SWI is added.

Bacterial or fungal origin phytase enzyme affects the performance and mineralization of calcium and phosphorus differently in broiler chickens fed deficient calcium and phosphorous diets

ABSTRACT Three Ca-P deficient diets viz., Diet-1 (0.85%, 0.35%), Diet-2 (0.75%, 0.30%) and Diet-3 (0.65%, 0.25%) were prepared and supplemented with either bacterial or fungal origin phytase enzymes and were compared with a control diet (1.0% and 0.45%). A total of 280 broiler (Ross 308) chicks were randomly allocated into 7 treatments having 4 replicates of 10 chicks using a completely randomized design. The effect of bacterial phytase on the growth, FCR and carcass weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in chicks on Diet-1 compared to diet-3 (28 days). Bacterial phytase increased serum minerals (Ca and P) and tibia ash in diet-1 compared to Diet-3. Tibia Ca was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the control and the three diets under bacterial phytase compared to other treatments. On Diet-3, more Ca and P were reflected in tibial by bacterial phytase but did not support the optimum growth performance of broiler chicks. In conclusion, the same phytase but of different origins might have specific individual effects on the growth performance, serum and tibia Ca and P in broilers.

Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Rice Bran as a Potential Animal Feed

Rice bran, a byproduct of rice milling, is a valuable ingredient in animal feed formulations, particularly poultry feed, due to its high energy content, nutritional benefits, and ability to meet bird protein requirements. Rice bran, analyzed according to AOAC standards, is rich in energy, protein, and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, essential for poultry health. Its high-fat profile, with higher unsaturated fatty acids, has positive effects on poultry health, including improved egg quality, enhanced immune function, and reduced disease incidence.&#x0D; Rice bran has a moisture content of 4.3338% and a crude fibre content of 16.3675%. It has a total ash content of 18.8126% and a crude fat content of 12.0354%, 12.3676%, and 12.6180%. The compositions of rice bran were compared favourably to commercial feed formulations for starter, grower, and finisher meals. The crude fat content is 12.0354%, 12.3676%, and 12.6180%, while the crude protein content is 26.2688%, 27.5813%, and 21.8906%. The carbohydrate contents are 41.2677%, 41.8456% and 49.4032% and the total ash content was measured at 10.4377%, 6.3672% and 4.4905%.&#x0D; The rice bran's trace mineral composition includes calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, iron, and copper. Heavy metals like lead and cadmium are below the detection limit of the M5 Thermo Scientific atomic absorption Spectrometer. The anti-nutrient composition includes anthraquinones, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and phytic acid.&#x0D; Rice bran in poultry feed formulations enhances nutritional needs and outperforms commercial feeds. In addition, to increase nutrient availability, it is necessary to add a phytase enzyme in order to break down phytic acid.

Isolation and in-vitro characterization of extracellular phytase producing bacterial isolates for potential application in poultry feed

BackgroundPhytase catalyses the breakdown of complex organic forms of phosphorous into simpler forms by sequential hydrolysis of phosphate ester bonds to liberate the inorganic phosphate. Supplementation of feeds with bacterial phytase therefore could enhance the bioavailability of phosphorus and micronutrients. Hence, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phytase producing bacteria from rhizosphere soil, fresh poultry excreta, and cattle shed to evaluate their potential in improving poultry feeds. Phytase producing bacteria were isolated using wheat bran extract medium.ResultsA total of 169 bacterial isolates were purified and screened for phytase activity. Out of these, 36 were confirmed as positive for phytase enzyme activity. The bacterial isolates were identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical features. The isolates were also identified by using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial isolates (RS1, RS8, RS10 and RS15) were provided with gene bank database accession numbers of MZ407562, MZ407563, MZ407564 and MZ407565 respectively. All isolates increased phytase production when cultured in wheat bran extract medium (pH 6) supplemented with 1% (wt/v) galactose and 1% (wt/v) ammonium sulphate incubated at 50oC for 72 h. Proximate composition analysis after supplementation of phytase showed that phytase supplementation improved bioavailability of phosphorus, calcium, potassium and sodium in poultry feed.ConclusionsOverall, this study showed that the nutritional value of poultry feed can be improved using microbial phytase enzyme which reduces the cost of supplementation with inorganic phosphate.

Anti-nutritional Composition of Protein Isolates from Two Varieties (DAS and BS) of Nigerian Cultivated Solojo Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp)

Antinutrients or antinutritional factors are compounds or constituents which perform by reducing nutritional intake, digestibility, assimilation as well as usage, and could generate other detrimental problem when consumed. Anti-nutritional Composition of Protein Isolates from Two Varieties (DAS and BS) of Nigerian Cultivated Solojo Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) were studied before and after dehulling of the germinated seeds while the un-germinated portion of the seeds served as the control. Both varieties (DAS and BS) investigated were soaked in distilled water and germinated at varying periods i.e. 0, 6, 24, 36, 48 and 72hrs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Significant (p ≤0.05) reduction in phytic acid content was experienced after Solojo cowpea was germinated. The decrease in quantity of phytate with germination may be attributable to upsurge in endogenous phytase enzyme action. It was also observed that both the anti-nutrients (phytate and tannin) were greatly reduced (p&lt;0.05) after soaking and germination took place. This might also be as a result of increase in internal phytase enzyme activity, as well as draining of dissolvable tannin compounds when soaked which was further brought down by sprouting. Antinutrients generally occurring in vegetable food possess both detrimental effects and wellness benefits. Phytic acid forms insoluble complexes with Ca, Zn, Fe and Cu, thereby making them not to be readily available for the use of the body. Flavonoids, another group of poly-phenolic antinutrients, such as tannins, enzyme inhibitors (amylase and protease) and saponins, complex metals like Fe as well as Zn and diminish the assimilation of these elemental nutrients. They similarly restrict (Constrain) the activities of digestive enzymes and they can also precipitate proteins. Some of these antinutrients are now known to possess antioxidant properties having health promoting effect, such as phytic acid shown to have abundant sources of antioxidant, anticarcinogenics and hypoglycemic properties. Phenols and tannins also have these antioxidant activities. Therefore, it might not be necessary to totally eliminate all the antinutrients.

Exogenous Phytase Improves Growth Performance, Nutrient Retention, Tibia Mineralization, and Breast Meat Quality in Ross-308 Broilers

To evaluate the effect of exogenous phytase (Ronozyme HiPhos-L, produced by the strain of Aspergillus oryzae), 1050 one-day-old Ross-308 broilers with an initial average body weight of 50.29 ± 0.98 g were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments with 10 replicates and 15 chicks/cage. During starter (d 1–7), grower (d 8–21), and finisher (d 21–35) periods, broilers were allowed to feed: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), and NC diet supplemented with 250, 500, 1000, 1500, and 3000 U/kg of phytase. Broilers fed NC diet supplemented with graded levels of phytase (250 U/kg to 3000 U/kg) showed a linear increase (p &lt; 0.05) in body weight gain and feed intake during the starter and the overall trial period with no adverse effect on feed conversion ratio. The nutrient utilization of broilers showed neither an increase nor a decrease with the PC and NC diet until d 35 but when the NC diet was supplemented with a graded dose of phytase, the broilers showed a linear increase (p &lt; 0.05) in dry matter, gross energy, calcium (Ca), ash, and phosphorus (P) utilization and a tendency to increase (p &lt; 0.10) nitrogen retention at the end of the starter phase. Unlike the starter phase, broilers fed the PC diet showed increased (p &lt; 0.05) ash and Ca retention at the end of the grower and finisher phase compared to those fed the NC diet. In addition, the phytase group showed a linear increase (p &lt; 0.05) in ash, Ca, and P utilization at the end of d 21 and 35. Moreover, the inclusion of graded levels of phytase in the NC diet showed a linear increase (&lt;0.0001) in bone (ash, Ca, and P) mineralization in broilers. Also, they showed a linear increase (p &lt; 0.05) in gizzard weight, breast muscle, color of lightness, redness, and pH and a decreased cooking loss and drip loss. Though the standard diets were able to compensate for the P deficiency and promote performance and bone mineralization, the elevated (1000 FTU/kg) levels of phytase in the NC diet showed a higher response. Thus, we suggest that incorporating the exogenous enzyme phytase into the broiler feed in excess of 1000 units (U)/kg would be more beneficial to achieve better productivity.

The Effect of Additional Phytase Enzymes with Different Dosages on Feed to Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Survival of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata)

Snakehead (Channa striata) is a type of freshwater fish. Artificial feed generally contains animal and vegetable protein sources. The use of vegetable protein in snakehead has been carried out. However, it is still not optimal due to the presence of phytic acid in vegetable materials which makes fish unable to digest food properly. Therefore, it is necessary to add a phytase enzyme to hydrolyze phytic acid. This study aims to determine the effect of adding phytase with different doses to artificial feed on growth, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and survival of snakehead. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of four treatments and three replications, namely P0 (without the addition of phytase), P1 (addition of phytase 30 mg/100 g vegetable material), P2 (addition of phytase 50 mg/100 g vegetable material), P3 (addition of phytase 70 mg/100 g vegetable material). The size of the fish used in this study was 3-4 cm, with a stocking density of 2 fish/L fish. The rearing of the study was 30 days. The results showed that the addition of phytase 70 mg/100g vegetable material (P3) was the best result with absolute weight growth (1.49 g), absolute length growth (2.48 cm), feed efficiency (79.44%), protein efficiency ratio (2.03%), and survival (100%).

Phosphorus Acquisition Efficiency and Transcriptomic Changes in Maize Plants Treated with Two Lignohumates.

Lignohumates are increasing in popularity in agriculture, but their chemistry and effects on plants vary based on the source and processing. The present study evaluated the ability of two humates (H1 and H2) to boost maize plant performance under different phosphorus (P) availability (25 and 250 μM) conditions in hydroponics, while understanding the underlying mechanisms. Humates differed in chemical composition, as revealed via elemental analysis, phenol and phytohormone content, and thermal and spectroscopic analyses. H1 outperformed H2 in triggering plant responses to low phosphorus by enhancing phosphatase and phytase enzymes, P acquisition efficiency, and biomass production. It contained higher levels of endogenous auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, likely acting together to stimulate plant growth. H1 also improved the plant antioxidant capacity, thus potentially increasing plant resilience to external stresses. Both humates increased the nitrogen (N) content and acted as biostimulants for P and N acquisition. Consistent with the physiological and biochemical data, H1 upregulated genes involved in growth, hormone signaling and defense in all plants, and in P recycling particularly under low-P conditions. In conclusion, H1 showed promising potential for effective plant growth and nutrient utilization, especially in low-P plants, involving hormonal modulation, antioxidant enhancement, the stimulation of P uptake and P-recycling mechanisms.

PRODUCTION OF PHYTASE BY ASPERGILLUS TERREUS AND EVALUATING ITS STABILITY

Secretory capacity of fungi, Aspergillus terreus (A. terreus), for phytase production is up to the mark. Soil samples containing A. terreus (n=20) were randomly collected in sterile plastic zipper bags, and recognized microscopically and morphologically to screen for phytase production. In the present study, A. terreus phytase production was quantified by providing different physical conditions i.e. temperature and pH to get their optimum level. Thermal stability was obtained by measuring stability at temperature range of 35°C, 55°C, 75°C, and 95°C, whereas, pH stability was estimated at intervals of 2h, 4h, 6h, and 8h. Chemical stability of phytase was judged by analyzing the effects of common earth crust metal ions such as Na+1, K+1, Ba+2, Ca+2, Cu+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, and Fe+3. Phytase production was assessed on phytase screening medium to observe the zone of hydrolysis. The highest phytase production was given by sample 16 (PAST-16) which was; 271.49 ± 8.14 units/mL (FTU/mL) and the lowest was given by sample 3 (PAST-3); 92.15 ± 5.53 FTU/mL. Temperature induced reduction in phytase enzyme and the highest reduction was noted at 95°C for 1 hour and the lowest reduction was recorded at 35°C for 15 min. Moreover, acidic pH (pH=2) induced more reduction for 1 hour exposure than high pH (pH=6) for 15 min. All metal ions, at their high concentration, adversely affected the phytase activity of A. terrus and Cu+2 showed the maximum reduction in phytase. Thus, the present study explored the physico-chemical stability of fungal phytase that can be used in poultry diet as a cheapest source of digestibility improving agent

Kecernaan Kalsium dan Fosfor, pH gizzard, Kadar Air Ekskreta dan Digesta pada Ayam Petelur yang Diberi Ukuran Partikel Batu Kapur Berbeda dan Enzim Fitase

This study aimed to determine the coefficient of total calcium and phosphorus digestibility effects from limestone as a source of calcium and the effect of phytase enzymes on laying hens. This study used 180 Hy-line Brown laying hens aged 75 weeks. The experimental design used was a 2x2 factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with 9 replications. The first factor was limestone particle size, i.e., P1 = limestone flour and P2 = limestone granules, and the second factor was phytase enzyme dose, i.e., Q1 = 0 FTU and Q2 = 1000 FTU. The observed variables were gizzard pH, excreta moisture content (MC), digesta MC, calcium and phosphorus digestibility using two samples and ileal digestibility. The results showed that the digestibility of calcium from limestone flour was significantly different compared to limestone granules at P&lt;0.05. The phytase addition and the interaction with limestone particle size did not affect gizzard pH, total and ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus. Excreta and digesta MC had a significant effect on the particle size of limestone, the highest MC was limestone granules compared to flour (P&lt;0.001). The addition of phytase had an effect on reducing excreta MC (P&lt; 0.001). There was interaction between limestone size and phytase in excreta and digesta MC. The conclusion of the research was that laying hens were more efficient in digesting calcium from limestone flour compared to limestone granules. Phytase could reduce excreta and digesta MC.&#x0D; Key words: calcium, digestibility, limestone, particle size, phytase

Increasing Phosphorus Digestibility in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Farming Using Phytase and Citric Acid

The presence of antinutritional substances, such as phytate, in fish feed affects the digestibility and absorption of minerals and nutrients by fish, while reduced availability of phosphorus (P) in wheat-based feeds used in fish farming can increase pollution in the aquatic environment. Phosphorus digestibility can be effectively increased in aquaculture through the addition of both phytase and citric acid. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of phytase enzyme and citric acid addition on P digestibility, production parameters and blood parameters in farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Two trials were undertaken using the following experimental diets: control with no additives (C), low enzyme content (500 FTU/kg; L), high enzyme content (1,000 FTU/kg; H), low enzyme contents with 3% citric acid (LA), high enzyme contents with 3% citric acid (HA). Initial results showed that LA increased P digestibility by 27% and HA by 26%, with no increase detected using L and H. In the second trial, in which production and blood parameters were examined, use of LA and HA resulted in a 20% decreased feed conversion ratio and 11% higher specific growth rate. Furthermore, acidified diets resulted in an increased blood plasma calcium and inorganic P, without negative effects on any parameter. Addition of phytase and citric acid to C. carpio granulated feeds also has a positive influence on the environment by reducing excreted P.

Phytase Enzyme Ameliorates Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, Amino Acid Digestibility and Body Chemical Composition of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at Rearing Stage

Phytase Enzyme Ameliorates Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, Amino Acid Digestibility and Body Chemical Composition of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at Rearing Stage

Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal by sesame seed cake on diet stability and growth performance of common carp Cyprinus carpio

This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to evaluate the effect of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) cake (SSC) as a protein source by a partial replacement of soybean (Glycine max) meal (SBM) on diet stability and growth performance and some productive traits (final weight, total weight gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed conversion rates and condition factor) of common carp (C. carpio). The experiment consisted of ten treatments with two replications for each treatment, where SSC was used instead of SBM in three types of treatments: row, soaked and phytase enzyme addition in T1, T2 and T3 with three different substitution ratios 10%,20% and 30% in D1, D2 and D3 and treatment without SSC (control group) in T0D0 . The results showed that the diet stability was unaffected by inclusion different levels of SSC, while results of growth performance showed that the replacement of 30% SSC instead of SBM with the addition of phytase enzyme improved significantly (p≤0.05) all growth parameters and some productive traits (final weight, total weight gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed conversion rates and condition factor), In addition, the results showed that the use of sesame seed cake in raw or soaked form does not negatively affect the growth parameters of the fish. Therefore, sesame seed cake can be used as a cheap source of protein in common carps C. carpio diets.

Ileal Villi Morphological Characteristics of Cobb 500 Broilers Fed Phytase and Tannase Treated Sorghum Based Diets

The effects of phytase and tannase enzyme treatment of sorghum-based broiler diets on ileal villi characteristics were evaluated in Cobb 500 broilers. A total of three sorghum levels, 0, 50, and 100%, with 4 enzyme levels; 0, 5% phytase, 5% tannase and 5% phytase+tannase combination were used to develop 12 different dietary treatments. Three hundred and sixty broilers were randomly allocated to the 12 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design experiment. On day 42, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for ileal villi morphometry analyses. A 2cm tissue sample of the ileum was cut and prepared for histological analyses. Villus height and width, muscularis externa thickness, and crypt depth were measured on a light microscope using a calibrated eyepiece graticule. The total villi surface area was calculated, which indicates the digestive and absorptive capacity of the ileum. The General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System ver 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., 2011) was used to analyse the data. All tests were performed at p &amp;lt; 0.05 significance. Villus height, width, and muscularis externa thickness significantly increased with increasing levels of sorghum in the diet (p&amp;lt;0.001). Birds fed complete sorghum diets supplemented with phytase enzyme had the longest villi (p&amp;lt;0.001). The 0% and 100% sorghum levels exhibited comparable crypt depth. Treatment significantly affected the apparent villi surface area (p&amp;lt;0.0001). The apparent villi surface area increased with increasing sorghum inclusion. Birds fed a complete sorghum diet supplemented with phytase had the highest villi surface area (15.48±0.241 mm). It can be concluded that phytase and tannase can be added to complete sorghum broiler diets without compromising ileal villi integrity. Hence, we recommend the addition of phytase and tannase in sorghum-based broiler diets to counteract the effects of sorghum antinutrients.