Physiological Need Research Articles

Altered Waste Disposal System in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytic Aquaporin-4.

Among the diverse cell types included in the general population named glia, astrocytes emerge as being the focus of a growing body of research aimed at characterizing their heterogeneous and complex functions. Alterations of both their morphology and activities have been linked to a variety of neurological diseases. One crucial physiological need satisfied by astrocytes is the cleansing of the cerebral tissue from waste molecules. Several data demonstrate that aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), a protein expressed by astrocytes, is crucially important for facilitating the removal of waste products from the brain. Aquaporins are water channels found in all district of the human organism and the most abundant isoform in the brain is AQP-4. This protein is involved in a myriad of astrocytic activities, including calcium signal transduction, potassium buffering, synaptic plasticity, astrocyte migration, glial scar formation and neuroinflammation. The highest density of AQP-4 is found at the astrocytic domains closest to blood vessels, the endfeet that envelop brain vessels, with low to zero expression in other astrocytic membrane regions. Increased AQP-4 expression and loss of polarization have recently been documented in altered physiological conditions. Here we review the latest findings related to aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on this topic, as well as the available knowledge on pharmacological tools to target AQP-4.

Обеспеченность детей витамином D. Сравнительный анализ способов коррекции

The data concerning physiological need, recommended daily consumption of vitamin D, provision of children with this vitamin were analyzed, as well as the methods of correction of its deficit by using food products enriched with cholecalciferol and food supplements. The data on enriched food products used in children’s nutrition and content of vitamin D in them were presented. Criteria of relation of vitamin D to food supplements and medications were discussed, basing on composition and dosage of cholecalciferol. Keywords: children, vitamin D, consumption, physiological need, cholecalciferol.

Impact of Global Economic Recession on Basic Physiological Needs of Nigerian Citizens

This study evaluates how the most basic of human needs are impacted by economic recessions. Specifically we focus on Nigerians. The research was qualitative and quantitative in design and data used were from both primary and secondary sources. The Primary data was sourced through questionnaires distributed to 432 respondents while secondary data was garnered from published articles and reports on the subject. Means and standard deviation were statistical tools employed to address research questions 1,2 and3; while the T-test technique was then used to analyze the 1,2 and 3 hypotheses. For the quantitative aspect ( against 4th research question), having found that the unit root test on the time series data displayed a combination of 1(0) and 1(1) variables, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model (Bounds Test inclusive) was employed for data estimation. Findings reveal that economic downturns as seen within the study period made it markedly more difficult for average Nigerians in both the urban and rural areas to feed and meet the most basic needs. The difficulties faced by individuals were further confirmed by a reduced expenditure on health and the acquisition of household assets were seen to drop markedly. Key markers of economic recession such as interest rate, public debt and real exchange rate were found to be significant both in the short and long-run. The research concludes that the negative effect of economic recession on the health of Nigerians remained significant throughout the study period.

Sex- and Gender-Related Factors in Blood Product Transfusions

Blood products are indicated for a plethora of conditions in several settings, with a variety of products available for transfusion, from highly processed specific components to whole blood. Matching the donor product to the recipient is crucial in avoiding serious transfusion reactions, with the extent of matching depending on the physiological need, setting, and product. There are important factors related to sex and gender differences in donated blood products, adverse reactions to those products, interplay with underlying pathology, as well as sociocultural differences in the collection. This article will review key sex- and gender-specific research related to the use of blood products with an emphasis on the acute care setting.

Rational use of wheat processing products to create a composite flour mixture

The article presents data on the chemical composition of the powder from sprouted wheat pomace, which determines its high nutritional value: dietary fiber (45%), vitamins, mg / 100g (C - 450, P-active substances 390), minor components, mg / 100g (flavonoids 690, chlorophyll 41, tannins 1310) and minerals, mg / 100g (calcium 60, magnesium 85, phosphorus 300, iron 6.8). The resulting powder is able to provide a daily physiological need for minor components from 41 to 1950%, for micro and macromineral substances from 6 to 48%. It also strengthens the functional significance of the main components in the composition of enriched products due to biologically active substances and dietary fiber. Titrimetric, photometric, and spectrophotometric standardized methods were used in the study of the powder chemical composition and the quality indicators of the composite flour mixture. The composition is justified. A rational ratio of wheat, hemp flour, and powder from sprouted wheat pomace - 70:20:10 respectively is determined, based on the results of organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators. The study revealed increased nutritional value compared to wheat flour. The developed composite flour mixture is able to meet 40 % of physiological norm in terms of nutrients and more than 5000% in selenium; it can be considered as an alternative to wheat flour for the development of enriched food products.

Background Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Brown Algae from the Northwest Sea of Japan

Background concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were calculated for brown algae Costaria costata from the northwest Sea of Japan. Also the paper contains refined data on heavy metal concentrations in the widespread distributed brown algae, such as Stephanocystis crassipes, Sargassum pallidum and S. miyabei. As the upper threshold levels of metal background concentrations, the median values plus double medians of absolute deviations from the medians were used (Me + 2MAD). The lower threshold level of the background concentration equal to the physiological need for an element is the median of 15% minimum values in the sampling minus the double median of absolute deviations from the median (Me15 - 2MAD15). The calculated ranges of the background concentrations of metals in algae were compared with concentrations of elements in mac-rophytes collected from habitats with background concentrations of metals in water.

Changes in plasma biochemical parameters and hormones during transition period in Beetal goats carrying single and twin fetus.

Aim:The study was undertaken to find out the changes in biochemical and hormonal profile during transition period in single- and twin-bearing Beetal goats.Materials and Methods:Beetal goats are reared in North India for milk and meat purposes, popularly called poor man’s cow, serving as a source of livelihood. The present study was conducted on Beetal goats, maintained at a goat farm, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, for characterization of plasma biochemical and hormonal changes during transitional phase in pregnant goats carrying single and twin fetus. The animals selected were expected to have parturition at the same time, to avoid environmental variation effects, and divided into two groups: Group 1 (carrying single fetus, n=14) and Group 2 (twin fetus, n=6). Blood samples were collected from goats prepartum (−30 days and −15 days), 0 day, and postpartum +15 days and +30 days, and plasma was separated for the analysis of biochemical metabolites and hormones by commercially available kits.Results:Analysis of data revealed a significant decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol concentration during postpartum days. A significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration was observed at the day of parturition. Furthermore, there was a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in ALT and aspartate aminotransferase concentration in goats at the 15th day and 30th day after parturition in both groups. A significant (p≤0.05) lower concentration of total protein and globulins was observed during late pregnancy and on the day of parturition, with a subsequent elevation during postpartum period (15 days and 30 days). Progesterone concentration was highest at −30 days prepartum and decreased sharply at parturition and thereafter postpartum, both in single- and twin-bearing goats. Progesterone level was lower in twin-bearing goats as compared to single-bearing goats at 0 day and postpartum days. No significant changes were observed in sodium, potassium, and chloride concentration during transitional period in goats.Conclusion:Transition period blood metabolite profile changes due to physiological need of mother and fetus were more prominent in metabolites regulating energy requirements and in goats bearing twin fetus.

A review of cellulose nanomaterials incorporated fruit coatings with improved barrier property and stability: Principles and applications

AbstractFresh fruit are rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, but are highly perishable. Due to the great need for improving storability of fresh fruit, it is necessary to develop cost effective coating technology with targeted moisture and gas barrier, mechanical and other desirable properties to satisfy specific postharvest physiological need and storage conditions of a given fruit. Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) present distinguished intrinsic properties, including low density, high aspect ratio, high mechanical property, superior gas and moisture barrier, and good thermal stability. For these reasons, applications of CNs in fruit coatings show great promises for improving quality and storability of postharvest fresh fruit under various storage conditions. This review discussed the principles and mechanisms of CNs role in food packaging films and coatings, applications of CNs‐incorporated coatings in a wide range of fruit, and the safety, regulations, and future perspectives of CNs‐incorporated fruit coating technologies.Practical ApplicationCellulose nanomaterials (CNs), including cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), have great potential as components in fruit coatings for improving barrier, stability, and other functional properties. This review introduced the potential roles of CNs in fruit coating technology as coating matrix, filler for other biopolymers, Pickering emulsion agent, and/or crosslinking agent, thus the principles and mechanisms of using CNs in fruit coatings. This review also reported the recent research and development in CNs‐incorporated fruit coatings, and discussed the hurdles and future perspectives of using CNs in fruit coatings. This review provided most updated information and important insights of CNs‐incorporated coatings, which is critical for developing effective coating technologies for ensuring quality and improving storability of fresh fruit.

Psychological Mediation of Dysfunction and Hyperfunction of Respiratory Regulation.

This research investigates the continuum between the dysfunction and the hyperfunction of breath regulation and presents the psychological mediation that supports or disrupts this regulation. The pilot study compared breathing regulation in patients with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS), free divers, and healthy volunteers. To examine the ability of voluntary respiration regulation, breath holding involving “easy-going” and “struggling” phases was used. Psychological mediation was assessed through (a) respiratory experience interviews, (b) anxiety levels, and (c) psycho-semantic techniques. Free divers have a bigger “positive breathing vocabulary” and can endure the conflict between the physiological need to inhale and the voluntary motivation to hold their breath for longer. The connection between emotions and negative breathing experience in patients with HVS leads to less breathing control.

1315. Food Insecurity and Viral Suppression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment at an Urban Primary Care Practice

BackgroundThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines food insecurity as a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active and healthy life. A review of the literature indicates that there are only few studies on food insecurity and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, despite it being one of the most basic physiological need. Here, we aimed to examine the association between food insecurity and viral load suppression in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at an HIV primary care practice.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted at an urban university hospital HIV primary care practice in Brooklyn, New York. It included patients seen during a six month period, from July 1 until December 31, 2018, that were found to have an unsuppressed viral load while reporting being on ART. We defined unsuppressed viral load as viral load >200 copies/milliliters. Food security was measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), a questionnaire by USAID’s Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Program, which has demonstrated cross-cultured validity. It categorized patients into four groups: food secure and mildly, moderately or severely food insecure. Patient were contacted in clinic during their appointment or by telephone survey.ResultsA total of 145 patients were found to have an unsuppressed viral load while on ART, with 54 patients (37%) reporting food insecurity. Based on HFIAS’s classification, 44 patients (30%) reported mild or moderate food insecurity, and 10 patients (7%) reported severe food insecurity. The study population demographics was 86% African American or blacks, 12% Hispanics and 2% of other race. Seventy-three patients (50%) also reported receiving benefits from New York’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.ConclusionFood insecurity can be associated with unsuppressed viral load and was found in over one-third of our study population, with half relying on food assistance programs. It represents a complex problem fundamentally connected to issues such as poverty and unstable housing, which can negatively impact patient engagement and retention in care. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating food and social services into HIV programs, especially in lower-income populations.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Sex-specific differences in coronary blood flow and flow velocity reserve in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive disease.

Reduced coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Whether CFVR and coronary blood flow (CBF) are similar in men and women with chest pain and non-obstructive CAD remains unknown. We hypothesised sex differences in CFVR and CBF. A total of 1,683 patients with signs/symptoms of ischaemia and angiographically unobstructed coronary arteries (<40% angiographic stenosis) underwent coronary vasomotion evaluation. CFVR was measured as hyperaemic/resting average velocity in the LAD. Mid-LAD diameter was measured with quantitative angiography and CBF calculated at rest (rCBF) and hyperaemia (hCBF). Resting microvascular resistance (rMR) was calculated as mean arterial pressure/rCBF. Of the total number of patients, 1,096 (65%) were women, median age 51 [42, 59] years. Compared to men, women had lower median CFVR (2.7 [2.4, 3.2] vs 3.1 [2.7, 3.6], p<0.001), higher rCBF (49.7 [34.0, 71.1] vs 45.9 [31.8, 68.7] ml/min, p=0.04), lower hCBF (139.5 [93.0, 195.2] vs 147.1 [95.7, 218.6] ml/min, p=0.02), but similar rMR (p=0.82). Female sex was an independent predictor of lower CFVR, higher rCBF, and lower hCBF. Compared to men, women with signs/symptoms of ischaemia and non-obstructive CAD have lower CFVR, higher rCBF, and lower hCBF. Female sex is a predictor of these sex-specific differences. The clinical diagnostic and prognostic implications of sex differences in coronary physiology need further evaluation.

Do patients suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest present to the ambulance service with symptoms in the preceding 48 h?

In-hospital cardiac arrests are often preceded by a period of physiological deterioration that has often gone unnoticed. We proposed that the same might be true for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) where ambulance crews leave patients at home who then subsequently go on to suffer a cardiac arrest. We identified all OHCA over a 12-month period that had been seen and assessed by an ambulance crew within the 48 h preceding their cardiac arrest. We retrospectively calculated the patient's NEWS2 score at the time of their initial assessment as a marker of their physiological status and need for hospital admission. Of 1960 OHCA patients, 184 (9.4%) had been assessed by ambulance crews within the preceding 48 h. Excluding those who had been taken to hospital (and then discharged), declined hospital conveyance or were on end-of-life care pathways, 79 (56% of total) were left at home through crew discretion. Thirty-four out of 79 (43%) patients not conveyed had either a NEWS score of 3 in a single parameter or a score of ≥5, which in hospital would mandate an urgent medical review. The most overlooked observation was respiratory rate. In total, 1.7% of all OHCA had been assessed in the previous 48 h and inappropriately left at home by ambulance crews. This represents a missed opportunity to avert cardiac arrest. NEWS scoring has the potential to improve pre-hospital triage of these patients and avoid missing the deteriorating patient.

Assessment of clinical and metabolic parameters of cows of the golstean breed in the conditions of industrial technologies

The materials testifying to the negative impact of industrial technologies on the health status of cows and their terms of economic use are presented. Technological parameters of the animals can not ensure the normal course of metabolic processes. It has been established that, despite the calculated full value of the diet, it does not provide the physiological need of the animal organism for essential nutrients.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ ЗДОРОВЬЕСБЕРЕГАЮЩИМ ПИТАНИЕМ ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА В ОРГАНИЗОВАННЫХ КОЛЛЕКТИВАХ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The paper discusses the organized nutrition of preschool children living in adverse environmental conditions, from the point of view of the actual provision of their physiological need for food and biologically active substances to save health. Various methods were used in the work to assess nutrition, health, as well as the vitamin and mineral supply of the body by a non- invasive method using the VITASTIQ-2 device. According to the results of the study difficulties were identified in providing children with a diverse healthy diet already at the stage of children’s nutrition. Also we revealed an imbalance in the food set, which leads to an increased content of sodium and simple carbohydrates, to an insufficient amount of essential amino acids and vitamin B1. The integral index of usefulness of the chemical composition for a daily diet is calculated by the author’s method. It is noted that due to the food that is not eaten by children in preschool educational institutions, they have an imbalance in the intake of biologically active substances, which reduces the protective and adaptive reserves of the child to adverse environmental factors. In order to correct diets, group and individual recommendations were proposed, as well as recommendations at the level of education departments and municipal administrations.

Housing Policy in Slovakia

The need for housing is the basic physiological need of a person. The level of satisfaction of housing needs corresponds to the degree of socio-economic development of the given society. The basic criteria are the quality of housing, the availability of housing, the type of ownership, the possibility of purchasing own housing, the financial support and the financial possibilities of the individual / household. A suitable market environment created by the state is also a prerequisite for satisfying the need for housing. The mission of the state is to create an appropriate market environment that combines economic, social and environmental factors. This is the concept of sustainable housing. The analysis focuses on Slovakia and deals in more detail with responsibility and the position of self-government/municipalities in the context of Slovak housing policy. The paper is processed by using a wide scale of the scientific methods and procedures. The first part is based on preparation and explanation of key terms, such as the housing policy, concept of sustainable housing and state housing policy in Slovakia. The paper was elaborated on the basis of a study of related legislation, in particular the Act on the State Fund for Housing Development and the Concept of State Housing Policy - the State Document for the Housing Area. Methodology contains of identification of research assumptions, as well as methods and sources used in the paper. Results part consists of the main findings and is prepared by using a comparative and causal analysis. Statistical data was used to analyse the current state of housing in Slovakia. Prospects housing development in Slovakia are developed by the resulting trends and processing the statistics and are presented at the end of paper.

Optimization in the Design of Natural Structures, Biomaterials, Bioinformatics and Biometric Techniques for Solving Physiological Needs and Ultimate Performance of Bio-devices

Optimization in the Design of Natural Structures, Biomaterials, Bioinformatics and Biometric Techniques for Solving Physiological Needs and Ultimate Performance of Bio-devices

Determining factors for the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal: Evidence from recent national survey data.

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is not sufficient to meet the physiological need of the body. Women of reproductive age and pregnant women are at a high risk of anemia, which in turn may contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality. We aimed to describe the prevalence of anemia and the factors associated with the risk of developing anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal. Additionally, we examined the association of women’s decision-making autonomy regarding healthcare and experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) with anemia. Data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study. The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. A battery-operated portable HemoCue was used to measure hemoglobin and detect anemia. Using complex sample logistic regression, the association between dependent and independent variables were examined; crude and adjusted odds ratio were reported. The mean (± SD) hemoglobin concentration was 12.13 g/dL (± 1.48). Overall, about 41% (95% CI 38.6–43.0%) of women aged 15–49 years were anemic. Women in households with wells as the source of drinking water (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.58–2.37) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing anemia. While women who were currently using hormonal contraceptives (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.76) were significantly less likely to be anemic. After adjusting for background characteristics among women who were married at the time of the survey, decision-making autonomy regarding healthcare, and experience of IPV did not have a significant association with anemia. The high prevalence of anemia suggests the need for substantial improvement in the nutritional status of women. The increased disease burden compared with the past survey highlights the needs to reconsider the existing nutritional policy in Nepal.

Hyperhidrosis prevalence and its impact on population

Hyperhidrosis is a disorder characterized by excessive sweating which beyond the physiological need for body thermoregulation. It brings about a deep social, psychic, professional and emotional constraint, compromising the quality of life of its patients. The prevalence data available in the literature are practically nonexistent up to the beginning of the 21st century. The objective of this present study is to review the literature as a quest for studies that evaluated the prevalence of hyperhidrosis and its impact on the quality of life of individuals. The bibliographic review was carried out by using the PubMed database. During the search 16 articles were found which evaluated the prevalence of hyperhidrosis and out of these, 5 evaluated the impact in the disorder as to the quality of life. The prevalence found in the articles varied from 0.072% to 16.3%. As to the impact on the quality of life, all articles have shown that such disorder affects in some way the life of the individuals. Although the methodology is quite different among the studies and though some prevalence data are questionable, the undertaking of this kind of study is important for the scaling of the problem and the establishment of measures that seek the improvement of the quality of life of its patients.

Aldosterone Stimulates Its Biosynthesis Via a Novel GPER-Mediated Mechanism.

The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates an aldosterone secretagogue effect of 17β-estradiol in human HAC15 adrenocortical cells after estrogen receptor β blockade. Because GPER mediates mineralocorticoid receptor-independent aldosterone effects in other cell types, we hypothesized that aldosterone could modulate its own synthesis via GPER activation. HAC15 cells were exposed to aldosterone in the presence or absence of canrenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and/or of the selective GPER antagonist G36. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA and protein levels changes were the study end points. Similar experiments were repeated in strips obtained ex vivo from aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and in GPER-silenced HAC15 cells. Aldosterone markedly increased CYP11B2 mRNA and protein expression (vs untreated samples, P < 0.001) in both models by acting via GPER, because these effects were abolished by G36 (P < 0.01) and not by canrenone. GPER-silencing (P < 0.01) abolished the aldosterone-induced increase of CYP11B2, thus proving that aldosterone acts via GPER to augment the step-limiting mitochondrial enzyme (CYP11B2) of its synthesis. Angiotensin II potentiated the GPER-mediated effect of aldosterone on CYP11B2. Coimmunoprecipitation studies provided evidence for GPER-angiotensin type-1 receptor heterodimerization. We propose that this autocrine-paracrine mechanism could enhance aldosterone biosynthesis under conditions of immediate physiological need in which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated as, for example, hypovolemia. Moreover, as APA overexpresses GPER this mechanism could contribute to the aldosterone excess that occurs in primary aldosteronism in a seemingly autonomous fashion from angiotensin II.

Dietary calcium intake and genetics have site-specific effects on peak trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture in male mice.

Trabecular bone (Tb) is used for rapid exchange of calcium (Ca) in times of physiologic need and the site-specific characteristics of Tb may explain why certain sites are more vulnerable to osteoporosis. We hypothesized that peak trabecular bone mass (PTBM) and Tb microarchitecture are differentially regulated by dietary Ca intake, genetics, or Gene-by-Diet (GxD) interactions at the distal femur and the fifth lumbar (L5) vertebra. Male mice from 62 genetically distinct lines were fed basal (0.5%) or low (0.25%) Ca diets from 4 to 12 wks of age. Afterwards, the right femur and L5 vertebra were removed and trabecular bone was analyzed by μCT. In mice fed the basal diet, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and connectivity density (Conn.D) were significantly higher in the L5 vertebra than femur. Femur Tb had a weaker, more rod-like structure than the L5 vertebrae while mice fed the low Ca diet developed rod-like structures at both sites. Dietary Ca restriction also caused a greater relative reduction of Tb.N and Conn.D in the femur than L5 vertebra, i.e. it was more harmful to the integrity of Tb microarchitecture in femur. Genetics was a major determinant of Tb at both sites, e.g. heritability of BV/TV on the basal diet = 0.65 (femur) and 0.68 (L5 vertebra). However, while GxD interactions altered the impact of dietary Ca restriction on Tb parameters at both sites, the effect was not uniform, e.g. some lines had site-specific responses to Ca restriction. The significance of our work is that there are site-specific effects of dietary Ca restriction and genetics that work independently and interactively to influence the attainment of PTBM and Tb microarchitecture.