Physiological Capabilities Research Articles

Electrophysiological correlates of divergent projections in the avian superior olivary nucleus.

The physiological diversity of inhibitory neurons provides ample opportunity to influence a wide range of computational roles through their varied activity patterns, especially via feedback loops. In the avian auditory brain stem, inhibition originates primarily from the superior olivary nucleus (SON), and so it is critical to understand the intrinsic physiological properties and processing capabilities of these neurons. Neurons in the SON receive ascending input via the cochlear nuclei: directly from the intensity-coding cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and indirectly via the interaural timing nucleus laminaris (NL), which itself receives input from cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM). Two distinct populations of SON neurons provide inhibitory feedback either to ipsilateral NA, NL, and the timing cochlear nucleus NM or to the contralateral SON. To determine whether these populations correspond to distinct response types, we investigated their electrophysiology in brain stem slices, using patch-clamp electrophysiology. We identified three phenotypes: single-spiking, chattering tonic, and regular tonic neurons. The two tonic phenotypes displayed distinct firing patterns and different membrane properties. Fluctuating "noisy" currents used to probe the capability of SON neurons to encode temporal features showed that each phenotype differed in sensitivity to temporally modulated input. By using cell fills and anatomical reconstructions, we could correlate the firing phenotypes with their axonal projection patterns. We found that SON axons exited via three fiber tracts, with each tract composed of specific phenotypes. These results provide a basis for understanding the role of specific inhibitory cell types in auditory function and elucidate the organization of the SON outputs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhibitory inputs for the avian brain stem originate primarily from the superior olivary nucleus (SON). We describe three intrinsic phenotypes of SON neurons and show how they differ in their temporal processing and projection patterns. We propose that the two types of tonic firing neurons (including one novel type) and the single-spiking neurons in SON comprise separate feedback circuits that may differentially influence the auditory information flowing via the cochlear nuclei and nucleus laminaris.

KiNext: a portable and scalable workflow for the identification and classification of protein kinases

BackgroundProtein kinases are a diverse superfamily of proteins common to organisms across the tree of life that are typically involved in signal transduction, allowing organisms to sense and respond to biotic or abiotic environmental factors. They have important roles in organismal physiology, including development, reproduction, acclimation to environmental stress, while their dysregulation can lead to disease, including several forms of cancer. Identifying the complement of protein kinases (the kinome) of any organism is useful for understanding its physiological capabilities, limitations and adaptations to environmental stress. The increasing availability of genomes makes it now possible to examine and compare the kinomes across a broad diversity of organisms. Here we present a pipeline respecting the FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) that facilitates the search and identification of protein kinases from a predicted proteome, and classifies them according to group of serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinases present in eukaryotes.ResultsKiNext is a Nextflow pipeline that regroups a number of existing bioinformatic tools to search for and classify the protein kinases of an organism in a reproducible manner, starting from a set of amino acid sequences. Conventional eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) and atypical protein kinases (aPKs) are identified by using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) generated from the catalytic domains of kinases. Furthermore, KiNext categorizes ePKs into the eight kinase groups by employing dedicated Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) tailored for each group. The performance of the KiNext pipeline was validated against previously identified kinomes obtained with other tools that were already published for two marine species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the unicellular green alga Ostreoccocus tauri. KiNext outperformed previous results by finding previously unidentified kinases and by attributing a large proportion of previously unclassified kinases to a group in both species. These results demonstrate improvements in kinase identification and classification, all while providing traceability and reproducibility of results in a FAIR pipeline. The default HMM models provided with KiNext are most suitable for eukaryotes, but the pipeline can be easily modified to include HMM models for other taxa of interest.ConclusionThe KiNext pipeline enables efficient and reproducible identification of kinomes based on predicted amino acid sequences (i.e. proteomes). KiNext was designed to be easy to use, automated, portable and scalable.

Nanoengineered Neutrophil as 19F-MRI Tracer for Alert Diagnosis and Severity A of Acute Lung Injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe complication in clinical settings. Alert diagnosis and severity assessment of ALI is pivotal to ensure curative treatment and increase survival rates. However, the development of a precise ALI diagnostic strategy remains a pending task. Here, leveraging neutrophil's inflammation-homing and physiological barrier-navigating capability, a facile strategy is proposed for achieving targeted 19F-MRI detection of ALI based on the nanoengineered neutrophil internalized with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (Neu@PFC). The remodeling process poses a negligible impact on the neutrophil's inherent activation and transmigration functions. The migratory behavior of Neu@PFC toward pneumonia is confirmed in vivo using an LPS-induced ALI murine model. Direct intratracheal (i.t.) administration contributes to a vast deposition of Neu@PFC within the lung, allowing for real-time 19F-MRI visualization and the potential to predict progressive pneumonia. Furthermore, intravenous (i.v.) administration of Neu@PFC enables quantitative assessment of the extent of ALI due to the chemokine-guided neutrophil migration. This study not only provides a pathway to diagnose ALI, but also sheds light on the neutrophil recruitment and activation cues in different tissues and inflammatory conditions, which is a prerequisite for developing potential therapeutic approaches.

Lab study on the physiological thermoregulatory abilities of older people with different frailty levels

The advent of an aging society has increased the need for a better understanding of thermal comfort requirements, especially for older people's health. Differences in thermal comfort needs among older individuals with varying frailty levels are noted, but the impact of health on physiological thermoregulation is underexplored. This study, based on the frailty classification method characterized by Fried, selected 12 non-frail (age:71.00 ± 5.41) and 12 pre-frail (age:72.68 ± 5.7) older individuals for laboratory experiments. This experiment set sudden temperature change experiments to illustrate differences in subjective perceptions and physiological changes between non-frail and pre-frail older people. Results show that non-frail individuals are more likely to complain in warmer environments. Significant differences in perception only emerged when the temperature differential between neutral and warm conditions exceeded 5 °C. Pre-frail individuals exhibited slower skin temperature changes and required more time to stabilize with the environment, particularly in the foot. Pre-frail individuals tend to sweat less in changing environments and require more time to reach stable sweating. There is positive evidence indicating that heart rate of pre-frail individuals is higher than non-frail individuals, with different changing trends observed between the two groups. When the temperature difference exceeds 5 °C, the pulse intensity trend in pre-frail individuals diverges from that of non-frail individuals. In controlling indoor environments for older people, it is essential to consider both subjective comfort and physiological thermoregulation capabilities. For older adults with frailty characteristics, applying localized warming, using small temperature differences, gradually adjusting the environment may better meet their comfort needs.

Needle-Like Multifunctional Biphasic Microfiber for Minimally Invasive Implantable Bioelectronics.

Implantable bioelectronics has attracted significant attention in electroceuticals and clinical medicine for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of target diseases. However, conventional rigid implantable devices face challenges such as poor tissue-device interface and unavoidable tissue damage during surgical implantation. Despite continuous efforts to utilize various soft materials to address such issues, their practical applications remain limited. Here, a needle-like stretchable microfiber composed of a phase-convertible liquid metal (LM) core and a multifunctional nanocomposite shell for minimally invasive soft bioelectronics is reported. The sharp tapered microfiber can be stiffened by freezing akin to a conventional needle to penetrate soft tissue with minimal incision. Once implanted in vivo where the LM melts, unlike conventional stiff needles, it regains soft mechanical properties, which facilitate a seamless tissue-device interface. The nanocomposite incorporating with functional nanomaterials exhibits both low impedance and the ability to detect physiological pH, providing biosensing and stimulation capabilities. The fluidic LM embedded in the nanocomposite shell enables high stretchability and strain-insensitive electrical properties. This multifunctional biphasic microfiber conforms to the surfaces of the stomach, muscle, and heart, offering a promising approach for electrophysiological recording, pH sensing, electrical stimulation, and radiofrequency ablation in vivo.

Smart watch for early heart attack detection and emergency assistance using IoT

This research introduces a Smart Watch equipped with advanced physiological monitoring capabilities for the early detection of heart attacks and automatic initiation of emergency assistance. Cardiovascular diseases, particularly heart attacks, are a leading cause of global mortality. Rapid response during a heart attack significantly improves patient outcomes, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions. The proposed Smart Watch integrates a combination of sensors, including ECG (Electrocardiogram) and PPG (Photoplethysmography), to continuously monitor the user's heart rate, rhythm, and other relevant physiological parameters. Machine learning (Time Series Analysis algorithm) is employed to analyse the collected data in real-time, identifying patterns indicative of a potential heart attack.Upon detecting abnormal cardiac activity, the Smart Watch triggers an immediate response by connecting to a dedicated mobile application. The application utilizes built-in communication features to establish a connection with emergency services, providing vital information about the user's condition, location, and medical history. Simultaneously, the Smart Watch alerts predefined emergency contacts, ensuring a swift response from friends or family members.

Endurance training and physiological variables: effects on sub-elite volleyball players

Volleyball is perceived as a physically demanding sport that involves rapid changes in speed, deceleration, and abrupt alterations in movement direction. It has been emphasized that physiological attributes such as VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC play a crucial role in the athletic performance of individuals participating in dynamic sports, aiding them in effectively managing critical situations. Hence, the aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of endurance training on physiological parameters among volleyball athletes. A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 24 male players (mean age 21,58; SD±2,46 years). The assessment of physiological characteristics involved the utilization of a dry spirometer for VO2max measurement and the Multistage Fitness Test for assessing PIF, PEF, and FVC. A two-way Anova analysis was executed to ascertain any disparities in physiological parameters from pre-test to post-test. The results indicated notable variances in physiological traits (VO2max, PIF, PEF, and FVC) among volleyball participants following the implementation of the Tabata intervention regimen. These metrics are instrumental in enhancing physiological capabilities to attain superior athletic performances. When designing training regimens, it is imperative to consider physiological functional elements aligned with the specific demands of the sport. Key words. VO2max; physiology; sport; exercise; Tabata training.

Multicellular magnetotactic bacteria are genetically heterogeneous consortia with metabolically differentiated cells.

Consortia of multicellular magnetotactic bacteria (MMB) are currently the only known example of bacteria without a unicellular stage in their life cycle. Because of their recalcitrance to cultivation, most previous studies of MMB have been limited to microscopic observations. To study the biology of these unique organisms in more detail, we use multiple culture-independent approaches to analyze the genomics and physiology of MMB consortia at single-cell resolution. We separately sequenced the metagenomes of 22 individual MMB consortia, representing 8 new species, and quantified the genetic diversity within each MMB consortium. This revealed that, counter to conventional views, cells within MMB consortia are not clonal. Single consortia metagenomes were then used to reconstruct the species-specific metabolic potential and infer the physiological capabilities of MMB. To validate genomic predictions, we performed stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments and interrogated MMB consortia using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). By coupling FISH with bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), we explored their in situ activity as well as variation of protein synthesis within cells. We demonstrate that MMB consortia are mixotrophic sulfate reducers and that they exhibit metabolic differentiation between individual cells, suggesting that MMB consortia are more complex than previously thought. These findings expand our understanding of MMB diversity, ecology, genomics, and physiology, as well as offer insights into the mechanisms underpinning the multicellular nature of their unique lifestyle.

Special circular style exercises within certain physiological and performance indicators for the young freestyle wrestler’s Abbasid grip

The research focused on developing circular style exercises for young wrestlers and the effect of such exercises upon some physiological indicators such as heart rate, O2 saturation, and lactic acid concentration. the researcher made use of the training approach according to the circular training method. The researcher applied the items of exercise according to the circular method for a period of (8) weeks, with (3) training units per week. Exercises were performed based on the circular method and its effect on physiological capabilities such as heart rate, O2 saturation, lactic acid concentration, and the result of the efficiency of exercises in the circular method according to the method prepared. The physiological variables witnessed the improvement of the performance level in the post-tests of the control and experimental groups as a result of the increase in retention of the increase in the adaptations resulting from the effectiveness of the program which the performance of the Abbasid grip for the wrestlers according to the training program. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that, given the research variables being investigated, the experimental group was superior than the control group. Additionally, it was shown that this strategy resulted in an increase in retention and a decrease in loss in proportion to the adaptations. In order to prevent faults in the training unit for the experienced in the sample.

Characterization and Biosynthetic Regulation of Isoflavone Genistein in Deep-Sea Actinomycetes Microbacterium sp. B1075.

Deep-sea environments, as relatively unexplored extremes within the Earth's biosphere, exhibit notable distinctions from terrestrial habitats. To thrive in these extreme conditions, deep-sea actinomycetes have evolved unique biochemical metabolisms and physiological capabilities to ensure their survival in this niche. In this study, five actinomycetes strains were isolated and identified from the Mariana Trench via the culture-dependent method and 16S rRNA sequencing approach. The antimicrobial activity of Microbacterium sp. B1075 was found to be the most potent, and therefore, it was selected as the target strain. Molecular networking analysis via the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform identified 25 flavonoid compounds as flavonoid secondary metabolites. Among these, genistein was purified and identified as a bioactive compound with significant antibacterial activity. The complete synthesis pathway for genistein was proposed within strain B1075 based on whole-genome sequencing data, with the key gene being CHS (encoding chalcone synthase). The expression of the gene CHS was significantly regulated by high hydrostatic pressure, with a consequent impact on the production of flavonoid compounds in strain B1075, revealing the relationship between actinomycetes' synthesis of flavonoid-like secondary metabolites and their adaptation to high-pressure environments at the molecular level. These results not only expand our understanding of deep-sea microorganisms but also hold promise for providing valuable insights into the development of novel pharmaceuticals in the field of biopharmaceuticals.

Regional Intraspecific Differences of Thermal Biology in a Marsupial Hibernator.

AbstractDuring periods of torpor, hibernators can reduce metabolic rate (MR) and body temperature (Tb) substantially. However, to avoid physiological dysfunction at low temperatures, they defend Tb at a critical minimum, often between ~0°C and 10°C via an increase in MR. Because thermoregulation during torpor requires extra energy, individuals with lower Tb's and thus minimal MR during torpor should be selected in colder climates. Such inter- and intraspecific variations occur in some placental mammals, but for the evolutionary separate marsupials, available information is scarce. Marsupial eastern pygmy possums (Cercartetus nanus; ~22 g body mass), widely distributed along the Australian southeastern coast including subtropical to alpine areas, were used to test the hypothesis that the defended Tb of torpid individuals is related to the climate of their habitat. Possums were captured from five regions, 1,515 km apart, with midwinter (July) minimum environmental temperatures (min Tenv's) ranging from -3.9°C to 6.6°C. Captive possums in deep torpor were slowly cooled with ambient temperature (Ta), while their MR was measured to determine the minimum torpor metabolic rate (TMR), the Ta at which their MR increased for thermoregulation (min Ta), and the corresponding minimum Tb (min Tb). Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that Ta and Tenv were the strongest explanatory variables for the min Tb. The min Tb and Ta were also correlated with latitude but not elevation of the capture sites. However, the best correlations were observed between the min Tenv and the min Tb and Ta for individuals experiencing min ; these individuals thermoconformed to min Ta's between -0.8°C and 3.7°C, and their min Tb ranged from 0.5°C to 6.0°C and was 0.5°C-2.6°C below the min Tenv at the capture site. In contrast, individuals experiencing a min Tenv of -3.9°C regulated Tb at or 4.5°C above the Tenv. The minimum TMR of all possums did not differ with Ta and thus did not differ among populations and was 2.6% of the basal MR. These data provide new evidence that thermal variables of marsupials are subject to regional intraspecific variation. It suggests that min Tb is a function of the min Tenv but only above 0°C, perhaps because the differential for torpid possums in the wild, at a min Tenv of -3.9°C, remains small enough to be compensated by a small increase in MR and does not require the physiological capability for a reduction of Tb below 0°C.

Progressive overload in cardiorespiratory exercise training for young and old: Is increasing duration or intensity of exercise more important?

People undertake endurance training to improve their health and cardio-respiratory fitness. Subsequent cardio-respiratory and skeletal muscle aerobic metabolic adaptations are gauged by improvements in maximum or peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and the blood lactate inflection point or threshold during incremental exercise – (LIP). To further improve physiological capability, subsequent homoeostatic disturbances from exercise should be progressively greater in succeeding exercise sessions. Therefore, exercise duration, frequency or intensity should be progressively increased during a training regimen to ensure adaptation potential is realized. A progressive increase in training workload is termed “progressive overload”. Despite the universal acknowledgment of the importance of progressive overload, it is unclear if systematically progressing altering either exercise intensity or duration (or distance covered) affect cardio-respiratory gains differently in young and older populations. As running faster results in higher heart rates and greater skeletal muscle metabolic stress than running the same distance at a lower speed, in this hypothesis we postulate that progressively increasing exercise run intensity will result in greater mean and higher incidence of V̇O2peak and LIP gains in young adults (<50 years). However, the mechanisms that initiate improvements in cardio-respiratory fitness and skeletal muscle aerobic function may be different in older adults due to the inevitable aging decline in cardio-vascular function and mechanical and morphological properties of muscle–tendon units. In older adults (>60 years) we hypothesize progressively increasing run distance while maintaining the same speed will just be as effective as to progressively increasing speed to improve V̇O2peak and LIP. To test these hypotheses, we propose a study that compares progressively increasing run intensity to a treatment of progressive matched run distance where speed remains constant in young and old adults.

The role of environmental gradients and microclimates in structuring communities and functional groups of lizards in a rainforest-savanna transition area.

Environmental heterogeneity poses a significant influence on the functional characteristics of species and communities at local scales. Environmental transition zones, such as at the savanna-forest borders, can act as regions of ecological tension when subjected to sharp variations in the microclimate. For ectothermic organisms, such as lizards, environmental temperatures directly influence physiological capabilities, and some species use different thermoregulation strategies that produce varied responses to local climatic conditions, which in turn affect species occurrence and community dynamics. In the context of global warming, these various strategies confer different types of vulnerability as well as risks of extinction. To assess the vulnerability of a species and understand the relationships between environmental variations, thermal tolerance of a species and community structure, lizard communities in forest-savanna transition areas of two national parks in the southwestern Amazon were sampled and their thermal functional traits were characterized. Then, we investigated how community structure and functional thermal variation were shaped by two environmental predictors (i.e., microclimates estimated locally and vegetation structure estimated from remote sensing). It was found that the community structure was more strongly predicted by the canopy surface reflectance values obtained via remote sensing than by microclimate variables. Environmental temperatures were not the most important factor affecting the occurrence of species, and the variations in ecothermal traits demonstrated a pattern within the taxonomic hierarchy at the family level. This pattern may indicate a tendency for evolutionary history to indirectly influence these functional features. Considering the estimates of the thermal tolerance range and warming tolerance, thermoconformer lizards are likely to be more vulnerable and at greater risk of extinction due to global warming than thermoregulators. The latter, more associated with open environments, seem to take advantage of their lower vulnerability and occur in both habitat types across the transition, potentially out-competing and further increasing the risk of extinction and vulnerability of forest-adapted thermoconformer lizards in these transitional areas.

Glycolanguage of the oral microbiota.

The oral cavity harbors a diverse and dynamic bacterial biofilm community which is pivotal to oral health maintenance and, if turning dysbiotic, can contribute to various diseases. Glycans as unsurpassed carriers of biological information are participating in underlying processes that shape oral health and disease. Bacterial glycoinfrastructure-encompassing compounds as diverse as glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), cell wall glycopolymers, and exopolysaccharides-is well known to influence bacterial fitness, with direct effects on bacterial physiology, immunogenicity, lifestyle, and interaction and colonization capabilities. Thus, understanding oral bacterias' glycoinfrastructure and encoded glycolanguage is key to elucidating their pathogenicity mechanisms and developing targeted strategies for therapeutic intervention. Driven by their known immunological role, most research in oral glycobiology has been directed onto LPSs, whereas, recently, glycoproteins have been gaining increased interest. This review draws a multifaceted picture of the glycolanguage, with a focus on glycoproteins, manifested in prominent oral bacteria, such as streptococci, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We first define the characteristics of the different glycoconjugate classes and then summarize the current status of knowledge of the structural diversity of glycoconjugates produced by oral bacteria, describe governing biosynthetic pathways, and list biological roles of these energetically costly compounds. Additionally, we highlight emerging research on the unraveling impact of oral glycoinfrastructure on dental caries, periodontitis, and systemic conditions. By integrating current knowledge and identifying knowledge gaps, this review underscores the importance of studying the glycolanguage oral bacteria speak to advance our understanding of oral microbiology and develop novel antimicrobials.

Real-time tracking of radial artery vessel wall using a Kalman filter-based ultrasound single-plane wave RF signal time-frequency information fusion algorithm

ObjectiveThe goal of our study was to achieve real-time dynamic tracking of the radial artery vessel wall in everyday life, which is crucial for blood pressure estimation and cardiovascular disease prediction. MethodsThe algorithm integrates time–frequency information from ultrasound single-plane wave RF (radiofrequency) signals and consists of three main components: feature frame ROI (region of interest) selection, inter-frame cross-correlation and intra-frame autocorrelation, and feature frame Kalman filtering. ResultsExperimental validation on a silicone gel ultrasound phantom with simulated blood vessels demonstrates an average diameter estimation error of less than 0.5% compared to ground truth values. Comparative experiments show similar relative errors (2.83%, 2.43%) to the optical flow method, with a computational speed 7.32 times faster. The algorithm accurately aligns extracted pulse waves with pressure pulse waves at six local feature points per cycle. ConclusionThe proposed method achieves a favorable balance between speed and accuracy in tracking the radial artery vessel wall. It holds significant potential for real-time monitoring of physiological health parameters, offering precise and dynamic tracking capabilities. SignificanceThis algorithm addresses the challenges of non-invasive real-time tracking, benefiting blood pressure estimation and cardiovascular disease prediction. Its integration of time–frequency information and efficient computational speed make it valuable for the scientific community and public in monitoring physiological health parameters.

Why do we age? The main signs of aging

Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. This is manifested in the decline of tissue and cell functions and a significant variety of pathologies associated with aging, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, increased risk of diseases of the skeleton and the immune system. Although modern medical advances have made a certain contribution to human health and greatly extended life expectancy, along with the aging of society, various chronic diseases are gradually emerging, which are the most important causes of disability and death of the elderly. Aim. The aim of the work is to analyze modern ideas in the field of causes and manifestations of aging processes for the possibility of developing a strategy to slow down its course. At the molecular and cellular level, aging is a complex biological process involving the gradual deterioration of various cellular and molecular processes in the body over time. The length of a person’s life is closely related to the decrease in the possibilities of repair and regeneration of tissues and organs. In response to stress at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental regulatory factors cause a decrease in the body’s physiological capabilities. They use complex molecular mechanisms that together contribute to aging. Molecular mechanisms (such as telomere shortening, accumulation of DNA damage, metabolic changes, and excessive free radical generation) strongly link various factors to the rate of aging. Collectively, these mechanisms inhibit cell proliferation, alter metabolism and gene expression, and induce high levels of free radicals, maintaining a senescent cell phenotype. Although the number of early senescent cells is low, they can limit the regenerative capacity of tissue stem cells and lead to the accumulation of cellular damage, thereby contributing to age-related diseases. Conclusions. Current advances in high-throughput genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics enable the characterization and quantification of thousands of epigenetic markers, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and can reveal general changes that occur with age in complex organisms at the molecular level. Thus, the integration of these molecular markers and related molecular mechanisms into a comprehensive assessment of biological age to prevent age-related functional decline and morbidity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in medical science and should be implemented in practice as soon as possible.

OVERVIEW OF EARLY MOBILIZATION IN PATIENTS POST OPERATION FOR FEMUR FRACTURE AT NGUDI WALOYO WLINGI HOSPITAL

A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. The injury recovery process may not go perfectly if the patient cannot move after surgery. Of course, this condition will affect the length of time the patient is considered in the emergency clinic. The recovery that medical staff should be able to carry out in patients with post-operative femur fractures is to complete the initial assembly. Early mobilization is an effort to pursue freedom as quickly as possible by directing the victim to follow physiological capabilities. The motivation behind this study was to determine the impact of early preparation practices on postoperative femoral fracture patients. This research was conducted in the Surgery Room at Ngudi Waloyo Wlingi Regional Hospital. The technique used is a quantitative illustrative examination strategy with an overview type. The population was 5 respondents with post-operative femur fractures treated in the work room, who were examined using an all out examination procedure. Information is obtained through perception. Considering the side effects of the review, it was shown that most of the 60% of respondents with post-operative femur fractures were dependent on others. It stands to reason that there is an impact of movement practices in post-operative femur fracture patients that would encourage a longer stay in the emergency clinic. Patients who are recovering from surgery need to start mobilizing as soon as possible to ensure smooth blood flow, speed wound healing, and minimize hospitalization.words : Early mobilization, post-operative femur fracture, dependency

EARLY MOBILIZATION IN PATIENTS POST OPERATION FOR FEMUR FRACTURE AT NGUDI WALUYA WLINGI HOSPITAL

A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. The injury recovery process may not go perfectly if the patient cannot move after surgery. Of course, this condition will affect the length of time the patient is considered in the emergency clinic. The recovery that medical staff should be able to carry out in patients with post-operative femur fractures is to complete the initial assembly. Early mobilization is an effort to pursue freedom as quickly as possible by directing the victim to follow physiological capabilities. The motivation behind this study was to determine the impact of early preparation practices on postoperative femoral fracture patients. This research was conducted in the Surgery Room at Ngudi Waluyo Wlingi Regional Hospital. The technique used is a quantitative illustrative examination strategy with an overview type. The population was 5 respondents with post-operative femur fractures treated in the work room, who were examined using an all out examination procedure. Information is obtained through perception. Considering the side effects of the review, it was shown that most of the 60% of respondents with post-operative femur fractures were dependent on others. It stands to reason that there is an impact of movement practices in post-operative femur fracture patients that would encourage a longer stay in the emergency clinic. Patients who are recovering from surgery need to start mobilizing as soon as possible to ensure smooth blood flow, speed wound healing, and minimize hospitalization..

Functional and Morphological Differences of Muscle Mitochondria in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post-COVID Syndrome.

Patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or post-COVID syndrome (PCS) exhibit a reduced physiological performance capability. Impaired mitochondrial function and morphology may play a pivotal role. Thus, we aimed to measure the muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and assess mitochondrial morphology in CFS and PCS patients in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). Mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity was measured in permeabilized muscle fibers using high-resolution respirometry. Mitochondrial morphology (subsarcolemmal/intermyofibrillar mitochondrial form/cristae/diameter/circumference/area) and content (number and proportion/cell) were assessed via electron microscopy. Analyses included differences in OXPHOS between HC, CFS, and PCS, whereas comparisons in morphology/content were made for CFS vs. PCS. OXPHOS capacity of complex I, which was reduced in PCS compared to HC. While the subsarcolemmal area, volume/cell, diameter, and perimeter were higher in PCS vs. CFS, no difference was observed for these variables in intermyofibrillar mitochondria. Both the intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal cristae integrity was higher in PCS compared to CFS. Both CFS and PCS exhibit increased fatigue and impaired mitochondrial function, but the progressed pathological morphological changes in CFS suggest structural changes due to prolonged inactivity or unknown molecular causes. Instead, the significantly lower complex I activity in PCS suggests probably direct virus-induced alterations.

The Effect of a Training Program Using High-Intensity Interval Training on Several Physiological Variables Among Young Wrestlers

This study aimed to examine the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the physiological variables of young wrestlers. The significance of this study lies in its potential to identify effective training strategies to enhance the physiological capabilities of wrestlers, which are crucial for optimal performance. Despite the potential benefits of HIIT, research on its effects on young wrestlers is limited. The study utilized a pre- and post-test experimental design involving 14 young wrestlers from the Zakho Sports Club who were divided into control and experimental groups, each comprising seven wrestlers. The experimental group underwent a 9-week HIIT program, whereas the control group underwent a traditional training program. The physiological variables assessed included blood pressure, heart rate, lactic acid concentration, and anaerobic and aerobic powers. The results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group in terms of resting heart rate, heart rate after effort, lactic acid concentration, and aerobic power but not in blood pressure or anaerobic power. These findings confirm that HIIT can effectively enhance the physiological efficiency of young athletes and provide valuable methodological contributions to training programs for young wrestlers. This research demonstrates that HIIT effectively enhances athletes' physiological capacity and technical performance. This conclusion validates the idea that customized high-intensity and interval-based training can lead to substantial and advantageous physiological improvements in young wrestlers.