Physicochemical Properties Of Oil Research Articles

The Degassing Processes for Oil Media in Acoustic Fields and Their Applications.

Numerous experiments on the effect of acoustic fields on oil media have shown the changing nature of oil physicochemical properties. In the present paper, we present a concept of internal airlift for oil medium with dissolved gas which could be propelled by external acoustic field. The mechanism determining gas bubble size as a function of pressure change is discussed. Model of interaction for the growing bubbles with acoustic fields is presented. Relationships specifying the characteristics of both the required acoustic field and oil medium are derived. The use of these relations makes it possible to define the available range of parameters for the system under consideration where one can obtain the expected effect on oil medium. It is demonstrated how the change in pressure and oil saturation (namely, the density of oil particles in the entire flow) of the medium is associated with temperature fields in the system. In particular, it is shown that the maximum deviation between the temperature change in oil and gas and gas–liquid media reaches a significant value, namely 10−2 K for a gas–liquid medium, while this difference is −0.1 K in an oil-and-gas medium. Using this approach, thermograms of oil producing wells have been analysed at a qualitative level.

Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oils Blended with Sesame Oil and Their Oxidative Stability during Frying.

To investigate the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of oil, sunflower (SFO) and corn oil (CO) and their combinations with sesame oil (SO) were prepared. The analyses of fatty acid composition (GC-FID), oxidative stability index (Rancimat), smoke point, and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were done on oil samples. Then, the frying process in presence of potato chips was done for 3 days at 180°C. Oil samples were gathered after each frying cycle and chemical analysis (peroxide value, free fatty acid, p-anisidine value, TOTOX, total polar content, TBARS, and conjugated diene and triene) was measured. The major fatty acid composition of oil samples was linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The OSI of oil samples was reported as CSO > SSO > SO > CO > SFO. The smoke point of all samples was in the standard limit. The SFO with 266.50°C had the highest smoke point. The antioxidant activity of samples was reported as SO > CSO > CO > SSO > SFO. The IC50 of SO was 52.17 mg/g which was higher than other samples. The result of frying indicated that prolonged heating process would increase the thermal oxidation. It was shown that oils blended with SO had good stability during deep frying. Therefore, blending oil with SO is considered as an economic approach to improve the oil oxidation stability.

Volumetric and viscosity data of selected oils analyzed in the density scaling regime

In this paper, we have performed thorough analyses of volumetric and viscosity data for six oils. The volumetric data has been inspected by using two different equations of state, drawing a special attention to the intersection of the isothermal pressure dependences of the thermal volume expansivity, which were earlier reported for various materials in the liquid state. Each fluid is unique with respect to the other oils’ relative composition, with those being either a pure liquid (Sebacate), or mineral oil with a proprietary blend of branched paraffins, napthalenes and aromatic molecules (Normafluid) or are undisclosed composition of mineral oil (MIN-H01 and MIN-H02) or are composed of fatty acid methyl esters (soybean biodiesel and rapeseed biodiesel). We have confirmed that the intersection points evaluated for different isotherms constitute a nonlinear curve for a given tested oil, and not any single point or straight line. Consequently, we have determined the temperature–pressure areas important from the application viewpoint, within which the thermal volume expansivity behaves differently, either increasing or decreasing with increasing temperature at a constant pressure. In the viscosity analysis, the parametrizations of the temperature–pressure dependences of specific volume based on the equations of state enabled to employ the density scaling idea in its simplest form of a power law of densityγ/temperature, where γ related to an effective intermolecular potential is independent of thermodynamic conditions to a good approximation, which was successfully validated by various materials mainly in the supercooled liquid state, but also in the normal liquid and liquid crystal states in some cases. We have found that the scaling law giving prediction benefits relied on a linkage between macroscopic measurement quantities and effective molecular interactions is obeyed by the viscosity data of examined oils. Then, based on the prediction capabilities of the density scaling criterion, we have successfully explored the inflection points observed in some isothermal pressure dependences of viscosity measured for the oils in the temperature–pressure ranges that differ from those earlier reported for other materials. This intriguing finding observed in case of the experimental data for only some examined oils yields not only cognitive benefits, but it is also expected to exert an effect for instance on mechanical properties of the materials. Thus, our comparative discussion about the intersection and inflection curves provide a useful contribution to the further investigations of these thermodynamic and dynamic issues and other physicochemical properties of oils, which require gaining a better insight.

Studies on Modeling and Physicochemical Properties of Oil Extracted from Moringa stenopetala Seed

Moringa stenopetala, locally known as Shiferraw, is an indigenous vegetable tree native to southern Ethiopia and grown mainly for its food value. This study deals with the investigations of physicochemical characteristics of Moringa stenopetala seeds’ oil extracted using solvent extraction with food-grade hexane as a solvent and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the extraction parameters. The seeds were collected from Adama located in Oromia, East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia, and they exhibit the average moisture, ash, fiber, protein, and oil contents of 6.3, 4.2, 2.3, 27.5, and 40.2%, respectively. Temperature, extraction time, and particle size had a significant p < 0.05 effect on the oil yield. According to the Experimental Design Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis, the optimum process parameters’ combination to find the highest oil yield was particle size of 0.83 mm, the temperature at 78.82°C, and extraction time of 5.13 hours. The model predicted oil yield was 39.7 ± 0.32%. The oil from Moringa stenopetala seed exhibits physiochemical characteristics of refractive index (40°C), 1.4625; viscosity 49.4 Cp; density at 25 °C, 0.9317 g/cm−3; saponification value, 191.4; peroxide value, 11.52 millieq O2/kg; iodine value of 89.21; and Acid Value (AV) 2.21 mg KOH/g. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis shows that the oil contains both ester carbonyl (C=O) functional groups saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. The physicochemical properties of Moringa stenopetala seeds were compared with other edible oil properties such as sesame, groundnut, olive, and sunflower seeds. The result shows that in the future Moringa stenopetala could be used as a substitute for other oil-bearing seeds sources, such as soybean, sunflower, and groundnut.

Comparative Analysis of Some Selected Citrus Seeds Oil from North Central, Benue State, Nigeria

The physicochemical properties of oils from citrus seeds of different species; tangerine (citrus reticulate), sweet orange (citrus sinesis), lime (citrus aurantifolia) and Grape (citrus paradise) were investigated. The seeds of each species were collected from the central zone of plateau state, washed, sun dried for three days and finally crushed with mortar and pestle. One hundred grams (100 g) of each seeds were measured for oil extraction using n-hexane with soxhlet extractor for six hours. The percentage yield and moisture content of each oil extracted from seeds of each species were determined. The physicochemical properties for seeds were also carried out using Wijs method for Iodine value and Titration method for Acid value, Saponification value, Peroxide value and Free Fatty Acids. The results reveals that the moisture content ranges from 2.25 – 4.08 %, percentage yield 30 – 42.20 %, iodine value 78.32 – 98.04 gI2/g, acid value 2.06 – 4.44 %, saponification value 187.38 – 196.06 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 36.52 – 53.57 mEq/kg, free fatty acid 1.41 – 8.74 % and density 0.78 – 0.96 gml-1. The result obtained indicates that oils from these seeds can be used as raw material for the production of cosmetics, soap and domestic cooking.

The effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from safflower oilseed and physicochemical properties of oil and meal produced

The effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from safflower oilseed and physicochemical properties of oil and meal produced

Physicochemical properties and fatty acids content of selected Sudanese edible vegetable oils

This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical properties and fatty acids content of three Sudanese edible vegetable oils (sesame, sunflower and peanut). The qualitative determination of fatty acids of Sesamum Indicum L, Sunflower and peanut seed oils by GC-MS test showed that the fatty acids which revealed higher concentration were Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid and Stearic acid with different concentration. Many physical properties of oils were determined in this study including the density, viscosity and refractive index. The chemical analysis of the oils including acid value, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value. In conclusion, a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids included Oleic and Linoleic acids were detected in screened edible oils. Furthermore, our findings authorize forecasting oil physicochemical properties which help in the quality assessment of Sudanese edible oils.

Application of in-plastic catalysis for extraction of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons

The object of research is the catalytic effect (hydrocracking) for the production of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons, the subject of the study is the change in the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons by partial gasification, and the lightening of the fractional composition of hydrocarbons. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of studies of the catalytic effect on hard-to-recover hydrocarbons in reservoir conditions. Although processes such as catalytic cracking, reforming, isomerization, aromatization and alkylation of hydrocarbons are known and used in petroleum refining. The research used the methods of scientific knowledge – experiment and measurement. In the course of laboratory work, an effective catalyst was developed, the effect of temperature on the fractional composition and physicochemical properties of oil, oil products and gas condensate was investigated. To simulate formation conditions, hermetic metal retorts were used, in which oil and gas condensate samples were subjected to different temperature regimes. In the process of testing cores saturated with gas condensate, the dependence of filtration on physical parameters – temperature and pressure, fractional composition, specific gravity and viscosity was studied. Laboratory studies have shown a decrease in density and viscosity of hydrocarbons, an increase in core permeability. The effect of catalysis on oil made it possible to increase the volume of light ends distillation from 30 to 60 %, for gas condensate – up to 50 %, which confirms the effectiveness of the method of catalysis of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons. This is due to the fact that the correct formulation and solution of the problem provided adequate results. In contrast to the existing processes of hydrocracking of petroleum products, the proposed method allows you to extract heavy and low-mobile hydrocarbons in reservoir conditions at lower temperatures of 120–150 °С. At the same time, the technology for catalytic hydrogenation of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons will be similar to a typical treatment of a formation with an acid or surfactants. This will make it possible to intensify the commercial reserves of hydrocarbons in the fields that are now classified as hard-to-recover and which account for more than 50 %.

Determination of gross calorific value in crude oil by variable selection methods applied to 13C NMR spectroscopy

Gross Calorific Value (GCV) is one of the properties to assess the quality and value of fuel in the oil industry, but the standard method is laborious. Regression models built with nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) data make it possible to estimate different physicochemical properties of oils. However, its adversity is the enormous amount of chemical information produced in a single spectrum. And not all variables contribute in the model. With variable selection methods (VS), we can find the information that has the highest correlation with the property of interest. In our study, we used different methods applied to 13C NMR data of 145 Brazilian crude oil samples with GCV ranging from 41.5 to 47 MJ∙kg−1. For variable selection we used genetic algorithm (GA), variable importance in projection (VIP), uninformative variable elimination (UVE), angular search algorithm with variance inflation factor (ASA-VIF), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS), interval partial least squares (iPLS), subwindow permutation analysis (SPA), ordered predictors selection (OPS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Also, we used orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS) and partial least squares (PLS) with full spectra (PLS-full). All models using variable selection obtained lower root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) compared to the model based on full range (PLS-full). PSO was the most accurate model with RMSEP of 0.152 MJ∙kg−1. PSO selected the paraffinic region (0 to 4.43 ppm), totalizing 701 variables. Statistical analysis showed no trends in residues above 5% of significance for the best models.

Comparative evaluation of crude Tamanu oil performance as metalworking fluids

In manufacturing industry, metalworking fluids which are mineral based oils are widely applied as feedstock for many sorts of lubrication and cooling applications, posing environmental and health risks. As an alternative replacement, plant-based oils are found to be a viable contender to the mineral-based oil performance. However, crude vegetable oils possess high viscosity values, and low thermal oxidative stability, which prompted the oil modification method to improve the oil's physicochemical properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the machining performance of a novel Crude Tamanu oil (CTO), a product from Pahang, Malaysia, market ready Crude jatropha oil (CJO), commercially available Refined, bleached & deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) and Synthetic ester (SE) during the turning process of AISI 316L stainless steel disc using minimum quality lubrication (MQL) technique. The process outcomes are cutting forces, deformed chip thickness, chip curling effect, and elemental compositions on the surface morphology of the cutting inserts. Based on the experimental results, the best plant-based lubricant in its crude form is revealed by the machining lubricated with CJO, which outperforms all the other tested lubricant samples. The CTO possesses a high kinematic viscosity and viscosity index values, which leads to a huge opportunity for further improvement on its lubrication properties that could improvise its antiwear and antifriction behaviors. This work could further support the sustainable manufacturing efforts in enhancing ‘greener’ metalworking applications as well as the agricultural and the socio economy of the nation.

Analysis of change in the physico-chemical properties of oils depending on the depth and features of deep oils

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of studying the features of the properties of poorly studied oils at great depths (more than 4,500 m), the need for development of which is caused by a reduction in oil production in traditional oil producing provinces. A study was made of changes in the physicochemical properties and occurrence conditions of oils depending on the depth, which made it possible to clarify the quantitative patterns of changes in the physicochemical properties of oils at different depths and to reveal features of the properties of poorly studied deep-seated oils. The studies used information on 21067 oil samples from 167 oil-bearing basins of the world, obtained from the database on the physicochemical properties of oils. It has been shown that in different oil-bearing basins the density and viscosity of oils decreases with depth. The content of sulfur, resins and asphaltenes also decreases with depth, and the content of light fractions and oil gas increases. The paraffin content increases to a depth of 3-4 km, and then decreases with increasing depth. The features of the physicochemical properties of deep-seated oils have been established, which are manifested in a decrease in the density and viscosity of oils, in a decrease in the content of sulfur and asphalt-resinous substances, and in an increase in the content of light fractions and oil gas. The results of geological modeling of changes in the stress state of rocks associated with the displacement of the foundation blocks due to tectonic processes are considered. It has been shown that at the edges of the downing tectonic blocks at the boundary of the sedimentary cover and the basement, zones of minimum pressure (decompression zones) are formed. The lightest hydrocarbons migrate along the faults into the decompression zones, forming deep-seated hydrocarbon deposits, what can serve as a justification for the features of the properties of deep-seated oils established in the work.

Prediction Model between Emulsified Water Fractions and Physicochemical Properties of Crude Oil Based on the Exergy Loss Rate.

The quantitative calculation of emulsified water fractions of crude oil–water systems is of great significance for the study of flow characteristics of multiphase flow pipelines. For a crude oil–water system with a high water fraction, the emulsified water fraction under different influencing factors was determined by emulsification experiments. It was found that the emulsified water fraction under different shearing conditions correlated well with the exergy loss rate and could be described by a power-law equation, in which two undetermined parameters relate to the crude oil physicochemical properties. Six representative parameters were selected to describe the crude oil physicochemical properties, i.e., the sum of asphaltene and resin contents, wax content, mechanical impurity content, crude oil acid number, crude oil average carbon number, and crude oil viscosity. Further, the correlations between the two undetermined parameters and the crude oil physicochemical properties were derived by regression analysis. Thus, the prediction model of emulsified water fraction was determined, which could be conveniently adopted to predict the emulsified water fraction with different crude oils and shearing conditions. The validation results showed that the mean relative deviation of the model prediction is 4.5%.

Modification of Canola Oil Physicochemical Properties by Hexane and Ethanol with Regards of Its Application in Diesel Engine

A mixture of canola oil (Co), n-hexane (Hex), and ethyl alcohol (Et) was proposed as a new energy material for powering diesel engines. For this purpose, surface tension, density, and viscosity measurements, as well as engine tests, were performed for 88%Co10%Hex2%Et and 83%Co15%Hex2%Et mixtures at 20 °C. The adsorption and volumetric properties of these mixtures were compared to those of individual mixture components, as well as diesel fuel (Df) and oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids. It was revealed that the values of surface tension, viscosity, and density of Co were higher than those of the Co components. The addition of 10% Hex and 2% Et to Co caused a more than twofold decrease in its viscosity, while the addition of 15% Hex and 2% Et caused a more than fourfold reduction of Co viscosity. In addition, a mixture of Co with 2% Et and 10% Hex had a density similar to that of Df. In turn, theoretical calculations showed that the addition of n-hexane and ethanol to canola oil only slightly changed its heat of combustion. Engine tests were carried out at fixed engine rotational speeds, with a direct gearbox ratio (4th gear). The quick-changing parameters of the combustion process were registered using an AVL Indimicro system. In these tests it was found that the addition of Et to the mixture of Co and Hex did not significantly shorten the auto-ignition delay, but the kinetic phase during combustion disappeared, which had an impact on the combustion start angle.

Physicochemical properties of oil in water emulsions prepared with irradiated gum tragacanth in acidic conditions

Physicochemical properties of oil in water emulsions prepared with irradiated gum tragacanth in acidic conditions

Основные результаты исследований зависимости коэффициентов преобразования турбинного преобразователя расхода от числа Рейнольдса

The paper focuses on the key findings of the first experimental studies on assessing the dependence of the relative deviation of the conversion coefficients of the turbine flow transducer KTFT on the physicochemical properties of oil and oil products, as well as test conditions. The studies were carried out on a specialized calibration stand and on three systems for measuring the quantity and quality indicators of oil / oil products, operated in the main pipeline transport under various climatic conditions. Relying on the obtained experimental data, we assessed the influence of test conditions on KTFT and established correlation dependences between the kinematic viscosity, density, temperature and excess pressure. The study shows that the kinematic viscosity and density of the working medium, i.e., oil / oil products, as well as the Reynolds number Re, have the greatest influence on KTFT. Furthermore, with a change in the volumetric flow rate and kinematic viscosity at one object, it is possible to predict the change in KTFT in the entire range of the volumetric flow rate, relying on Re values. Findings of research show that the tested turbine flow transducer DN 250-1.6 can be operated when Re > 7600

Oil extraction and cake bromatological properties of crambe (Crambe abyssinica) are affected by extraction at different temperatures and rotation speeds

Temperature and rotation speed are operational parameters that influence oil screw press efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oil physicochemical properties, cake bromatological properties, and oil extraction yield from crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) seeds by mechanical pressing at different temperatures and rotation speeds in a mechanical extruder. A 4 × 5 factorial experimental design was employed to determine the effects of these parameters. The experimental design incorporated four temperature ranges (110–120, 120–130, 130–140, and 140–150°C) and five screw rotation speeds (1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 rotations per minute, RPM), with four repetitions. The physicochemical properties of the oil and crambe cake, and the cake bromatological properties were affected by extraction at different temperatures and extruder rotation speeds. The oil density and viscosity (quality parameters), and the crambe cake bromatological factors, crude fiber, ash, lipid, and moisture content were found to be higher at extraction temperatures in the 140–150°C range. The maximum oil yield was achieved by extraction at a temperature of 140–150°C and a rotation speed of 1800 RPM. The protein and carbohydrate content of the crambe cake decreased with increasing temperature and rotation speed. The oil yield increased by 56% as temperatures increased from the 110–120°C range to the 140–150°C range, and by 41% when the rotation speed increased from 1000 to 1800 RPM. The screw configuration influenced the crambe and cake properties. These results can be used to determine the appropriate configuration of the screw

Sterols as a biomarker in tracing niger and sesame seeds oils adulterated with palm oil

Food adulteration is a serious social problem all over the world. The oil obtained from the niger and sesame is known for its quality and has a high market value in Ethiopia. The cost of the oil obtained from these oilseed crops is high unlike other plant oils, thus prone to be mixed with other cheap oils to increase profits. The study aimed to quantify the sterol profile of niger seed and sesame oils thereby trace adulteration of these oils with palm oil. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry was used to analyze the sterol fractions of oils. A blend of palm oil, at a level of 10%, with niger seed and sesame oil was prepared. In all the studied oils; sitosterol (467.2–2778.96 mg/kg), campesterol (295.9–869.85 mg/kg) and stigmasterol (125.6–920 mg/kg) were the dominant sterols identified. Lupeol, Lanosterol, and Olean-12-en-3-one were only identified in a significant proportion for niger seed oil. Moreover, cholestroltrimethyl silyl ether (19.9 mg/kg) and 24-Nor-22,23- methylenecholest-5-en-3β-ol trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers (139.14 mg/kg) were only identified in palm oil and used to trace adulteration. An attempt made to trace these compounds by mixing palm oil at a level of 10% with niger seed and sesame oils was successfully detected its presence. Hence, as the physicochemical properties of oils can be arranged to cover adulteration, marker identification provides a reliable identity of the specific oil.

Effect of Clonal Variation on Oil Content and Oil Properties of Calophyllum inophyllum L: A Multi Purpose Tree

Calophyllum inophyllum is a potential source of non-edible seed oil. Calophyllum oil is used as a biofuel and also for medicinal purposes. At the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore carried out a study in 2019, on five different clones of C. inophyllum to investigate the effect of clonal variabilty on oil yield and oil physico-chemical properties for use as a biofuel. Oil yield significantly varied among the five clones and ranged from 48.6% to 55.8%. Among the physical properties, except Kinematic Viscosity, Specific Gravity and Refractive Index, the properties such as Flash point, Fire point, Pour point and Cloud point did not vary significantly. However, all the chemical properties studied, such as Acid value, Saponification value, Iodine value and Peroxide value showed apparent variation. From the study it could be derived that clone 15 is more suitable as tree crop for biofuel purpose and the variations among the clones indicate prevalence of scope for tree improvement of C. inophyllum for specific use.

Effect of heating time on the physicochemical properties of selected vegetable oils

The determination of oil physicochemical properties is a useful strategy to monitor oil quality to avoid the use of potentially toxic oil. It is relevant in determining the physical and chemical changes that oil undergo during heating. In this work, the effect of prolong heating time from 1–7 h on the physicochemical properties of soybean oil, palmolein oil, groundnut oil and palm kernel oil was examined. Properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid and peroxide value (PV) were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oils. Results revealed that heating at the different times did not have any significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the oils. There was however, significant differences of the physicochemical properties on the oil types. Results further reveal that based on the peroxide value, soybean oil was the most stable oil out of the four oils studied while palm kernel oil was found to be the least stable oil; as the stability of palm olein oil was found greater than that of groundnut oil.

Characterizing the potential and suitability of Ethiopian variety Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production: Variation in yield and physicochemical properties of oil across different growing areas

The increased cost of biodiesel production from edible oils has motivated the researchers to find alternative non-edible oil feedstocks. Jatropha curcas has been identified as a promising tropical and subtropical perennial energy crop for biodiesel production. However, securing adequate J. curcas oil for sustainable biodiesel production is not achieved yet. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the potential and suitability of J. curcas grown at different areas of Ethiopia for biodiesel production using analytical, instrumental, and empirical methods. The dry weight proportion of J. curcas seeds, seed coats, and kernels were significantly varied across growing ecologies. The oil contents of kernels were reneged between 47.10–59.32%, while the free fatty acid content of all sampled oils was less than 2.7%. The estimated iodine and saponification values were ranged between 99.6–112.6 mg I2 and 180.9–202.0 mg KOH per gram of oil, respectively. Oleic (34.2–42.2%) and Linoleic (34.8–41.8%) acids dominated the fatty acid composition of J. curcas oil. The biodiesel fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point, and cetane numbers predicted from the fatty acid composition of oils were agreed with EN-14214 standards. The k-means cluster revealed that kernels harvested from different geographic locations were grouped in the same cluster, which indicates that the effect of altitudinal variation on the oil content of J. curcas was not significant. However, at too lower and higher altitudes, the kernel’s oil content has significantly declined. In conclusion, Ethiopian variety J. curcas oil showed suitable physicochemical properties for biodiesel production. However, its yield, composition, and physicochemical properties were significantly varied across growing areas.