Physiological Sciences Research Articles

First Author Spotlight

AnnouncementFirst Author SpotlightPublished Online:07 Jun 2022https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2022.322.6.AUMoreSectionsPDF (247 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat MADELINE GAUTHIERDepartment of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, ArizonaFigure 1.Madeline GauthierDownload figureDownload PowerPointMadeline Gauthier is an MD student and PhD candidate, conducting a PhD while on a leave of absence from medical school at Loyola University Chicago. She is currently completing her PhD in the Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program at the University of Arizona [Photo: Fig. 1].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00009.2022OLHA KRAVTSOVADepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FloridaFigure 2.Olha KravtsovaDownload figureDownload PowerPointOlha Kravtsova is a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Alexander Staruschenko’s laboratory at the University of South Florida in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology. She earned her PhD degree at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Kyiv, Ukraine. Her current research focuses on renal transporters, specifically in the proximal tubule. Outside of work, she enjoys workouts, traveling, and hiking [Photo: Fig. 2].https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00053.2022This article has no references to display. Download PDF Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Collections Related ArticlesSGLT2 inhibition effect on salt-induced hypertension, RAAS, and Na+ transport in Dahl SS rats 16 May 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyContributions of afferent and sympathetic renal nerves to cystogenesis and arterial pressure regulation in a preclinical model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease 16 May 2022American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology More from this issue > Volume 322Issue 6June 2022Pages i-i Crossmark Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2022 the American Physiological Society.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2022.322.6.AUHistory Received 2 November 2021 Accepted 30 March 2022 Published online 7 June 2022 Published in print 1 June 2022 Metrics

0262 Sleep-wake cycle circadian disruption after chronic alcohol intake in a rat model of anxiety

Abstract Introduction Alcohol intake can produce disruptions in sleep-wake cycle, including circadian alterations like phase shifts. Alcohol intake is increased in subjects with anxiety to diminish its symptoms. We have selectively bred two sublines from Sprague-Dawley rats that differs on its yawning frequency. The high-yawning (HY) rats have a mean of 20 yawns/h, whereas the low-yawning (LY) rats have only 2 yawns/hour. LY male rats had high anxiety-like behavior in standardized tests and high preference for alcohol intake. The aim of this study was to assess circadian disruption of sleep-wake cycle after chronic alcohol consumption. Methods We used 8 male rats from HY and LY at 3 months of age. All rats were kept in acrylic boxes with food pellets and purified water ad libitum under a light-dark cycle of 12:12 (lights on at 0700) and temperature of 21 ± 1 °C. All subjects were implanted for EEG, EMG and EOG recordings to characterize sleep-wake phases. A basal sleep-wake recording was obtained for 24 h. A second and third recording were made after a 7 days of alcohol administration as a single source of hydration (AL1) and a 3 week two-bottle choice alcohol preference protocol (AL2) were carried out. We used COSINOR analysis to determine phase and cycle alterations of sleep-wake circadian rhythm of all subjects. Results After alcohol intake, there was a significant difference only in the acrophases of awake periods (P<0.01) and slow wave sleep (SWS, P<0.001) in both AL1 and AL2 conditions for the HY subline, with a phase delay of 90 min for awake, 30 min for SWS and an advanced phase of 40 min for rapid eye movement sleep (REM) with respect to basal condition. In the case of LY subline, there was a significant difference only in SWS (P<0.001) and REM sleep (P<0.05) acrophases for both AL1 and AL2 conditions, with a phase delay of 7 h for wake, 40 min for SWS and 1 h for REM sleep. Conclusion It has been reported that alcohol disrupt circadian synchronization of the sleep-wake cycle, producing a general delay of SWS and REM sleep phases. Additionally, subjects with basal circadian disruptions are more susceptible to increase their intake of alcohol and other addictive drugs. So, LY male rats are an adequate model for higher susceptibility to alcohol intake. Support (If Any) Partially supported by PRONACES-CONACYT grant and VIEP-BUAP 2021 to CA in Neuroendocrinología (BUAP-CA-288). AFR is PhD on Physiological Sciences fellowship from CONACYT No. 926368

Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Cellular Bioelectrical Stimulation

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are an efficient state‐of‐the‐art kinetic energy‐harvesting technology based on the combination of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to generate electrical energy from ambient mechanical energy. Bioelectricity is a quintessential characteristic of living organisms and has a crucial role in physiological and medical sciences. Living cells are capable of generating electrical signals and responding to electrical stimulation, which are known to be key properties that regulate cellular behaviors and cell–microenvironment interactions. TENGs, with the advantages of miniaturization and efficiency, are notably exploited in efforts to provide self‐powered electrical stimulation to cells for functional modulation or fate determination, leading to a new methodology in biology and medical science. In this review, the progress, challenges, and future prospects of cellular bioelectrical stimulation with TENGs are focused. The regulation of cellular activity involved in functional modulation and fate determination stimulated by TENGs is highlighted. Furthermore, the application of cell activity changes stimulated by TENGs is stressed in tissue regeneration, physiological function rehabilitation, and electroporation‐based drug delivery for disease therapy. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using TENGs for electrical stimulation are presented for cell engineering in the biosciences and health care.

Foundations in Physiology: An Introductory Course Using the Core Concepts

Over the past 5 years, the Alma College Integrative Physiology and Health Science Department has noted a decrease in student success in the introductory human physiology course. A major element in variable performance is the increasing diversity of prior experience in students’ educational background, specifically as it relates to courses in STEM disciplines. Within the life science community, and more recently, the physiology community, use of “core concepts” in undergraduate education has been actively promoted as a means to improve student outcomes. To address the concern regarding student success, the department implemented a new “Foundations” course as a pre‐requisite to the Anatomy and Physiology sequence. This class replaced the previous pre‐requisite, Introduction to Cell Biology. We hypothesized that this approach would produce significant gains in student learning. The specific core concepts covered in the class were: causality, scientific reasoning, physics/chemistry, structure‐function, homeostasis, flow down gradients, cell membrane, energy, cell‐cell communication, and interdependence/integration. This set of concepts included and class design emphasized the 5 principles identified by physiology educators as most important for students to know.1 To assess learning, the Phys‐MAPS assessment tool was administered to students enrolled in IPH 227: Human Physiology (for students who had previously completed the Cell Biology pre‐requisite) and students enrolled in IPH 131: Foundations in Physiology (no pre‐requisite completed).2 The tests were taken during the first week of class and again in the final week of the term. Although average scores increased by the end of the semester, the improvement was not significant, regardless of the class assessed (IPH 227: 36.8+5.8 vs 39.2+5.9 total points; IPH 131: 33.3+5.6 vs 36.5+7.3 total points). Importantly, students completing the Foundations class performed as well as those students who had previously taken the Introduction to Cell Biology as represented in the IPH 131 post and IPH 227 pre data, respectively (36.5+7.3 vs. 36.8+5.8). Therefore, while students from the Foundations course performed as well as those enrolled in a traditional introductory cell biology course at the end of each course, use of the “core concepts” failed to result in the expected learning outcomes. As an initial offering, there were multiple challenges/limitations that will be discussed. Adjustments in course design, together with additional/alternative assessment methods, could have an impact on measured student learning. Details of course design, assessment, and limitations will be presented.

Thinking Post-developmental Pedagogies with Physical Activity Pedagogical Resources—Or, How Might We Entangle Pedagogies and Physiological Knowledges Differently?

Thinking with a Canadian physical activity pedagogical resource, this article proposes that post-developmental early childhood education pedagogies can engage with physiological sciences beyond the instructive or instrumental relationships currently facilitated by contemporary physical activity pedagogies. To begin, I bring feminist science studies together with post-developmental pedagogies to detail how pedagogy and physiology become intertwined. I trace the tensions of weaving physiological knowledges with pedagogies, acknowledging the power-laden complexities of thinking with Euro-Western sciences in Canadian education. Finally, I work through two propositions aimed at making physiological knowledges differently entangled with the complexities of post-developmental pedagogies: (1) crafting physiological knowledges as a problem with pedagogies, while (2) deploying these physiological knowledges as pedagogical provocations that call us to engage differently with physiological knowledges.

52. Place-led dairy farming and the forgotten science of rumen physiology

52. Place-led dairy farming and the forgotten science of rumen physiology

Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Meeting 2021: challenges for the early-career science workforce.

Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Meeting 2021: challenges for the early-career science workforce.

In Vivo Validation of a Cardiovascular Simulation Model in Pigs

Many computer simulation models of the cardiovascular system, of varying complexity and objectives, have been proposed in physiological science. Every model needs to be parameterized and evaluated individually. We conducted a porcine animal model to parameterize and evaluate a computer simulation model, recently proposed by our group. The results of an animal model, on thirteen healthy pigs, were used to generate consistent parameterization data for the full heart computer simulation model. To evaluate the simulation model, differences between the resulting simulation output and original animal data were analysed. The input parameters of the animal model, used to individualize the computer simulation, showed high interindividual variability (range of coefficient of variation: 10.1–84.5%), which was well-reflected by the resulting haemodynamic output parameters of the simulation (range of coefficient of variation: 12.6–45.7%). The overall bias between the animal and simulation model was low (mean: −3.24%, range: from −26.5 to 20.1%). The simulation model used in this study was able to adapt to the high physiological variability in the animal model. Possible reasons for the remaining differences between the animal and simulation model might be a static measurement error, unconsidered inaccuracies within the model, or unconsidered physiological interactions.

Breath Tools: A Synthesis of Evidence-Based Breathing Strategies to Enhance Human Running.

Running is among the most popular sporting hobbies and often chosen specifically for intrinsic psychological benefits. However, up to 40% of runners may experience exercise-induced dyspnoea as a result of cascading physiological phenomena, possibly causing negative psychological states or barriers to participation. Breathing techniques such as slow, deep breathing have proven benefits at rest, but it is unclear if they can be used during exercise to address respiratory limitations or improve performance. While direct experimental evidence is limited, diverse findings from exercise physiology and sports science combined with anecdotal knowledge from Yoga, meditation, and breathwork suggest that many aspects of breathing could be improved via purposeful strategies. Hence, we sought to synthesize these disparate sources to create a new theoretical framework called “Breath Tools” proposing breathing strategies for use during running to improve tolerance, performance, and lower barriers to long-term enjoyment.

A Glimpse into Artificial Intelligence in Animal Physiology and Allied Sciences

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has developed as an interdisciplinary science based on computers and is concerned with building machines and equipment which use human intelligence to perform a particular task. The role of AI is manifold in our day-to-day lives. With high penetration amongst people in different societies, AI has transformed the way of living and has the potential to act as a vehicle to disseminate information regarding animal health, production, and reproduction aspects. AI has already made an immense contribution in veterinary and allied sciences by helping in devising various applications used in research and simulation aids. In addition, it has been put in to use efficiently in the field of veterinary sciences thereby hastening diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various animal diseases. The history of AI, its applications as software packages in statistics, bioinformatics, simulation apps, and a list of various equipment used for analytical, clinical, and livestock farm purposes are elaborated in this article. Despite playing a vital role, AI has to be further refined in such a way to target the rural livestock farmers to improve animal health and production in developing countries that are in dire need of meeting food security requirements amidst the current scenario of population explosion.

Resilience in sports: a multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized perspective

ABSTRACT Athletes are exposed to various psychological and physiological stressors, such as losing matches and high training loads. Understanding and improving the resilience of athletes is therefore crucial to prevent performance decrements and psychological or physical problems. In this review, resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process of bouncing back to normal functioning following stressors. This process has been of wide interest in psychology, but also in the physiology and sports science literature (e.g. load and recovery). To improve our understanding of the process of resilience, we argue for a collaborative synthesis of knowledge from the domains of psychology, physiology, sports science, and data science. Accordingly, we propose a multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized research agenda on resilience. We explain how new technologies and data science applications are important future trends (1) to detect warning signals for resilience losses in (combinations of) psychological and physiological changes, and (2) to provide athletes and their coaches with personalized feedback about athletes’ resilience.

Is the intervention as good as (or not substantially worse than) a comparator?

In the present issue, Mazzolari et al. (2022) present a persuasive case for the wider use of frequentist interval testing (for equivalence and non-inferiority) for interventional studies in exercise physiology and sport science. A persistent issue in the field is small, noisy, underpowered studies. With conventional null hypothesis significance tests for superiority, claims of no (zero) effect abound when P > 0.05. However, the confidence interval for the estimated effect would often show that biologically or clinically meaningful effects (both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’, benefit and harm) were compatible with the data and model and may not be ruled out statistically. If we fully embrace and discuss uncertainty in the estimation of intervention effects, then a more robust conclusion in such situations would be ‘get more data – more evidence needed’. The famous phrase ‘absence of evidence is not evidence of absence’ (Altman & Bland, 1995) articulates this problem elegantly and succinctly. Here, ‘absence of evidence’ means, conventionally, P > 0.05 for the mean intervention effect (intervention minus comparator). Since Altman and Bland's note, this issue has been revisited in many journal editorials in an attempt to improve the reporting of trial results (e.g., Alderson, 2004). Mazzolari et al. (2022) note that frequentist interval testing is applicable if the research question focuses on whether two interventions have similar efficacy (equivalence) or whether one intervention is not substantially worse than another (non-inferiority). These approaches are used frequently in biomedical research. For example, a new treatment might be developed that might cost less, be less burdensome encouraging greater compliance, or be associated with fewer adverse events than the accepted standard treatment. In such cases we might want to know whether the proposed new treatment worked as well as, or at least not substantially worse than, the standard treatment. The authors identify a range of potential applications of these approaches in the physiology and sport science research field. Frequentist interval testing provides the desired error control and may often be a better match to the research questions that researchers are really interested in answering – questions that conventional null hypothesis significance testing for superiority cannot address. So, how do physiology and sport science researchers apply these methods in their work? The article by Mazzolari et al. (2022) is a tour de force that covers all of the key issues, such as how to establish the equivalence or non-inferiority margins, and sample size planning for these designs. The article references provide an excellent reading list for those wishing to delve deeper and increase their understanding. At the very least, this contribution will increase awareness and facilitate improved critical reading of published research. Those wishing to apply the methods in the analysis of their own data will benefit from the worked examples, including the accompanying workbook with code for two popular statistics software packages. Anyone considering an equivalence or non-inferiority study should seek expert statistics input from the outset. This is sage advice for any study, but perhaps especially for these designs wherein there are many pitfalls for the unwary. Many, if not all, readers will be familiar with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, providing a checklist for the complete and transparent reporting of parallel-arm (independent groups) randomized trials. An extension to this statement is available for equivalence and non-inferiority studies (Piaggio et al., 2012). In summary, this article is essential reading for consumers and doers of research in physiology and sport science, and I commend it to the journal readership. None.

Analysis of physical exercises to improve physical abilities and shooting in young basketball players

The science of athlete training and physiology has an important role in developing basketball athletes, especially for teenagers. Training causes many changes, whether it is physical or internal. The aim of this study was to prepare proposed exercises to develop some physical abilities, the functional variable and two-point jump shot in young basketball players, as well as to identify the effect of the proposed exercises on some physical abilities, the functional variable and two-point jump shot. The researcher used the experimental method. A total of 20 young basketball players of Nasiriyah Basketball Club were selected to participate in the study and were classified into experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using T-test and Pearson’s correlation. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in the pre and post-tests for some physical and functional abilities and two-point jump shot in favor of the post-tests and in both groups (experimental and control). In conclusion, this study in young basketball players confirmed that continuing training by following the scientific methods and properly graduating the exercises placed in the main section of the training unit leads to achieve the desired goal when conducting the exercises consistently.

Myths and methodologies: The use of equivalence and non‐inferiority tests for interventional studies in exercise physiology and sport science

Exercise physiology and sport science have traditionally made use of the null hypothesis of no difference to make decisions about experimental interventions. In this article, we aim to review current statistical approaches typically used by exercise physiologists and sport scientists for the design and analysis of experimental interventions and to highlight the importance of including equivalence and non-inferiority studies, which address different research questions from deciding whether an effect is present. Initially, we briefly describe the most common approaches, along with their rationale, to investigate the effects of different interventions. We then discuss the main steps involved in the design and analysis of equivalence and non-inferiority studies, commonly performed in other research fields, with worked examples from exercise physiology and sport science scenarios. Finally, we provide recommendations to exercise physiologists and sport scientists who would like to apply the different approaches in future research. We hope this work will promote the correct use of equivalence and non-inferiority designs in exercise physiology and sport science whenever the research context, conditions, applications, researchers' interests or reasonable beliefs justify these approaches.

Oral Communications

Acta PhysiologicaVolume 234, Issue S724 e13753 Oral CommunicationsFree Access Oral Communications First published: 14 January 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13753AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume234, IssueS724Special Issue: Turkish Society of Physiological Sciences, 46th National Physiology Congress, 8–10 October 2021, Virtual MeetingFebruary 2022e13753 RelatedInformation

The pedagogical teaching of Immanuel Kant in the light of his philosophical anthropology

Introduction. The humanistic understanding of the goals and objectives of upbringing and education presupposes the expediency and fruitfulness of the fundamental idea of the comprehensive and harmonious development of human. The task of forming a personality comes to the fore here, and not just transferring a certain amount of knowledge and skills to a student. One of the founders of this approach in upbringing and education is Immanuel Kant (1724–1824), which makes the analysis of his philosophical and pedagogical views relevant. The object of study in the article is the critical philosophy he created in unity with other parts of his system, and the subject is his pedagogical legacy. The purpose of the work is to analyze the main provisions of the concept of upbringing and education of Kant in the light of the project of philosophical anthropology developed by him, to determine the relationship between his pedagogy and anthropology. Materials and methods. The general basis of the study was the method of philosophical and anthropological reconstruction and the method of content-semantic interpretation, through which the analysis of the pedagogy of the German thinker was carried out. The work also used the modeling method and the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete. Research results. Kant created pedagogical doctrine on the basis of the doctrine of human, the essence of which lies in the reason. The philosopher saw the rationale for the need for upbringing and education in morality. The goal of the development of society is the moral improvement of mankind on the basis of the development of abilities given by nature in the individual. Schooling refers to physical upbringing and involves the development of bodily properties and mental abilities of individuals; it is aimed at acquiring knowledge, developing skills and acquiring skills. Education refers to practical upbringing; it is aimed at the development of morality and the spiritual world of the individual. The main goal of upbringing is the formation of a person as a rationally thinking and freely acting member of society. Therefore, upbringing, together with care and discipline, includes education and training. The task of school-mechanical education is the acquisition of skills useful for life, the task of pragmatic education is the achievement of rationality, the task of moral education is the formation of morality. Conclusion. Contained in the three “Critiques”, the ideal of “educational human”, as a comprehensive and harmonious moral personality, is based on his understanding as a rational, free and creative being. The programs of transcendental anthropology, moral anthropology and empirical anthropology developed by Kant were implemented by him in the conceptual models of “physiological human science” (the study of what nature makes of a person) and “pragmatic human science” (the study of what he, as a free being, makes of himself), which are steps on the way to building a holistic doctrine of human. But the philosophical anthropology of the Koenigsberg scientist is not a “concrete human science”, but rather his idea, a project where the doctrine of upbringing and education in individual development and in the course of social history serves as the basis for meaningful knowledge about a human as a representative of the genus Homo sapiens with reason.

Is inadequate anatomical knowledge on the part of physicians hazardous for successful clinical practice?

PurposeThe physicians say that the least anatomy is required for clinical practice. But the disease causes anatomical distortions or variations in structures impairing functions of organs and systems. So, the diagnosis and analysis of treatment of disease depend on interwoven inter-relationship among Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Radiology and clinical sciences. Consequently, the upcoming doctors are to be cultivated sufficient anatomy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze viewpoints of medical students, faculties and practitioners regarding degree of need of Anatomy in clinical practice.MethodsA feedback survey has been carried out among students and faculties to seek their views on the need of Anatomy in clinical practice using two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 defines the degree of need of Anatomy (‘most essential’, ‘essential’ and ‘least essential’) in clinical practice based on answers of questionnaire by medical students and faculties, whereas hypothesis 2 assigns weights depending on knowledge and experience of the feedback providers. The means/weighted means of views have been statistically analyzed. Additionally, the literature survey was carried out on the demand, necessity, importance, usefulness and applicability of Anatomy in clinical practice.ResultsOur statistical analysis revealed that Anatomy is ‘most essential’ for clinical practice. In literature survey too, the inadequate knowledge of anatomy among medical students leads to poor comprehension of clinical practice. So, anatomy is most essential for clinical practice.ConclusionSound knowledge of Human Anatomy is most essential during medical practice for Physicians.

Congratulatory message from the President of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) regarding the establishment of world-class research centre (WCRC) Pavlov Centre for Integrative Physiology

Congratulatory message from the President of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) regarding the establishment of world-class research centre (WCRC) Pavlov Centre for Integrative Physiology

Воспоминания о Леоне Абгаровиче Орбели

This brief article presents memories of Leon A. Orbeli, a brilliant scientist and public figure, shared by his adopted grandson. The best student and close friend of I. P. Pavlov, member of the Academy of Sciences L. A. Orbeli made an outstanding contribution to science and the country’s victory in the Great Patriotic War.The most striking achievements of the Orbeli school, which became the most prominent school of thought in Soviet physiological science, include the discovery of the adaptive and trophic role of the sympathetic nervous system, new understanding of the cerebellum’s functions, recognition of the influence of subcortical centres on the functional state of the cerebral cortex, contributions to the study of physiology and pathology of human higher nervous activity and many more significant developments. The L. A. Orbeli school is characterised by rare longevity, a powerful creative force and high practical importance for applications in various sectors of the national economy, including health care, agriculture, military, diving and space exploration. L. A. Orbeli enjoyed wide popularity and deep respect in society due to his true humanism, civic activism and conviction in upholding his beliefs. To this day, the personality of L. A. Orbeli remains a spiritual and moral role model that inspires current and future generations.

P. K. Anokhin’s answer to E. A. Asratyan’s review of “Biology and neurophysiology of conditioned reflex” monograph. Echo of Pavlovian session

The article presents previously unpublished documents, comments, and materials that were directly related to significant events in the life and performance of a Russian scientist and academician P. K. Anokhin, such as the Lenin Prize award and the Pavlovian session. The text of P. K. Anokhins answer to the review of a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences E. A. Asratyan of P. K. Anokhins monograph Biology and Neurophysiology of Conditioned Reflex submitted to the competition for the Lenin Prize, was published. In 1972, P. K. Anokhin was awarded the Lenin Prize for the monograph Biology and Neurophysiology of Conditioned Reflex. P. K. Anokhin answered the accusatory statements of the reviewer concerning the danger of the functional system for the Pavlovian doctrine and the analytical nature of the scientific method of I. P. Pavlov and answered critical questions about the synthetic and systemic approach and the priority in the development of the theory of systems and feedback.
 The work presented literature facts that the statements and questions of Asratyan were consistent with his accusatory comments about P. K. Anokhin at the Pavlovian session the scientific session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dedicated to the physiological doctrine of academician I. P. Pavlov, which was held in Moscow in JulyAugust 1950. At the session, P. K. Anokhin was accused of revision of the ideological foundations of Pavlovs teachings and of detraction of the significance of Pavlovs theory of the higher nervous activity.
 After the Pavlovian session, P. K. Anokhin was dismissed from the post of the director of Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dismissed from the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and appointed Professor of the Department of Physiology of Ryazan Medical Institute. Over the years, E. A. Asratyan persistently criticized P. K. Anokhin as the opponent of I. PPavlovs teaching and actively rejected the theory of functional systems.
 Conclusion: The presented documents have not lost their significance even now. These documents are important for understanding the ideological essence of the systemic approach and of the theory of functional systems and are interesting for the history of Russian physiological science and medicine.