Physiochemical Analysis Research Articles

Physio-chemical analysis and antioxidative response of Ag NPs synthesized by sufaid chonsa mango pulp extracts of different ripening stages

Physio-chemical analysis and antioxidative response of Ag NPs synthesized by sufaid chonsa mango pulp extracts of different ripening stages

Geoelectrical resistivity and geochemistry monitoring of landfill leachates due to the seasonal variations and the implications on groundwater systems and public health

Understanding the seasonal variations in the landfill leachate plumes (LLPs) properties and complex connections between concentrations of leachate variability, and its environment is essential for environmental and public health management. This study explores the combined electrical resistivity (ER) data and physiochemical water analysis (PWA) coupled with the excavations to monitor the landfill physiochemical properties (LPPs) due to seasonal variations and their implications on environmental vital organs and public health. The variations in ER and LLP distributions across the overburdened top layer due to seasonal changes were examined. The low ER contrasts were encountered within the ranges of 1.5 Ωm – 19.0 Ωm which was mapped as LLP accumulated zones within the landfill, while high ER values varied between 15 Ωm – 260 Ωm off-the landfill extending beyond 15 m. The results of the PWA indicate high concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) decreasing with wet seasons and increasing with dry seasons. The overall high concentration of HMs in the LLPs was indeed varied between 9.81 ± 2.15–19.07 ± 3.68, while the electrical conductivity (EC) significantly increased from 17.99 ± 1.92 mg/L to 24.87 ± 3.31 mg/L towards the wet season. The increment and decrement encountered in the LPPs are due to seasonal variation and dilution. The order of decrement in the HMs in the LLPs treads as follows EC > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd in values, respectively. The near-surface EC aligned well with the ER results and boundaries of the waste disposal site, which was verified by the soil excavations. In addition, the ER method was extended beyond the landfill for adequate monitoring, identifying the subsurface layers, conductive shallow zones mapped as the zones of LLP accumulation, resistive deep and shallow zones mapped as the consolidated lateritic topsoil and crystalline basement rocks in some cases, and a dipping conductive lineament zones identified as fracture zones just before the crystalline basement. In conclusion, the ER technique reveals the vertical and horizontal extents of the LLP escapade, the PWA expressed the concentrations of HMs in the LLPs, heightening the implications on the environmental and human health. Finally, the combined techniques deployed for monitoring the physiochemical properties of LLPs due to seasonal variation and the impacts on the integrity of groundwater quality systems and public health inform sustainable waste management practices, which contributes significantly to the protection of groundwater resources and the development of effective strategies to safeguard groundwater systems and public health for present and future generations.

Analyzing the impact of age on waste properties at an open dumpsite in Khulna

The rapid growth of the population has led to a significant increase in the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), posing a burden and concern for our environment. Landfill mining as well as waste to energy could be a solution to this issue, but they require waste composition, particle size, and physiochemical and ultimate analysis are prerequisite requirements. Particle size was assessed through sieve analysis, categorizing MSW into ten different types followed by physiochemical and ultimate analyses. This study aimed to examine how the properties of MSW change with age. Findings showed that fine particles increased with age while larger particles decreased. With aging, certain physical components decreased, while others either increased or stayed constant. Organic content showed a significant decrease of 70.548% for fresh MSW and 0.35% for fifteen-year-old waste whereas plastic content remained almost constant after an increase from fresh MSW. Moisture content and volatile content of MSW reduced with age while fixed carbon and ash content increased with age. Ultimate analysis shows a drop of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen while oxygen shows a rise. Calorific value was found a decrease in trend with age indicating that the energy content of MSW reduced with age. A drastic reduction of unit weight was found in this study, dropping from 9.31 KN/m3 to 4.668 KN/m3. This study highlights the overall composition of MSW, the fluctuation in physiochemical analysis with age, and the sieve analysis and particle size distribution. It also displays the unit weight and the age-wise variation of the ultimate analysis. The findings of this study will aid landfill mining and waste to energy by providing comprehensive properties of MSW.

Geochemical study of heavy metals in samples from dumpsites at Onitsha, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

Core (0-60cm) samples were collected from selected dumpsites at Onitsha and control site at Awka, Nigeria. Physiochemical parameters (particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Organic Matter (OM in %)) and heavy metals (Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), Cobalt (Co), Molybdenium (Mo), Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn) and Silicon (Si)) were analyzed using standard methods. The result of the physiochemical analysis shows that the samples were generally sandy with acidic pH values (4.89-6.24); OM ranged from 5.693-27.71%; CEC ranged from 0.072-0.62(Cmol/kg). Comparatively, DS 5 (Obosi) has the highest levels of these heavy metals followed by DS 2 (Woliwo). The order is Bida < Okpoko <Obosi 1 < Woliwo < Obosi 2. The levels of these heavy metals were above the control values. They were equally above national and international guidelines. Enrichment Factor (EF) values varied between no enrichment to extremely severe enrichment. Pollution load index (PLI) indicated that all the sampled sites were polluted while the ecological risk of heavy metals varied between low contamination to high contamination. The prevailing indiscriminate disposal of wastes occasioned by nonexistence of appropriate disposal facilities is the direct cause of the situation. Proactive measures and regular environmental monitoring must be taken to minimize further deterioration as the contaminants pose serious deleterious effects on human and soil organisms.

In silico analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the basal eudicot model, Aquilegia coerulea

R2R3-MYBs are an important group of transcription factors that regulate crucial developmental processes across the plant kingdom; yet no comprehensive analysis of the R2R3-MYBs in the early-diverging eudicot clade of Ranunculaceae has been conducted so far. In the present study, Aquilegia coerulea is chosen to understand the extent of conservation and divergence of R2R3-MYBs as a representative of the family by analysing the genomic distribution, organization, gene structure, physiochemical properties, protein architecture, evolution and possible mode of expansion. Genome-wide analysis showed the presence of 82 putative homologues classified into 21 subgroups, based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length protein sequences. The domain has remained largely conserved across all homologues with few differences from the characterized Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYBs. The topology of the phylogenetic tree remains the same when full-length protein sequences are used, indicating that the evolution of R2R3-MYBs is driven by the domain region only. This is supported by the presence of similar structures of exon–intron and conserved motifs within the same subgroup. Furthermore, comparisons of the AqcoeR2R3-MYB members with monocots and core-eudicots revealed the evolutionary expansion of a few functional clades, such as A. thaliana R2R3-MYB subgroup 6 (SG6), the upstream regulatory factors of floral pigment biosynthesis and floral color. The reconstructed evolutionary history of SG6-like genes across angiosperms highlights the occurrence of independent duplication events in the genus Aquilegia. AqcoeR2R3-MYB genes are present in all seven chromosomes of A. coerulea, most of which result from local and segmental duplications. Selection analysis of these duplicated gene pairs indicates purifying selection except one, and the physiochemical analyses of R2R3-MYBs reveal differences among the MYBs signifying their functional diversification. This study paves the way for further investigation of paralogous copies and their probable role in the evolution of different floral traits in A. coerulea. It lays the foundation for functional genomic studies of R2R3-MYBs in the basal eudicots and facilitates comparative studies among angiosperms. The work also provides a framework for deciphering novel genetic regulatory pathways that govern the diversity of floral morphology.

The effect of mesoporous silica doped with silver nanoparticles on glass ionomer cements; physiochemical, mechanical and ion release analysis

BackgroundThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles to conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) on its, physical, chemical, mechanical properties and ion release analysis.MethodsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were added in 1, 3 and 5% by weight to the liquid component of GIC forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as control group. Physical and chemical characterization were conducted using nano-computerized tomography (NanoCT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface microhardness, water sorption and solubility were analyzed. Ion release was investigated using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Statistical analysis between different groups for the set parameters using parametric and non-parametric tests. The results were analysed using one way analysis of variance (p < 0.05).ResultsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were of 7.28 ± 5.0 nm in diameter with a spherical morphology. NanoCT revealed less porosities for 3 wt %. Microhardness showed a statistically significant difference for 5 wt% at day 1 and 21 ( p < 0.0001). Water sorption values decreased significantly on day 14 compared to day 7 for control, 1, 3 and 5 wt%. Control specimens showed highest concentration of fluoride release followed by 5, 3 and 1 wt%.ConclusionMesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cements showed comparable microhardness to conventional GIC. Ion release was evident from the modified specimens. Silver remained within the GIC for atleast four weeks following incorporation.

Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine Against MERS-CoV.

Background and Objectives: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome. In the current study, immunoinformatics studies were applied to design an epitope-based vaccine construct against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this study, epitopes base vaccine construct was designed against MERS using immunoinformatics approach. Results: In this approach, the targeted proteins were screened, and probable antigenic, non-allergenic, and good water-soluble epitopes were selected for vaccine construction. In vaccine construction, the selected epitopes were joined by GPGPG linkers, and a linear multi-epitope vaccine was constructed. The vaccine construct underwent a physiochemical property analysis. The 3D structure of the vaccine construct was predicted and subjected to refinement. After the refinement, the 3D model was subjected to a molecular docking analysis, TLRs (TLR-3 and TLR-9) were selected as receptors for vaccine construct, and the molecular docking analysis study determined that the vaccine construct has binding ability with the targeted receptor. Conclusions: The docking analysis also unveils that the vaccine construct can properly activate immune system against the target virus however experimental validation is needed to confirm the in silico findings further.

Assessing the biochemical and genotoxic effects of low intensity 2.45GHz microwave exposure on Arabidopsis thaliana plants

ABSTRACT The electromagnetic waves of 2.45 GHz microwave frequency have become abundant in environments worldwide. This study assessed the short-term impact of low-intensity 2.45 GHz exposure on young Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The plants underwent a 48-hour exposure to continuous wave 2.45 GHz microwaves at a power density of 1.0 ± 0.1 W m−2. Experiments were conducted inside anechoic chambers. After the microwave exposure samples were subjected to morphological, genotoxicity, pigmentation, and physiochemical analysis. Microwave exposure elevated the levels of photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, guaiacol peroxidase activity, and ascorbic peroxidase activity in plants. Conversely, catalase activity decreased. Photosystem efficiency remained unchanged, while non-photochemical quenching increased. Leaf morphological parameters exhibited no significant alterations during this brief exposure period. Notably, despite shifts in physiological parameters and pigmentations, genomic template stability remained unaffected. The findings suggest that the non-thermal effects of microwave exposure influence the photosystem and plant physiology. Research confirmed the existence of non-thermal effects of microwave exposure; however, these effects are within tolerable limits for Arabidopsis thaliana plants.

Effect of mixed metal ions and incorporation of activated carbon on the physiochemical and catalytic properties of spinel based (Ni,Fe)Co2O4@C nanoparticles

The challenge of producing cost-effective oxygen electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) continues to impede the advancement of fuel cell technology. Herein, we report the effect of Ni and activated carbon on mixed metal (Ni,Fe)Co2O4 and (Ni,Fe)Co2O4@C spinel oxide nanoparticles synthesized by facile and versatile co-precipitation method followed by the physio-chemical, morphological properties and electrochemical analysis towards oxygen reduction reaction. The formation of FeCo2O4, (Ni,Fe)Co2O4 and (Ni,Fe)Co2O4@C nanoparticles was confirmed with X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis while D and G band revealed the presence of carbon in the (Ni,Fe)Co2O4@C nanoparticles. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis reveals the mesoporous behaviour of the synthesized multi-metal oxide nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals the presence of Co3+/Co2+, Fe3+/Fe2+, Ni3+/Ni2+, O1s and C1s confirms the formation of complex (Fe3+Co2+)(Ni2+Ni3+Fe2+Fe3+Co3+)2O4 spinel structure. The ionic radii of the Co, Fe and Ni ions plays a vital role in the formation of complex spinel structures. The ORR analysis was studied by electrochemical analysis and observed (Ni,Fe)Co2O4 outperformed FeCo2O4 in terms of onset potential and current densities for the ORR. (Ni,Fe)Co2O4@C exhibited the highest catalytic activity with −2.18 mAcm−2 at 0.1 V vs RHE, which is relatively comparable with that of commercial Pt/C. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic analysis revealed the ORR mechanism adheres to the direct "4e−" process. The intermetallic interactions between the Co, Fe and Ni ions along with high crystallinity, significant surface area, high porosity, and the influence of carbon incorporation that are all contribute to the improved electrocatalytic activity of the cobalite-based multi-metal spinel oxides.

Food additives Food coloring agents Food ingredients Chromatography, Thin Layer Iran

Background: The sources of milk play a significant role on overall milk quality. Therefore, the current study was intended to evaluate the quality (physiochemical, compositional, and microbiological) and detect the adulterants in milk. Methods: A total of 200 milk samples were collected during mid of October to mid of December 2022 from four sources viz. Farmgate (50), Milkman (50), Bazar (50), and Branded packet milk (50). Milk samples were examined for various physiochemical, compositional, microbiological properties, and existence of adulterants. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and differences were determined by least significant difference test using RStudio. Results: Physiochemical analysis found significant variation in titratable acidity, protein, fat, salt, Solids-Not-Fat, and Total-Solids content among the sources (p&lt;0.05), while lactose content was found non-significant. The highest (0.17%) and the lowest (0.13%) values for acidity were found in samples obtained from Milkman and Branded packet milk, respectively. Milk sample collected from Farmgate was found significantly higher in protein, fat, lactose, Solids-Not-Fat, and Total-Solids content than the other sources. In microbiological analysis, significant lower Total Viable Count, Total Coliform Count, and Escherichia coli Count were observed in Branded packet milk compared to the milk from Farmgate, Milkman, and Bazar source (p&lt;0.001). In adulteration examinations, only neutralizers (sodium carbonate and bicarbonate) and nitrates were found positive in milk sample collected from Milkman, Farmgate, and Bazar, and their frequency was varied significantly (p&lt;0.001). Overall, the milk obtained from Farmgate was better in terms of nutrient composition and physiochemical properties than the other sources but in respect to microbiological quality, Branded packet milk was found more hygienic. Conclusion: The study found that the variance in milk sources led to changes in the microbial load, physical appearance, and nutritional content of milk. The present study investigated that the addition of different adulterants and variation in time interval (milking to selling) are the main reasons for the deterioration of milk.

Physiochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, Antimicrobial Activity and Phenolic Profile of Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. Leaves.

Many active substances found in plants are essential in the treatment of transmissible and non-transmissible ailments. To enhance their well-being and capabilities, most people around the globe use medicines from plants and herbal origin. The goal of the current study was an assessment of physiochemical properties as well as measuring the effect of various solvents (ethanol, chloroform, and water) on the phenolic profile and on free radical scavenging potential. The standard procedures were used for the preliminary phytochemical, physiochemical and fluorescence analysis. Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric methods were used to determine the quantitative phytochemical analysis, respectively. The free radical scavenging potential was determined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′′-casino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) assays. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method on a range of bacterial and fungal strains. The finding showed that ethanol was the best solvent for extracting polyphenols. The presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and tannins was observed in the plant. Additionally, fluorescence characteristics and physiochemical parameters provided valuable data that can be used to establish standards for this plant. Results of quantitative phytochemical estimation revealed that the ethanol extract had a higher phenolic content (71.82 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid content (82.7 mg/g QE), while the aqueous extract had the lowest phenolic content (27.05 mg/g GAE) and flavonoid content (18.93 mg/g QE). The I. eriocarpa ethanolic extract had the maximum scavenging potential against DPPH (32.36 µg/mL) and ABTS (55.54 µg/mL). The results of the antimicrobial activity assessment also indicate that the ethanol extract exhibited a greater inhibition zone when tested against both bacterial strains. Results of thecurrent study suggested that the ethanolic extract has significant antioxidant potential and has the capability of being a notable source of organic antioxidants for the formulation of functional foods.

Pseudomonas consortium improves soil health and alleviates cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Brassica juncea L. via biochemical and in silico approaches

The exponential rise in Cd in the environment has raised concerns for its adequate remediation worldwide. Its non-biodegradable nature and highly migratory feature make it more toxic. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown great potential in the remediation of Cd-polluted agricultural lands. PGPR is comparatively efficient, convenient and economical. PGPR application enhances plant growth and development by conferring direct and indirect benefits. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial strains, Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), for their PGPR traits, soil physiochemical analyses, and physiological and anatomical traits of B. juncea under Cd stress. Results showed that both microbial strains shared positive interaction and had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.8mM and 0.6mM values for Pp and Pf respectively. P. fluorescens displayed better anti-phytopathogenic activity against pathogenic fungal strains (Alterneria brassicae, Alterneria brassicola, Verticillium longisporum, Fusarium oxysporum) than P. putida. They also synthesised plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as IAA (0.146,0.156μg/ml) and GA (2.062, 2.074 μg/ml). The co-inoculation of strains improved soil organic C, P, N, and K by 283.01 %, 100.42 %, 8.89 % and 40.38 %. Also, the interactive effect of Pp and Pf recovered dry matter content (DMC) by 18.13 % in comparison to Cd-stressed plants. Moreover, the strains reduced Cd-induced H2O2 production by DAB (340.38’-3’ diaminobenzidine) staining and hence restored membrane integrity. Also, in Cd-treated B. juncea plants, the anatomical characteristics were negatively affected. However, inoculated strains induce maximum recovery as indicated by well-developed vascular elements. Genes associated with PGPR traits were mined from the NCBI database. The information compiled thereafter indicated that the genes, galU, CadR, and pgl were responsible for biofilm formation, Cd resistance and lactone synthesis. In conclusion, we reported a promising consortium having PGPR traits, that improve soil and B. juncea health under Cd toxicities. Hence, the use of such bioinoculants can be a safer substitute for chemical fertilizers.

Statistical evaluation and quality analysis of water resources around quarry site in Abuja Suburban Nigeria

Water resources occupies vital position regarding the lifespan and general wellbeing humans while significant shortfalls on its reserves hinders almost all sustainable development globally. Most host communities to quarry companies without a water treatment plant are greatly affected by the use of water resources within its area. The present study highlights statistical evaluation and quality analysis of water resources around a quarry site in FCT Nigeria. The research engaged biological assay, physiological and chemical analysis to quantify contamination level of the water resources from obtained data which were also subjected to statistical analysis. The statistical tools employed are Pearson's Correlation, descriptive statistics, Levene's test for homogeneity and one–way analysis. The physiochemical analysis revealed the water resources to have high turbidity value in 58.3 % of sampled population while nitrate concentration and electrical conductivity value were very low. The bioassay revealed presence of coliform bacteria in 100 % of sampled population while thermotolerance count discovered disease-causing-pathogens in 41.7 % of sampled population. Chemical analysis revealed that Pb, Cr, Ni and As were 91.7 %, 83.3 % 100 % and 100 % above recommended permissible limits for sampled population. These results suggests that water resources in this study is unsafe and holds a health-treat with regards to the contaminations inherent in them. Statistical evaluation revealed average positive linear relationship between heavy metal concentration suggesting close relationship of contamination source. Observed strong positive linear relationship between lead and copper, nickel and chromium as well as nickel and arsenic in the scatterplot depicts same source of contamination.

Imprints of seawater intrusion on groundwater quality of coastal region of Pudukkottai district, India: An integrated approach

Climate change and groundwater overexploitation endanger the sustainability of groundwater in India, particularly in the coastal region of Tamil Nadu. The increasing population, agricultural and industrial development, raised the demand for groundwater in the Coastal area of Pudukottai District, Tamil Nadu. Seawater intrusion establishes a challenging environment for freshwater management in coastal areas. A total of 64 groundwater samples were collected from different places, including borewells and open wells. The seawater intrusion is evaluated using the statistical method and physiochemical analysis such as water indices, ionic ratio and hydrochemical facies. As per the results of the groundwater quality index, 93% of the samples were not suitable for drinking as the examined parameter exceeded the Indian Standards. Piper’s diagram classify the Coastal groundwater into mixed Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;- HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; type as the dominant. As per the seawater mixing index, 78% of the groundwater samples were affected by seawater intrusion. Further, the results of the ionic ratio (Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;/Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;/Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;/SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;/HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) identify the salinization influence in the groundwater. The thematic maps created with the QGIS platform effectively to define the area of seawater intrusion. This study contributes to establishing a firm basis for decision-makers to enhance coastal groundwater management.

Quality Assessment of Drinking Water from Vending Machines for a Healthier Life

Commercial water vending machines in urban communities are important for consumers because of their convenience and affordability. Therefore, this study investigated the environmental conditions, maintenance, and quality of drinking water distributed through vending machines in an urban community in Thailand. The research sampled 101 drinking water machines in Buriram Municipality, Buriram Province. These machines were assessed for physical characteristics and the surrounding environment and were conducted according to an evaluation form provided by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The findings revealed that 93.07% of the machines had auto coin failures; did not record the date, month, and year of filter changes; and did not display the business license on the cabinet. Additionally, 89.1% of the cabinets had thick dust, 57.43% had damaged or rusted handles on the water inlet door, and 56.44% had algae or rust stains on the water dispenser head. A physiochemical analysis revealed that 83.2% of the machines did not detect the pH levels. Total coliform bacteria and E. coli were not detected in 39.6% and 12.9% of samples, respectively. This study was conducted to develop an application for monitoring the quality of drinking water from vending machines to ensure that standards are met and up-to-date information is provided to help consumers make informed decisions about using clean and safe drinking water from vending machines.

Prediction of Drinking Water Quality for Effective Public Health Management to Avoid Water Borne Diseases

The issue of water quality failure is a persistent global concern that leads to sickness, toxicity, the spread of diseases, and loss of life in metropolitan areas. Various physical, functional, and ecological factors may affect drinking water quality. These concerns include the incursion of pollutants into water pipes, leakage, the formation of disinfectant waste products, the penetration of chemicals or microbes, and pollution. Water-borne Diseases (WD) have emerged as a significant global public health issue. It is imperative to forecast the quality of drinkable water by utilizing an automated model that provides a preventive strategy that may be created to enhance public health management (PHM). This study forecasted the Drinking Water Quality (DWQ) to promote Public Health Management (PHM) strategies to prevent WD. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Inverse Distance Loaded (IDL) interpolation has been used to forecast DWQ. One hundred five water specimens from the research region underwent thorough examination via physiochemical and microbiological analyses. The tested characteristics were pH, turbidity, temperature, fluoride concentration levels, and bacterial counts (Faecal Coliforms) to prevent WD. The test findings indicated that the CNN-IDL projected 35% of water specimens from the domestic pipeline network had bacteria levels below what the WHO considers acceptable. Also, about 57% of the samples from the home pipeline network met the fluoride reference values set by the WHO. The sanitary assessment rating clearly showed that the lack of appropriate measures to protect against multiple barriers resulted in declining water quality for users. The findings of this research will be valuable to administrators in implementing essential strategies to avoid WD before it significantly impacts public health.

Construction of scheelite CaWO4 with natural diatomite for boosted photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics under natural conditions

Fabrication of efficient and recyclable catalysts with natural supporting materials is still a challenge in the field of photocatalysis. In the present work, scheelite type calcium tungstate was successfully constructed with natural diatomite via in-situ co-precipitation method for effective photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) and doxycycline (DC) antibiotics. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, BET, XRD, XRF, XPS, FTIR, UV–vis DRS, PL and EIS techniques. The morphological and physiochemical analyses confirmed the successful hybridization of CaWO4 with natural diatomite. The optical, photoluminescence and electrochemical tests confirmed that the composite material displayed narrower band gap energy, lower recombination rate and facilitated separation of photogenerated carriers. After construction of CaWO4 with the diatomite structure, the TC and DC decomposition efficiencies were found 4.70 and 2.54 times higher than that of the pristine sample, respectively. Furthermore, the composite catalyst showed superior degradation performances (91.8 % for TC and 90.7 % for DC) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a Fenton-agent. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was assigned to the increased specific surface area and pore volume, decreased band gap energy, limited recombination rate of photoinduced carriers, decreased charge transfer resistance as well as the abundant of hydroxyl radicals. The degradation reaction was found to be mainly driven by photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals. The CWO@DT/Vis/Fenton catalytic system exhibited good performance at near-neutral pH, also the composite catalyst was sufficiently utilized in the presence of co-existing anions. Furthermore, the photocatalytic efficiency was also tested under natural sunlight irradiation and the TC degradation remained 71.4 % after four cycles, indicating the outstanding feature of the composite catalyst in outdoor process conditions. Under these circumstances, the present work demonstrated the utilization potential of natural diatomite for effective photocatalytic remediation of antibiotic molecules under natural sunlight irradiation.

Efficient alleviation granular sludge floatation in a high-rate anammox reactor by dosing folate

Although granular floatation has been recognized as a significant issue hindering the application of high-rate anammox biotechnology, limited knowledge is available about its causes and control strategies. This study proposed a novel control strategy by adding folate, and demonstrated its role in the granular floatation alleviation through long-term operation and granular characterizations. It was found that the floatation of anammox granular sludge was obviously relieved with the decreased sludge floatation potential by 67.1% after dosing with folate (8 mg/L) at a high nitrogen loading rate of 12.3 kg-N/(m3·d). Physiochemical analyses showed that the decrease of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content (mainly protein), the alleviation of granular surface pore plugging in conjunction with the smooth discharge of generated nitrogen gas were collectively responsible for efficient floatation control. Moreover, metagenomic analysis suggested that the synergistic interactions between anammox bacteria and their symbionts were attenuated after dosing exogenous folate. Anammox bacteria would reduce their synergistic dependence on the symbionts, and decline the supply of metabolites (e.g., amino acids and carbohydrates in EPS) to symbiotic bacteria. The declined EPS excretion contributed to the alleviation of granular floatation by dredging pores blockage, thus leading to a stable system performance. The findings not only offer insights into the role of microbial interaction in granular sludge floatation, but also provide a feasible approach for controlling the floatation issue in anammox granular-based processes.

Investigation study of methyl violet photodegradation over alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose/titanium(IV) oxide/covalent organic frameworks bio-nanocomposite beads under ultraviolet irradiation

Concerned about water treatment, it is of great importance to present new approaches for improving photocatalytic activity. Since photocatalysis is ubiquitous in almost all chemical manufacturing processes, the development of photocatalytic systems carries significance for our environment. In this regard, three different amounts of covalent organic frameworks decorated with titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles (TiO2/COF hybrids) in Alginate-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Alg-CMC) blend matrix were prepared under ultrasound irradiation, which Citric acid and Calcium chloride acted as two green cross-linkages. Based on the physio-chemical analyses of these bio-nanocomposite (bio-NC) beads, the Alg-CMC blend polymer appeared to be the best candidate for a disparity of TiO2/COF hybrids. Not only did COF aid to increase the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, but it declined the bandgap energies. The resultant Alg-CMC/TiO2/COF (TiO2/COF = 15:6) bio-NC beads demonstrated efficient photodegradation activity towards Methyl violet (MV) under Ultraviolet light. The obtained results of scavenger studies indicated that superoxide radicals and electron agents played a major role in MV degradation. Further investigation confirmed that single oxygen addition and N-de-methylation could be two important pathways for the decomposition of MV by these bio-NC beads.

Assessment of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation purpose using irrigation indices, remote sensing and GIS approach

Assessing both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of groundwater is essential for evaluating its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Consequently, this current study showcases its importance by determining groundwater quality in Sundargarh district of, India, where groundwater serves as vital water resources. 360 groundwater samples were collected from various dug wells during pre-monsoon season of 2014–21 and analyzed for major ions, some important irrigation water quality indices along with pH, EC and TDS. Statistical evaluation of groundwater quality parameters was performed by physiochemical analysis with association of ArcGIS 10.4 for developing the spatial mapping. Furthermore, statistical and hydrochemical analysis was executed by exhibiting box plot generation, correlation study and hierarchical cluster analysis followed by categorization of water facies in , 1920; CGWB, 2013; Gad and Hattab, 2019’ has/have not been found in the reference list. Please add the corresponding reference(s) to the reference list.>Xlstat 2023, SPSS 23 and Diagrammes 6.1. Groundwater is mostly characterized as Na+-SO42- and deep meteoric percolation (DMP) type based on Base Exchange Indices with the dominance of Ca2+ and HCO3− as the major cation and anion respectively. Besides that, groundwater from 92%, 96%, 84%, 100%, 99%, 98%, 57%, 64%, 100%, 77%, 98% and 89% dug wells are found to be highly suitable for cultivation of major crops of this district depending on spatial variation of EC, TDS. Cl−, SAR, RSC, KR, PI, %Na, ESP, MAR, SSP and PS respectively. Groundwater facies are mostly categorized as Ca–HCO3 (60.8%) and C2–S1 (65.5%) type based on Piper and Wilcox diagram respectively. The dominant geochemical controlling factors are evaporation, reverse ion exchange and silicate weathering. Therefore, the objectives of this present research may provide necessary information to the regulatory boards and policy makers for efficient monitoring of groundwater quality and contaminated aquifers in Sundargarh district to make fit this crucial water resources for agricultural purpose.