Physiochemical Analysis Research Articles

Quality assessment of commercially refined sunflower oil found in the market of Pokhara, Nepal

Sunflower oil is widely used for home cooking and the food industry. Food safety concerns are always there while consuming oil daily, so people want their purchased and consumed oil to be safe. The main aim of the research is to demonstrate and compare the data of different parameters obtained from laboratory experiments following the standard methods suggested by FSSAI-2016 (Food Safety and Standard Authority of India), A.O.A.C. (Association of Analytical Chemists) and the standard values given by D.F.T.Q.C. (Department of Food Technology and Quality Control), Nepal in 2075 B.S for edibleness of sunflower oil. Here, we show the standard methods to test the different parameters, i.e., moisture content, acid value, density, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter of edible sunflower oil. The dataset of preliminary and physiochemical analysis were within the limits of D.F.T.Q.C. standards for edible and refined sunflower oil, where moisture content was 0.05±0.01, refractive index was 1.4676±5.7735E-05, peroxide value was 2.65±0.098, acid value was 0.071±0.0026, iodine value was 128.02±0.007, saponification value was 189.92±1.094 and unsaponifiable matter was 2.53±0.7. This study concludes that all the selected samples of sunflower oils are in the permissible range according to the D.F.T.Q.C. directory (2075). It indicated that selected sunflower oil types have regulatory standards for public consumption concerning health risks under study from the Pokhara market.

Targeting Mtor With Natural Metabolites to Manage Cancer Pathogenesis: Molecular Docking and Physiochemical Analysis

Targeting Mtor With Natural Metabolites to Manage Cancer Pathogenesis: Molecular Docking and Physiochemical Analysis

Rexinoids Induce Differential Gene Expression in Human Glioblastoma Cells and Protein-Protein Interactions in a Yeast Two-Hybrid System.

Rexinoids are compounds that bind to the rexinoid X receptor (RXR) to modulate gene expression and have been proposed as a new class of therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's disease. Different rexinoids will initiate downstream effects that can be quite marked even though such compounds can be structurally similar and have comparable RXR binding affinities. RXR can both homo- and heterodimerize, and these protein-protein interactions and subsequent transactivating potential lead to differential gene expression, depending on the RXR dimeric partner, additional cofactors recruited, and downstream transcription factors that are up- or downregulated. Expression analysis was performed in the U87 human glioblastoma cell line treated with a panel of rexinoids, and our analysis demonstrated that rexinoids with similar RXR EC50 values can have pronounced differences in differential gene expression. Rexinoid binding likely leads to distinctive RXR conformations that cause major downstream gene expression alterations via modulation of RXR interacting proteins. Yeast two-hybrid analysis of RXR bait with two RXR interacting partners demonstrates that rexinoids drive differential binding of RXR to distinctive protein partners. Physiochemical analysis of the rexinoids reveals that the molecules cluster similarly to their gene expression patterns. Thus, rexinoids with similar RXR binding affinities drive differential gene expression by stimulating additional binding patterns in RXR and its homo- and heteropartners, driven by the physicochemical characteristics of these molecules.

A comprehensive evaluation of the contamination scenario and water quality in the gas fields of north-east region, Bangladesh

Gas fields generate a significant volume of produced water, disposed in the vicinity of gas fields in Bangladesh after processing. It may have a variety of effects on ecology and the environment. This study was conducted to assess the contamination scenario and quality of produced and discharged water from gas fields in northeastern Bangladesh. The physicochemical analyses for this study were performed using standard procedures. Based on the outcomes of the analyzed samples, the current research employs a variety of indexing and statistical approaches to investigate the overall status of the studied water. The physiochemical analysis revealed high electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), salinity, and Na contents in both produced and discharged water. No severe cases have been identified, certain metals, such as Fe, Ni, and Cd, have been detected at levels high enough to impact specific index values in some cases. The results of the weighted contamination index (WCI) indicated mild to considerable pollution in the gas field region. The average score of potential ecological risk (PER) reflects minimal ecological risk. The heavy metal toxicity load (HTML) reveals negligible metal pollution in the studied water. The agricultural risk indices displayed increased sodium concentrations and EC, resulting in salinity and sodium risks. The magnesium absorption ratio is within the allowable range. In addition, the average heavy metal pollution index (HMPI) value demonstrates that the produced and discharged water is unsuitable for drinking. The entropy-based water quality index (EWQI) is below the threshold limit (<100) for all samples, indicating satisfactory water quality. This study is an early effort to evaluate the quality of wastewater produced and discharged from gas fields in Bangladesh. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for future researchers and regulators in effectively managing and mitigating pollution from wastewater.

Tree age affects carbon sequestration potential via altering soil bacterial community composition and function.

Among various factors related to the forest carbon pool, the tree stand age, which interacts with soil organic matter, decomposition rates, and microbial activity, is essential and cannot be disregarded. However, knowledge about how tree phases influence soil carbon sinks is not adequate. This study sampled Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) plantations with different tree stand ages to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil carbon sink in the forest. Physiochemical analyses and high-throughput sequencing results further revealed the interactions of tree stands and their related rhizosphere microbiome. It was found that microbial composition and metabolic activity were significantly affected by different tree ages, whose structures gradually diversified and became more stable from young to mature forests. Many keystone taxa from the phyla Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Nitrospirota were found to be associated with carbon transformation processes. Interestingly, the carbon resource utilization strategies of microbial groups related to tree ages also differed, with near-mature forest soils showing better labile carbon degradation capacity, and mature forests possessing higher degradation potential of recalcitrant carbon. Age-altered tree growth and physiology were found to interact with its rhizosphere microbiome, which is the driving factor in the formation and stability of forest soil carbon. This study highlighted that the tree age-associated soil microbiomes, which provided insights into their effects on soil carbon transformation, were significant in enhancing the knowledge of carbon sequestration in L. kaempferi plantations.

Sustainable Al2O3 nanoparticles in catalytic pyrolysis: Unlocking high-yield bio-oil from Melia azedarach fruit biomass with comprehensive physicochemical analysis

The catalytic pyrolysis of Melia azedarach fruit biomass in the presence of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles was studied using a fixed bed reactor. Cost-effective and sustainable Al2O3 nanoparticles were employed as a catalyst in biomass pyrolysis and these nanoparticles were synthesized by using the extract of Phyllanthus emblica seeds as a reducing and capping agent. The confirmation of fabricated Al2O3 nanoparticles was analyzed by EDS, SEM and XRD characterization techniques. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters including catalyst dose, temperature and time were investigated. The optimized catalytic bio-oil was further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, physiochemical analyses were also performed to examine the bio-oil properties as fuel. This study demonstrates that catalytic bio-oil produced from Melia azedarach fruit biomass has the potential to be used as a substitute for fossil fuel for the generation of energy and industrial applications.

Biochemical Evaluation and Structural Characteristics of Copper Coating Cellulose Nonwovens Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Technology

The research aimed to enhance the aqua-jet/spunlace cellulose nonwoven fabric by deposition of copper coating by magnetron sputtering technology. Plasma technology facilitated the efficient distribution of copper particles on the surface of the cellulose nonwoven fabric, while maintaining free airflow and eliminating the need for additional layers. New cellulose-copper composites exhibit potential in biomedical applications, while minimizing their impact on biological processes such as blood plasma coagulation. Consequently, they can be utilized in the production of dressings, bandages, and other medical products requiring effective protection against bacterial infections. The cellulose-copper composite material was subjected to the physiochemical and biological investigations. The physiochemical analysis included the elemental analysis of composites, their microscopic analysis and the surface properties analysis (specific surface area and total pore volume). The biological investigations consisted of biochemical-hematological tests including the evaluation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and pro-thrombin time. Biodegradable materials based on cellulose nonwoven fabrics with the addition of copper offer a promising alternative to conventional materials. Their innovative properties, coupled with environmental friendliness and minimal impact on biological processes, offer vast application possibilities in healthcare and the production of hygiene products.

Preparation, optimization, and characterization of genistein-ginseng long-acting polymeric gel as a breast cancer treatment alternative

To address the prevalent genistein (GST) metabolism and inadequate intestinal absorption, an oral long-acting and gastric in-situ gelling gel was designed to encapsulate and localize the intestinal release of the loaded genistein-ginseng (GST-GNS) solid dispersion. Because of the high breast perfusion of GST upon oral absorption, the GST-GNS solid dispersion was developed to enhance GST's dissolution and penetration while offering a synergistic impact against breast cancer (BC). Physiochemical analysis of the GST-GNS solid dispersion, release analysis, gel characterizations, storage stability, penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out. GST-GNS solid dispersion showed improved dissolution and penetration as compared to raw GST. GST-GNS solid dispersion homogenous shape particles and hydrophilic contacts were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis, respectively. GST-GNS solid dispersion’s diffractogram shows the amorphous character. A second modification involved creating a gastric in-situ gelling system loaded with GST-GNS solid dispersion. This system demonstrated improved GST penetration employing the solid dispersion, as well as the localizing of the GST release at the intestinal media and antitumor synergism against BC. For a better therapeutic approach for BC, the innovative oral GST long-acting gel encasing the GST-GNS solid dispersion would be recommended.Graphical

Genome‐wide study of OsWRKY gene in Oryza sativa subsp. japonica

AbstractWRKY transcription factor (TF) family is well known to govern essential physiological functioning as well as regulate plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we have identified 108 OsWRKY genes in the genome of Oryza sativa subsp. japonica, using the updated genomic data from the Rice Annotation Project Database and Oryzabase, which were further used to conduct the phylogenetic study, motif analysis, gene structure analysis, chromosomal mapping, and prediction of sub‐cellular localization. The multiple sequence alignment OsWRKY proteins revealed the presence of nine different types of alterations in the conserved heptapeptide sequence WRKYGQK associated with 19 OsWRKY genes. Physiochemical analysis discloses the hydrophobic amino acid‐rich, thermally stable, and polar nature of OsWRKY proteins. These genes were noted as highly conserved between the two cultivated sub‐species of Oryza sativa, that is Indica and japonica type. Additionally, from motif analysis, we have found a new motif, which was categorized as hAT family C‐terminal dimerization region associated with four members of group IIc. We have identified 21 stress‐responsive OsWRKY genes, and their significance to the different biotic and abiotic stress‐mediated cascades was further evaluated by analysing 1500 kb upstream sequences and this disclosed the presence of important phytohormone‐responsive cis‐elements in the OsWRKY gene, suggesting its direct involvement in defence against a wide range of external stressors and these 21 OsWRKY genes are tentatively listed as possible candidates for more study.

A multi-criteria approach to test and evaluate the efficiency of two composting systems under two different climates

ABSTRACT The selection of the appropriate composting system, climate conditions, and duration of the composting process are important parameters for municipal solid waste composting. Therefore, this research aimed to design, test, and evaluate two different static composting systems under two different climate regions, Palestine and India, following a multi-criteria approach. A forced-aeration composting system was designed for use in Palestine, and a naturally aerated one was used in India. Three experiments were conducted, two of them in Palestine and one in India. The operational parameters were controlled and monitored during the composting process, while the physio-chemical and biological parameters were tested to evaluate the compost end quality. The results showed that both systems provide good efficiency toward formation of final compost (39–43 days in Palestine, and 31 days in India), and the average materials’ volume reduction was almost 60%. The physio-chemical analysis showed that most of the parameters comply with the threshold limits specified by the Palestinian Standards Institution (PSI) and Indian Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) except for minor deviations. Both systems provided a high fertility index (4.3, 4.7, and 4.8), and a high clean index (4.6, 5.0, and 4.7). However, the results of the biological parameters showed that all the experiments met PSI, but none of them met FCO, suggesting that the outer edges of the composting system didn’t heat enough to inactivate pathogenic microbes, therefore, developing the system by adding turning option could overcome this shortcoming. It was concluded that the forced aeration system is suitable for Palestine, while the natural aeration system is suitable for India. Implications: Municipal solid waste management is facing technical and financial challenges worldwide due to the increasing generation of solid waste following the population growth. The current improper management of this waste stream through landfilling is adding pressure on the environment as a result of methane emissions and landfill leachate. Therefore, composting of the organic fraction through selection of an appropriate composting system can solve many waste management problems and contribute to environmental sustainability. This research focuses on design, test and evaluate two composting systems in two regions with different climatic conditions, Palestine and India as both are facing waste management problems. The outcome of this research optimized the composting process which can be replicated and scaled up in other countries worldwide with similar climatic conditions.

A Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Oils Extracted from Common Species of the Niger Delta &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;Palm Fruits and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Kernels

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; oil is one of the most valuable, expensive and globally consumed vegetable oils. In many nations including Nigeria, the demand for &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and its oils has outweighed the supply. Moreover, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; cultivation has been reported to cause negative environmental, climatic and social impacts. Hence the search for a suitable feedstock that can either be used in conjunction with or as a substitute to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; oils. In this study, oils were extracted from the mesocarp of common species of the Niger Delta &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;palm fruits (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia farinifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia hookeri&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia vinifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) as wells as &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; kernel. The prospects of using each of the &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;palm oil as an alternative to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; oil in food, feeds, biofuels and oleochemicals industries were analysed based on the results of standard physiochemical properties analysis. The results of this study showed that most of the physiochemical properties of the oils extracted from common species of the Niger Delta &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;palm fruits are comparable to those of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; oil and the standards set for food, feeds, biofuels and oleochemicals. However, the &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Raphia&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; palm fruits oils are more suitable as alternatives to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cocos nucifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; oil in the biofuels and oleochemicals sectors than in the food and feed sectors.

Statistical Evaluation and Quality Analysis of Water Resources Around Quarry Site in Abuja Suburban Nigeria

Water resources occupy a vital position regarding the source of human hope for longevity and significant shortfalls on the strive towards sustainable development globally. Host communities to quarry companies without a water treatment plant are greatly affected by use of untreated water. This research highlights statistical evaluation and quality analysis of water resources around a quarry site in FCT Nigeria. The study engaged biological assay, physiological and chemical analysis to quantify contamination levels in the water resources and obtained data were subjected statistically using Pearson’s Correlation, descriptive statistics, Levene’s test for homogeneity and one–way analysis. The physiochemical analysis revealed the water resources to have high turbidity value in 58.3% of sampled population while nitrate concentration and electrical conductivity value were very low. The bioassay revealed presence of coliform bacteria in 100% of sampled population while thermotolerance count discovered disease-causing-pathogens in 41.7% of sampled population. Chemical analysis revealed that Pb, Cr, Ni and As were 91.7%, 83.3% 100% and 100% above recommended permissible limits for sampled population. These results suggests that water resources in this study is unsafe and holds a health-treat with regards to the contaminations inherent in them. Statistical evaluation revealed average positive linear relationship between heavy metal concentration suggesting close relationship of contamination source. Observed strong positive linear relationship between lead and copper, nickel and chromium as well as nickel and arsenic in the scatterplot depicts same source of contamination.

A Novel Multi-epitope Vaccine Based on Virulence Stimulating Two-component Protein EsrA Against Fish Pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda – An Immunoinformatic Approach

Edwardsiellosis, caused by the gram-negative pathogen Edwardsiella tarda, is a major global aquaculture threat. Despite vaccination being a potential strategy, development of effective vaccines remains a challenge. The study aimed to develop a multi-epitope vaccine (EsrAmev) against virulent EsrA antigen in fish pathogenic E. tarda using an immunoinformatic approach. The study identified antigenic, non-allergenic, and nontoxic epitopes for cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocytes, and linear Blymphocytes. They were combined to create the EsrAmev construct, with TLR4 agonist added for the immunogenicity. The physiochemical analysis of EsrAmev by ProtParam server showed a molecular weight of 29 kDa, an antigenicity score of 0.5966, and a solubility of 0.823563 with immunogenic, non-allergenic and non-toxic properties. Robetta, Mod, and Galaxy refiner servers refined the EsrAmev 3D structure, achieving 97.4% RAMA-favoured region, stable interactions, binding stability, and structural stiffness with TLR4 receptor. The EsrAmev construct, optimized for high immune responses in Escherichia coli K12 model, was successfully cloned into the pET28a (+) vector in silico for future wet lab applications. These findings suggests that the EsrAmev multi-epitope vaccine might have potential for the prophylaxis of E.tardacausing Fish Edwardsiellosis.

Construction of visible-light-driven 2D/2D NiFe2O4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for effective degradation of organic pollutants and CO2 reduction

Developing photocatalytic systems with higher redox capability, large reactive surface area and enhanced charge separation are essential both from scientific and practical perspectives. To address both environmental and energy issues, herein, using a simple solvothermal and wet-chemical method, we designed a dimensionally matched Z-scheme NiFe2O4/g-C3N4 (NFO/CN) heterojunction to realize higher charge separation as confirmed from various physiochemical and electrochemical analysis. The optimized 6NFO/CN catalyst exhibited about 5.5, and 4.4-fold higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and bisphenol A (BPA) pollutants respectively, in comparison to bare g-C3N4 nanosheets (CN). Further, the prepared samples also displayed 8.3-fold higher photoactivity for CO2 reduction to CO and CH4. The exceptionally improved visible-light activities were mainly attributed to the enormously enhanced charge separation through the construction of interfacial matching heterojunction for Z-scheme charge transfer. Moreover, the degradation of pollutants was primarily attributed to the involvement of superoxide radicals (•O2-). Hopefully, this study will provide a deep understanding to design g-C3N4-based dimensionally matched Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for environmental remediation and solar fuel conversion.

Bioremediation of textile effluent using indigenous microbes

The escalating demand for clean water due to rapid industrialization underscores the urgency for effective wastewater treatment. Synthetic organic dyes, extensively used in the textile industry, pose a significant environmental threat when discharged into aquatic ecosystems. Addressing this challenge necessitates the development of sustainable methods for degrading hazardous dyes. Bioremediation emerge as a promising approach to mitigate their impact. In this study, three dye-decolorizing bacteria were isolated from textile industry effluent using selective enrichment culture. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Micrococcus roseus (M. roseus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were identified as potential isolates. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed P. aeruginosa to exhibit the highest decolorization efficiency (99.09 %), followed by B. cereus (85.63 %), M. roseus (80.22 %), and a mixed culture of the three isolates (78.36 %) at 37 °C. Bioremediation efficacy was confirmed under optimized conditions (0.1 % glucose, 0.05 % yeast extract, pH 7.0, and 35 °C), with physiochemical analyses of textile effluent supporting the process. These indigenous bacteria hold promise for constructing cost-effective biological systems to treat textile effluent, offering insights into effective wastewater bioremediation strategies. Exploring the monoculture and consortia of three bacterial strains on dye degradation.

Development and Quality Analysis of Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) Sweetmeat Blend with Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

The present investigation was carried out at Post Harvest Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the year 2022-2024. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Under this experiment, overall, 8 treatments were taken and 3 replications of each to evaluate physio-chemical analysis, organoleptic properties and cost of formulation of Pineapple Sweetmeat at different storage days. The sweetmeat samples were stored at ambient temperature (28 ± 5 °C) for 45 days and results were noted after every 15 days intervals. On the basis of results obtained during the present investigation T6 (Pineapple 250gm/kg + Bottle gourd 750gm/kg + Jaggery was found superior in terms of Pineapple Sweetmeat on physio-chemical properties viz TSS, Acidity, Moisture and Ascorbic acid followed by T3 (Pineapple 500gm/kg + Bottle gourd 500gm/kg + Sugar) that was found to be superior in terms of Pineapple sweetmeat on all organoleptic tests viz. Colour and Appearance, Taste and Flavour, Body and Texture and Overall acceptability hence it was found that T6 and T3 were found to be superior in terms of physico-chemical properties and the maximum Benefit cost ratio (1.33) was found for T3 (Pineapple 500gm/kg + Bottle gourd (500gm/kg + Sugar). Hence T3 was found to be more superior followed by T6.

Development of methyl 5-((cinnamoyloxy)methyl)picolinate, exploring its bio-target potential aiming at CVD mediated by multiple proteins through surface and physiochemical analysis

The emphasis on sustainable sources of drug development seems imminent with phytochemicals emerging as promising candidates due to their minimal probability of adverse effects. This study focuses on utilizing simple cinnamic acid and nicotinic acid derivatives as starting materials, employing an efficient synthetic protocol to obtain methyl 5-((cinnamoyloxy)methyl)picolinate targeting CVD mediated by multiple enzymes such as MAPK, PCSK9, MPO, SIRT1 and TNF-α. Comprehensive characterization of synthesized molecule is achieved through 1H, 13C, FT-IR, and HRMS methods. Additionally, the crystal structure was established via SC-XRD. Comparative analysis with the DFT-optimized structure identifies key nucleophilic and electrophilic regions for determining interactions with bio-targets. Notably, Compound 5 adheres to all drug-likeness criteria, further validated through screening similar pharmacophoric drugs from databases. Targeting bio-relevant areas with a specific focus on CVD drug development. The molecular docking studies elucidate ligand–protein interactions for better binding connectivity. This investigation further underscores the importance of sustainable practices, simple chemical synthesis, and computational approaches, contributing to the pursuit of eco-friendly drug development with enhanced safety profiles (MTT assay).

Metabolomics and physio-chemical analyses of mulberry plants leaves response to manganese deficiency and toxicity reveal key metabolites and their pathways in manganese tolerance.

Manganese (Mn) plays a pivotal role in plant growth and development. Aside aiding in plant growth and development, Mn as heavy metal (HM) can be toxic in soil when applied in excess. Morus alba is an economically significant plant, capable of adapting to a range of environmental conditions and possessing the potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soil by HMs. The mechanism by which M. alba tolerates Mn stresses remains obscure. In this study, Mn concentrations comprising sufficiency (0.15 mM), higher regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM), and deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), were applied to M. alba in pot treatment for 21 days to understand M. alba Mn tolerance. Mn stress effects on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, plant morphological traits, enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters were analyzed as well as metabolome signatures via non-targeted LC-MS technique. Mn deficiency and toxicity decrease plant biomass, Pn, Ci, Gs, Tr, and chlorophyll content. Mn stresses induced a decline in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while peroxidase (POD) activity, and leaf Mn content, increased. Soluble sugars, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline exhibited an elevation in Mn deficiency and toxicity concentrations. Metabolomic analysis indicates that Mn concentrations induced 1031 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), particularly amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, benzene and derivatives and secondary metabolites. The DEMs are significantly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, galactose metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, carbon metabolism, etc. The upregulation of Galactinol, Myo-inositol, Jasmonic acid, L-aspartic acid, Coproporphyrin I, Trigonelline, Pantothenol, and Pantothenate and their significance in the metabolic pathways makes them Mn stress tolerance metabolites in M. alba. Our findings reveal the fundamental understanding of DEMs in M. alba's response to Mn nutrition and the metabolic mechanisms involved, which may hold potential significance for the advancement of M. alba genetic improvement initiatives and phytoremediation programs.

Isolation and characterization of banyan tree root filler for polymer composites in light-weight applications

The applicability of bio fillers as reinforcement with polymers is promoted by economic and ecological concerns. Nowadays, a large range of reinforcements are employed for this purpose, including cellulosic fillers and natural fibres owing to the favorable mechanical behavior, cheap price, negligible tool wear, low density, and eco-friendliness etc. The motive of this investigation is to explore the possibilities of utilizing plant sources as reinforcing filler in polymeric matrices. In this study particulate fillers were obtained from banyan tree’s aerial roots and were subjected to various characterization such as physiochemical evaluation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the physiochemical analysis it was found that the banyan tree aerial root filler (BTAR) contained 40.13% of Cellulose, 15.22% of Hemicellulose, 15.31% of Lignin and 6.86% of Pectin. The density of the BTAR filler was found to be 0.27 gm cc−1 whereas the average particle size was 136.3 μm. The maximum inflection temperature referred to the maximum degradation of the BTAR filler was 295.7 °C. The SEM analysis exposed the rough surface of filler, with micro-structured strands and pores. The rough surface and the pores could help in better bond ability of the matrix and reinforcement when combined. Given the features of the examined BTAR filler, it is suggested as potential reinforcing filler for polymer composites to strengthen material properties for different light weight applications.

Designing a multiepitope mRNA-based vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves: Immunoinformatics and molecular modeling approach.

Escherichia coli is one of the serious pathogens causing various infections in the animal field, such as neonatal calf diarrhea, which is responsible for mortality associated with diarrhea during the first days of life. Current work is aimed at designing an effective and safe multiepitope vaccine candidate against E. coli infection in calves based on the fimbrial protein K99 of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Immuno-informatics. A conserved sequence of K99 protein was generated, and then highly antigenic, nonallergic, and overlapped epitopes were used to construct a multiepitope vaccine. Five THL, six MHC II, and four beta cell epitopes were targeted to create the candidate. The candidate vaccine was produced utilizing 15 epitopes and three types of linkers, two types of untranslated region (UTR) human hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB), UTR beta-globin (Rabb), and RpfE protein as an immunomodulation adjuvant. Immuno-informatics analysis of the constructed protein showed that the protein was antigenic (antigenic score of 0.8841), stable, nonallergen, and soluble. Furthermore, the Immuno-informatics and physiochemical analysis of the constructed protein showed a stable, nonallergic, soluble, hydrophilic, and acidic PI (isoelectric point). of 9.34. Docking of the candidate vaccine with the toll-like receptor TLR3 was performed, and results showed a strong interaction between the immune receptor and the vaccine. Finally, the expression efficiency of the construct in E. coli was estimated via computational cloning of the vaccine sequence into Pet28a. Results of immunoinformatics and in silico approaches reveal that the designed vaccine is antigenic, stable, and able to bind to the immune cell receptors. Our results interpret the proposed multiepitope mRNA vaccine as a good preventive option against E. coli infection in calves.