Physicochemical Parameters Of Water Samples Research Articles

Physico-Chemical Assessment of Surface and Ground Water for Drinking Purpose in Nawabshah City, Sindh, Pakistan

The work reports the analysis of groundwater and surface water samples, were collected from different towns of Nawabshah City during the end of year 05 Dec, 2013 to 30 Jan, 2014. Sixty five groundwater and sixty surface water samples (water supply scheme) were collected from different parts of the Nawabshah city. Different physico-chemical parameters of water samples were measured at the field and in the laboratory. The conductivity, salinity and Total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured with Orion 115 conductivity meter at the field. pH was recorded with Orion 420A pH meter. Total hardness, chloride and alkalinity were determined by titration with standard EDTA, silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid. Sulfate was determined by turbidity meter as BaSO4 using Hitachi spectrophotometer. The metal ions Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined with Varian Spectr. AA-20 atomic absorption spectrometer with standard burner head and air acetylene flame at conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The results were varied within the ranges; pH 6.64-8.87, EC 240-10170 μS/cm and TDS 158-6050 mg/l, alkalinity 56-1225 mg/l, total hardness 84-1695 mg/l, chloride 32-1852 mg/l, sulfate 25-2170 mg/l. The concentration of essential metals was found in the ranges; Na 34-1725 mg/l, Ca 26-515 mg/l, Mg 13-430 mg/l, K 2-92 mg/l respectively. The analysis revealed that a number of ground water samples (70%) confirm their majority of parameters above the maximum permissible limits prescribed by WHO. Therefore the ground water of Nawabshah city may not be considered as safe to be used for dinking purpose. However, out of 60 samples only four surface water samples may be used for drinking purpose.

Parallel factor analysis and multivariate curve resolution as data fusion tools to supervise a stream

In this work, a new method is proposed to monitor the distribution, evolution and correlation of dissolved organic matter on the superficial water of a stream with respect to physicochemical variables that characterize the basin and season sampling of each campaign. The method is based on measuring fluorescence emission–excitation matrices and some physicochemical parameters of water samples through both time and space. In a first phase, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) or multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) were applied to extract the information on the relative proportions of each fluorophore on each sample. Then, MCR-ALS was applied again to the entire database, in order to study the spatial and time distribution. This methodology was used to study the behavior of a basin stream that is significantly modified by anthropic activities.

Borehole Logs and Physico-chemical Investigation of Some Presumptive Springs in Akoko, South-western Nigeria

A geophysical investigation involving the use of Schlumberger configuration and physico-chemical parameters of water samples has been conducted in twenty (20) selected areas of Akoko in Ondo state, south-western Nigeria, with a view of mapping presumptive springs with respect to depth, thickness, resistivity and sediment that have appreciable yield. The data obtained were interpreted by the computer iteration process and have A, HA, H and Q typical curve types as well as topsoil, weathered/fractured layer, and fresh basement. The focus of the borehole log section is a weathered/fractured layer of appreciable thickness in all locations for springs formation and seasonal yield. Physico-chemical parameters of the water samples have been collected with pH ranging from 6.57 to 7.20, EC varying between 1.2× 10­2 to 4.2 × 102 (uhr/cm), TDS ranging from 0.0 1to 0.55, turbidity from 0.01 to 0.1, DO from 7.8 to 9.6 (mg/l), BOD from 2.8 to 4.8 (mg/l) and COD from 1.6 to 6.4 (mg/l), with the temperature of 25°C to 26°C, which may be from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. Most of the analyzed samples meet the fixed threshold limit by WHO for drinking purpose of below 10 mg/l values, except the COD and the temperature which are higher than the WHO recommended value by 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, in the first phase of location 3, 5, and 6. People in these locations are likely to have cancer, hence; water purification is recommended before it could be considered safe for drinking.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.65.3.4351

Preliminary Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Phytoplankton of Chiffa River (Blida, Algeria)

The present study was carried out to determine the monthly variations of physico-chemical parameters in water samples from Chiffa river at Blida, North West of Algeria from April to August 2006. Water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and the results showed their monthly variations as follows: pH 7.5-7.6, electrical conductivity 0.87–1.06 mS·cm−1, nitrate 0–7.00 mg·L−1, nitrite 0–0.28 mg·L−1, ammonia 0–0.03 mg·L−1, phosphate 0–0.94 mg·L−1, sodium 19.3–47.0 mg·L−1, chloride 35.7–52.0 mg·L−1, calcium 90.3–104.7 mg·L−1, magnesium 27.3–37.7 mg·L−1, organic matter 0.4–3.9 mg·L−1, chlorophyll a 0.7–132.3 mg·L−1, and bicarbonate 219.3–248.7 mg·L−1. The analyzed physico-chemical parameters were almost not exceeded the maximum permissible limit of WHO and Algerian Water Quality Guidelines. A total of 53 taxa belonging to 4 divisions have been identified, including Chlorophyta (52.83% of taxa), Bacillariophyta (28.30%), Cyanophyceae (16.98%), and Charophyta (1.89%).

Seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics and cyanobacterial diversity of a lake in Northern India

Physicochemical analyses and cyanobacterial diversity of Ramgarh Lake water were performed at five sampling sites during winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Higher load of solids, carbon, and nutrients were persistent throughout the analysis that indicates the conversion of lake from oligotrophic to eutrophic nature. High nutrients load enhanced cyanobacterial biomass, while low nutrients load produced relatively less biomass. The physicochemical parameters of water samples revealed minimum 2.9 mg L−1 dissolved oxygen (DO) at site-1 during summer, while maximum (5.6 mg L−1) at site-4 in monsoon season. Maximum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (40 mg L−1) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (126 mg L−1) were recorded at site-1 during summer, whereas minimum BOD (18 mg L−1) and COD (52 mg L−1) were evident at site-3 in monsoon season. Minimum concentration of nitrate (0.72 mg L−1) was recorded at site-3 in summer, whereas maximum 2.7 mg L−1 was present at site-5 in winter season. The phosphate concentration was maximum (0.52 mg L−1) at site-5 in summer, and minimum (0.18 mg L−1) was observed at site-4 in monsoon season. Cyanobacterial diversity was higher during all the seasons, and dominated by the species of Microcystis at all the five sampling sites.

Bacterial Profiles and Physico-chemical Parameters of Water Samples from Different Sites of the New Calabar River, Nigeria

<p class="StandardTextkrperSAR">Water samples were collected from three sites (Ogbakiri, Choba and Iwofe) of the New Calabar River and were evaluated for microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics. Bacterial isolates consisting mainly of gram-negative bacteria (<em>Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter</em> spp, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella</em> spp., <em>Vibrio</em> sp. and <em>Nocardia asteroides</em>) were isolated from the samples. The highest total coliform counts log<sub>10</sub> 2.9 were encountered in water samples from Iwofe but the lowest counts log<sub>10</sub>1.9 occurred in the water samples from Ogbakiri. Ecological parameters varied among the sites with the highest pH value of 7.87 occurring at Iwofe and lowest of 6.12 at Choba. Maximum salinity level of 15<sup>0</sup>/<sub>00</sub> was observed at Iwofe and lowest at Choba. In contrast, maximum dissolved oxygen of 10.1ppm was observed at Choba and the minimum at Iwofe. The different bacterial profiles are probably attributable to the anthropogenic and industrial activities of the sites.</p>

Groundwater Quality Analysis of Safidon and Julana Blocks of District Jind, Haryana, India

We present an extensive investigation of physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Julana and Safidon blocks of District Jind, Haryana, India. Water samples were collected from different localities in cleaned polythene bottles and were analyzed for the different physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity (TA), carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate and fluoride. The analyzed parameters were compared with the standard desirable limits prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) standards of drinking water quality parameters. For the identification of the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters, the correlation coefficients were calculated between different parameters and the t-test was applied for checking significance. The results showed significant variations in water quality parameters in the study areas.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Various River Water in India

Physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from various rivers in India. Water samples under investigations were collected from Krishana Vijaywada, Gomti Lucknow, Hoogali Kolkata, Ganga Kasi, Mahanadi Katak, Cauveri river Tiruchirapalli station during (July - August) seasons in the year 2009. The different sites show significant enrichment with Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Ca and Mg indicating input from industrial sources. The observed values of different physicochemical characteristics like pH, temperature, turbidity, total hardness (TH), iron, chloride, total dissolved solids(TDS), Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, F- total alkalinity (TA), COD, BOD, phosphate, FRC (Free residual chlorine), total silica and hydrazine of samples were compared with standard values recommended by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS).

Accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water of cargo ships

Accidental introduction of alien plankton through ballast water is a major ecological issue in many countries in the world. As there are no local studies addressing this problem, the present study was carried out to see whether alien plankton are introduced into Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water. Marine plankton occurring within ballast water holds of five cargo ships arrived at Colombo harbour and three local sites including Colombo inner harbour and two neighboring coastal sites were sampled. The physico-chemical parameters of water samples were also measured. Data on species abundance and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using multivariate and univariate statistical tests as appropriate.Altogether 159 taxa of plankton were found in the samples. In the ballast water samples alone, there were 56 different taxa of which 50% of them were totally alien to the local coastal zone. The physico-chemical parameters of water samples between the four sites were not significantly different. However, multivariate statistical tests confirmed that the plankton community of the ballast water samples was significantly different from that of the three local sites. Considering the large number of ships calling annually at Colombo harbour, the great potential of accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone should never be underestimated. DOI: 10.4038/sljas.v14i0.2202Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 14 (2009): 86-103

Development of Regression-Based Models to Predict Fecal Bacteria Numbers at Select Sites within the Illinois River Watershed, Arkansas and Oklahoma, USA

The Illinois River Watershed is a multi-facet basin with ecological and economic importance to its local stakeholders in northwest Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma, USA. The numbers, transport and sources of fecal bacteria in streams was identified as a research priority of the USDA NRI Water and Watershed Program in 2006, and the objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between fecal bacteria and other measured physicochemical parameters in water samples collected from selected sites throughout the Illinois River Watershed. An existing database (i.e., National Water Information Systems, NWIS) from the US Geological Survey (USGS) was used in this project. The data obtained includes discharge, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Escherichia coli (E. coli), fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci among several other physic-chemical parameters. A synthetic model, based on multi-regression analysis, was developed to predict fecal bacteria numbers at these selected sites based on available USGS NWIS data, and the multiple regressions were significant at almost every site for all three bacteria groups. However, the physicochemical parameters used in the equations were very different across sites and fecal bacteria groups, suggesting that the development of such predictive models is site and bacteria group specific even within one watershed.

Effect of some socio-economic activities on fish diversity of lagoon systems in Ogun waterside Local Government of Ogun State, Nigeria

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of some socio-economic activities such as beach seining, brush park fisheries and laundry activities on fish diversity, distribution and abundance over two years (dry and wet seasons) in lagoon systems of Ogun waterside Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on various activities in the study locations. Fish sampling from the catches from selected fishermen using assorted gears, physical and chemical characteristics of the lagoon systems were carried out in four selected stations based on activity. The study revealed that beach seine and laundry activities as socio-economic activities impacted negatively on fish diversity in Iwopin study location. Bagridae represented by Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus contributed the highest number of fish in the two seasons. Fish species were evenly distributed in the wet seasons than dry seasons. Simpson index (D) computed for the 4 sites are 0.15, 0.11, 0.62 and 0.12 respectively for Makun-omi, Idaleketa, Iwopin and Ebute-Ilamo in the dry season and 0.37, 0.10, 0.42 and 0.10 for wet season. There are positive correlations between fish number, phosphate (r = 0.79) and Nitrate (r = 0.6). There are variations among physico-chemical parameters of water samples. Information gathered from this study is a useful tool for fisheries resource management of the lagoon systems of Ogun state.© 2010 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Key words: Fish resources, lagoon, season, socio-economic, Ogun waterside.

Estimation of bacteriological levels in surface water samples to evaluate their contamination profile

The present work deals with the assessment of bacteriological contamination along with some physico-chemical parameters of water samples from Lahore canal. ANOVA showed that the observed p values of log-transformed viable plate counts, total suspended solids, turbidity, and biological oxygen demand are 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively, which are < 0.05, while the p value of total coliforms, total fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli are 0.728, 0.827, and 0.081, respectively which are > 0.05. Significant correlation was observed between log-transformed viable plate counts (CFU), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and turbidity. Further regression analysis revealed that simple line regression model is fit for log-transformed viable plate counts and total suspended solids, log-transformed viable plate counts and turbidity, turbidity and total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand and total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand and log-transformed viable plate counts, and biological oxygen demand and turbidity.

Seasonal variation in fish abundance and physico-chemical parameters of Lagos lagoon, Nigeria

A Study was conducted to determine abundance of fish over two seasons (dry and wet) in Lagos lagoon. Fish sampling was carried out in four selected stations. Physico – chemical characteristics of Lagos lagoon and fish distribution was also studied. The results revealed that Cichlids contributed the highest number of fish in the two seasons. Fish species were more evenly distributed in the dry seasons than wet seasons. Species evenness for wet and dry seasons was 0.40 and 0.43 respectively. There is a positive correlation between fish abundance and biomass for wet and dry seasons (r = 0.60 and 0.76 respectively). There was no significant difference between fish abundance in the two seasons. Variations occurred between physico-chemical parameters of water samples. Analysis of the lagoon waters showed that oil and grease of 11.0 – 12.0mg/l higher than the FEPA’S limit for effluent discharge. The oil and grease levels exhibited significant difference (p<0.05) between the dry and wet seasons in all the stations in all the zones and also there are significant relationship (p<0.05) among the stations. It is clear from the results that lagoon pollution can also be traceable to the effluent discharged from transportation and therefore there is a need to take appropriate measures to preserve the aquatic life. The information and observation in this study will be very useful in formulating management policies on the future use of Lagos lagoon especially multi-usage of fisheries with other sectors like oil and transportation. Key words: Fish distribution, seasonal variation, lagoon.

Extracellular plant DNA in Geneva groundwater and traditional artesian drinking water fountains

DNA, as the signature of life, has been extensively studied in a wide range of environments. While DNA analysis has become central to work on natural gene exchange, forensic analyses, soil bioremediation, genetically modified organisms, exobiology, and palaeontology, fundamental questions about DNA resistance to degradation remain. This paper investigated on the presence of plant DNA in groundwater and artesian fountain (groundwater-fed) samples, which relates to the movement and persistence of DNA in the environment. The study was performed in the groundwater and in the fountains, which are considered as a traditional artesian drinking water in Geneva Champagne Basin. DNA from water samples was extracted, analysed and quantified. Plant gene sequences were detected using PCR amplification based on 18S rRNA gene primers specific for eukaryotes. Physicochemical parameters of water samples including temperature, pH, conductivity, organic matter, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured throughout the study. The results revealed that important quantities of plant DNA can be found in the groundwater. PCR amplification based on 18S rDNA, cloning, RFLP analysis and sequencing demonstrated the presence of plant DNA including Vitis rupestris, Vitis berlandieri, Polygonum sp. Soltis, Boopis graminea, and Sinapis alba in the water samples. Our observations support the notion of plant DNA release, long-term persistence and movement in the unsaturated medium as well as in groundwater aquifers.

Physico-chemical investigation and correlation analysis of water quality of Upper Lake of Bhopal, M.P., (India)

Upper lake is major source of water for Bhopal city, but over the years, the quality of lake water has deteriorated due to inflows of waste and sewage. The present study was undertaken to characterize the physico-chemical parameters of water samples from Prempura site of the Upper Lake in Bhopal city during summer season (2005). Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters was carried out. To assess the quality of water, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as prescribed by different agencies. A systematic calculation was made to determine the correlation coefficient ‘r’ amongst the parameters and the strength of relationship is measured by the coefficient of determination ‘r2’. Then these values were interpreted in terms of interdependence of water quality parameters on each other.

Correlation Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Quality Assessment of Kosi River Water, Uttarakhand

Present work deals with the assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Kosi river at Kosi sampling station during 2004 and 2005 in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Statistical studies have been carried out by calculating correlation coefficients between different pairs of parameters and t- test applied for checking significance. The observed values of various physico-chemical parameters of water samples were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. It is found that an appreciable significant positive correlation holds for chloride with pH, Mg, Na, hardness and total suspended solid; and sodium with hardness, EC and sulphate. A significant negative correlation was found between potassium with turbidity, Cl-, EC and hardness. All the physicochemical parameters of Kosi water are within the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except turbidity and BOD which recorded a high value.

A comparative study of water quality parameters of ground water among the three regions of Kalol taluka, Gujarat

A study of water quality parameters of ground water of North, Central and South regions of Kalol Taluka in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state, India have been carried out during May2006. The observed values of various physico-chemical parameters of water samples were compared with standard recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test have been applied for the comparative study of water quality parameters among various regions of Kalol Taluka. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of Electrical Conductivity, Magnesium Hardness, Chloride Content and at 5% level of significance in case of pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand among the water samples of above three regions of Kalol Taluka. Established order of water quality of various regions of Kalol Taluka is North Kalol>Central Kalol>South Kalol.

The use of database and methods of artificial intelligence - neural networks for observing the changes in the subsoil waters in Beskid Śląski

The article deals with the use of relational database and application of neural networks for observing the influence of the environment and human activities in shaping the chemism of subsoil waters. The possibility of using the database has been investigated with the use of chosen waters coming from the saturation area of Beskid Śląski. The aforementioned area is of great regional importance for providing drinkable water. The relational database is a kind of integrated system of collecting, processing and interpreting the results of scientific research. Scientifically described software allows for collecting, selective search and analysis of the data refering to any physico-chemical parameters of water samples. The standard equipment of IBM PC is required. The material collected is analysed statistically and can be presented graphically in order to illustrate the accomplished activities in a better way. Owing to the use of software, it is possible to interpret the many - years data and compare them taking into consideration all accessible elements of the environment and the changes in urban planning or even the constantly changing legal norms. The database has the open character and can be completed with any amount of data from different spheres of knowledge. At present the research is carried out on application of artificial intelligence - neural networks for correlating the research results of the physico-chemical samples collected in the database with the factors of the environment.

Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons under tropical estuarine conditions

The physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected from three points in the Lagos lagoon were studied for 12 months. Safinity varied seasonally but the temperature pH, dissolved O2, conductivity, NO3 (-) and HPO4 (2-) concentrations were relatively constant. There was a direct proportionality between the population density of hydro-carbon-utilizing bacteria and the oil content of water samples. Twelve hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria were isolated by selective enrichment and characterized as species ofPseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter andBacilius. The organisms grew mainly on long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. Laboratory and field biodegradation studies showed both quantitative and qualitative changes in the hydrocarbon content of crude oil due to microbial degradative activities and a faster rate of oil depletion from the Lagos lagoon during the rainy season. The results obtained could offer a predictive model for estimating the rate of disappearance of petroleum hydrocarbons from the tropical estuarine environment.

Fish mortality due to acute ammonia exposure

Abstract. Fish mortality in the River Umia, near Villagarcia de Arosa, Pontevedra, Spain, which occurred after a discharge from a food sewage works, is studied. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from sewage and from the River Umia were studied and concentrations of ammonia sufficiently high to cause toxic effects in fish (702 mg/1 and 302 mg/1 as total ammonia) were found. The toxicity of two concentrations of ammonia was investigated on goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), using water quality values the same as found in the River Umia, to obtain the same concentrations of un-ionized ammonia (2·13 mg/1 and 0·91 mg/1). Fish exposed to high concentrations died within 24 h and three of six, which were exposed to the lowest concentration died within 96h. All fish at first showed symptoms of hyper excitability and hyperventilation, and at times of rest showed a decrease in respiration. Post-mortem findings generally included gill congestion and haemorrhage.