Physicochemical Parameters Of Water Research Articles

Plankton and macro-benthic invertebrate diversity of Apodu Reservoir in Malete, Nigeria

The present study investigated the physicochemical, phyto- and zoo-plankton, macro-invertebrate composition and abundance in Apodu Reservoir in Malete, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Samples were collected twice a month in duplicate using standard techniques between February and July 2021. The physicochemical parameters of water: pH, electrical conductivity, water temperature and total dissolved solids were measured in situ using a portable water tester, and the other parameter were measured using standard methods. A sampling net with a mesh size of 0.5 mm were used for plankton collection while benthos were sampled using an Ekma grab sampler. The species richness and diversity were calculated using PAST 4.03 software. The result of the physicochemical parameters, phyto- and zoo-plankton and benthic macro-invertebrates showed significant differences between dry and rainy seasons. Nineteen species of phytoplankton and 13 species of zooplankton were identified in the reservoir. The Simpson index (1-D) values for dry and rainy seasons were 0.7654 and 0.8595, respectively, while the Margalef index values for dry and rainy seasons were 1.82 and 2.919, respectively. The study indicated that the reservoir water was slightly alkaline (pH 7.63 – 8.63) and had a low level of dissolved oxygen (4.9–5.8 mg/l). The occurrence of pollution-resistant phytoplankton species: Oscillatoria spp., Microcytis spp., and Microthamnion zooplankton species: Bosmina meridinalis, Keratella tropica, Branchionus calyciflorus and macro-invertebrates species: Namalycastis abiuma indicated the eutrophic status of the reservoir water indicating the reservoir is under anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, reservoir management activities such as protecting the reservoir areas and proper functioning of the reservoir to reduce, human activities are recommended.

Comparative study of algal community in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) farming ponds

AbstractIn subsistence and small‐scale fish farming, algae are an important food source for fish. Therefore, understanding their distribution and diversity in fish ponds is essential. This study aimed at characterising algae species in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming ponds and their contribution to these species’ diet. Water samples were collected from different points of the farming pond: in rearing pond, evacuation canal of each species and decantation pond. Samples were also collected from fish stomachs and intestines. Afterwards, they were analysed with a photonic microscope for species identification using standard identification keys. The highest species richness (S) and Shannon index (H) were observed in fish rearing ponds (S = 73, H = 2.98–3.84) and the lowest in fish stomachs and intestines (S = 41, H = 1.88‐3.07). Jaccard's similarity index, ranging from 0.17 to 0.55, shows a high specific diversity of alga in the different sampling points. During the experimental period, water physicochemical parameters were within the optimum growth for algae and fish species. Since some algae species recorded are consumed by both fish species, this study recommends to select and cultivate them for fish food production.

Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters of St. Nicholas River, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

The Physicochemical parameters of St. Nicholas River were determined from October, 2020 to September, 2021. Three sampling stations were identified and used throughout the duration of the studies. They were Meinmokiri, Ebierewo-bugo and Egeinkiri sampling stations. The physicochemical parameters were measured in situ with Mercury in Glass Thermometer for Temperature, Hand held Digital Salinometer for (Model AR8012) for Salinity, pH meter (Model PH-009(1)) for pH, Digital conductivity tester (Model AR8011) for Conductivity, TDS meter (Model AR8012) for Total Dissolved Solid, Digital Water Velocity meter (Model PF LV550) for Water Velocity, Secchi Disk for Transparency, Digital Depth Founder (Model SD-5) for Water Depth and Dissolved Oxygen Meter (Model OM-51-10) for Dissolved Oxygen. The mean values of the Physicochemical parameters of water at the three sampling stations are temperature; 29.98±0.550C, Dissolved Oxygen DO; 11.89±0.33mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD; 2.06±0.26 mg/L, Salinity; 16.80±2.06 PPT, Conductivity; 27.54±3.03µS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids TDS; 9.44±0.50mg/L, pH; 7.41±0.14, Water Depth; 0.58±0.06m, Transparency; 27.27±0.03cm and Water Velocity; 54.79±5.71m3/s. These physicochemical parameters values are comparable with other water bodies in the Niger Delta indicating contaminated waters. The contamination was caused by anthropogenic activities in terms of parameters assessed, therefore mitigation should be put in place for biodiversity conservation and sustainability of the ecosystem.

Iron overload consequences for submerged plants stoichiometry, homeostasis and performance

Accelerated lakes eutrophication is one of the greatest challenges nowadays. To counteract its negative effects, large-scale restoration treatments are carried out worldwide. However, research in this field is mainly focused on the process effectiveness and there is a scarcity of studies concerning the impact of restoration treatments on water organisms and ecosystem homeostatsis. Our microcosm study presents the effects of a phosphorus coagulant (iron [III] chloride) on functional traits changes, oxidative stress and macro- and microelement stoichiometry disturbances in macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, a model species inhabiting eutrophic waters. Application of the coagulant to experimental vessels influenced the physicochemical and optical parameters of water and led to significant changes in biogeochemistry. Stoichiometric alterations were reflected by disturbances in the relative contents of macro- (C, N, P, Ca, Mg) and microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Co) and induced luxury consumption of available ions. Physicochemical and stoichiometric changes mutually exerted negative influence on M. spicatum functional traits. The parameters of oxidative stress remained at low levels, comparable to the untreated control whereas stoichiometric analysis revealed the activation of mechanisms responsible for minimizing low light stress. The ability of M. spicatum to maintain homeostasis of Cu and Co under simulated chemical water restoration was closely related to high concentrations of Fe and Zn ions, which simultaneously were not subjected to homeostasis control. Thus, chemical lake restoration treatments based on phosphorus coagulants are not as environmentally safe as previously considered and may have far-reaching consequences for the biogeochemical cycle and food web functioning.

Assessing Climate and Human Activity Effects on Hypersaline Lake Ecosystem: Case Study of Saki Lake, Crimea

In the Crimean Peninsula, there are several hypersaline lakes that have hydromineral and biological resources. However, they are under a significant anthropogenic load, which together with the climate change leads to negative consequences for the ecosystems. The aim of the work was to study the seasonal changes of physicochemical parameters of water (temperature, pH, oxygen content, salinity, redox potential Eh, optical density and transparency) and Artemia population in Saki Lake in 2022. For the daily fluctuations of temperature, O2, CH4 and CO2, a vertical temperature profile measuring system was installed at the boundaries of the air, water and bottom at a depth of 4 m and with a spatial discreteness of 0.2 m. The drive sensors for the content of gases assay in the air were installed. The increase in salinity and Eh in summer was accompanied by an increase in air and water temperature. Simultaneously, decreases in oxygen content and pH in brine have been observed. Artemia cysts were found throughout the year, nauplii were mostly available during spring and autumn, and the adults were shown in summer. The obtained results demonstrated the seasonal fluctuations in the hypersaline ecosystem within the ongoing climate change, and they can be used for the development of the optimal management of the mineral and biological resources of such water bodies.

Impact of physicochemical parameters of water on the biodiversity of the invertebrate fauna from Echatt Lake, Northeast Algeria

Abstract. Mounira H, Fatiha BS, Noureddine S. 2023. Impact of physicochemical parameters of water on the biodiversity of the invertebrate fauna from Echatt Lake (Northeast Algeria). Biodiversitas 24: 258-268. Algeria is a case study of biodiversity ignorance. To date, there are neither complete inventories for any taxa nor atlas across the country! Yet, Algeria is of great importance for global biodiversity. The coastal area of Algeria is part of the global biodiversity hotspot which is the Mediterranean perimeter and has several regional red spots of biodiversity. Biodiversity provides raw material resources necessary for living beings' survival and maintaining atmospheric quality, climate regulation, water quality, and soil fertility. In addition, macrobenthic fauna is an important provider of aquatic ecosystems. The present study aimed to determine the biodiversity of the invertebrate community from Echatt Lake (Northeast Algeria) located in a protected area classified by Ramsar in 1983, and to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic activities using water physicochemical parameters on their structure and function. Samples were collected monthly over one year (January 2019-December 2019) at four selected stations, and 2,861 specimens were collected. The identified species (16 species) belong to 9 families: Naucoridae, Hydrophilidae, Notonectidae, Pleidae, Corexidae, Eylaidae, Pionidae, Daphniidae, and Copepoda. Seven physicochemical parameters (temperature, hydrogen potential, electrical conductivity, hydrometric title, alkalimetric title, complete alkalimetric titer, and turbidity) of the water were also determined in each station to evaluate their influence on the abundance and distribution of the invertebrate fauna. The pH and the apparent turbidity influence the invertebrate fauna, while the richness was relatively low at stations 2 and 4, located near anthropogenic sources of pollution. The data obtained permitted us to evaluate the possible impact of anthropogenic activities on the biodiversity of invertebrates.

Determination of pollution status of Nilüfer river by water and bottom sediment analysis

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the Nilüfer river in terms of water quality standards. Bottom sediment and water samples were taken from six different locations. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters of water compared with FAO for irrigation water quality standards. In addition, the SAR (sodium adsorption ratio), % Na, MAR (magnesium adsorption ratio), RSC (residual sodium carbonate), KR (Kelley's ratio) and % PI (permeability index) parameters were evaluated in water samples. The bottom sediment pollution situation was evaluated in terms of pollution index such as TEC (threshold effect concentration) and PEC (probable effect concentration). According to the results of the study, the irrigation water classes of the samples were determined as C2S1 and C3S1. Especially, sample sites S4, S5 and S6 were not suitable for irrigation in terms of RSC, KR. The bottom sediment exceeded the TEC and PEC limit values in terms of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni contents. This may cause adverse effects on the majority of sediment-dwelling organisms.The use of alternative water sources should be preferred. The river can be used for irrigation with precaution but extensive treatment is required before use for irrigation purposes to prevent adverse public health effects.

Long-Term Changes in and Conservation Guidelines for Water Caltrop (Trapa natans L.) in Two Reservoirs in Poland

Climate change, worsening freshwater quality, and anthropogenic factors have caused water caltrop to lose approximately 80% of its habitat in Poland since the early 1980s. The presence of this plant species has substantially changed since the end of the 19th century. Our aim in this study was to examine the habitat and conservation status of Trapa natans in the Szumirad reservoir and Nowokuźnicki pond reserve in Poland and to indicate sources of potential hazards for the analyzed population. To achieve this aim, we spatially analyzed the changes in the total reservoir area, dynamics of species population, physico-chemical parameters of water, and climatic data. For the Szumirad reservoir, we observed substantial changes in water caltrop quantity and condition. For the Nowokuźnicki pond reserve, we found a serious threat to the Trapa habitat posed by the developing Nupharo–Nymphaeetum albae association, which is a strong competitor of nymphaeids. The obtained results indicated that surface waters localized in protected areas might play an important role in maintaining the population of water caltrop. On the basis of our analyses of selected populations, we emphasize that present protection procedures should be supplemented with the active protection of the species.

Effect of water physicochemistry on amphibian abundance in Sub-tropical Kupinde Lake of the Nepal Himalaya

Abstract. Sunar CB, Pandey N, Chand B, Upadhyaya LP, Thapa B, Pant RR, Khanal L. 2022. Effect of water physicochemistry on amphibian abundance in Sub-tropical Kupinde Lake of the Nepal Himalaya. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 12: 92-99. Amphibians are the key bioindicators of ecosystem health. Their diversity and abundance are affected by the physicochemical factors of the environment. Wetland ecosystems of the Himalaya are under the threat of human activities and current climate change. However, hydrochemical status and faunal diversity are poorly documented in the wetlands of western Nepal. This study characterized the physicochemical parameters of water in Kupinde Lake in the Salyan District of Karnali Province, Nepal, and established the association between amphibian abundance and those parameters. A total of 24 samples of surface water were collected at the lake's edge during October 2021, and 18 physical and chemical parameters were analyzed. Visual encounter surveys were conducted at each water sampling site to count amphibians within a circle of two meters in diameter. The lake water was slightly alkaline (mean pH = 8.16±0.29), and the major dominating cation and anion were Ca2+ and HCO3-, respectively. Amphibian abundance was positively correlated with pH, HCO3-, and NH4+ and negatively correlated with EC, TDS, CO2, Cl-, and Na+. The polynomial regression analysis revealed amphibian abundance has a consistent positive association with water pH (r2 = 0.497, p < 0.05) and unimodal relation with the temperature (r2 = 0.188, p < 0.05). Low amphibian diversity and dominance of a single amphibian species, the Indian skipper frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Schneider, 1799), indicate poor ecosystem health of the lake. The findings of this study provide baseline information for monitoring and managing the Kupinde Lake.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Differences between Mains and Bottled Water, in an Area in the Central Area of Romania.

The human body is mostly made up of water. The largest proportion of the human body is water, hence the growing interest of specialists in defining the importance of water in the body and the risks of dehydration. This study determined the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the drinking water distributed in the public network in the area of operation of Water Distribution Operator in Mureș County and samples of bottled water existing on the market in Mureş County (mineral, spring or table). The water supplied to the network can be safely consumed. This is demonstrated both by the results of the analyses of the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters related to the legislative standards and by the values of the similar parameters analyzed for the bottled water.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN WATER SAMPLES FROM NWANIBA RIVER, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues is not only germane but critical in view of their inherent health challenges and for informed decision-making process. This study was conducted to assess the levels of contamination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water from Nwaniba River in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The analysis was carried out using Gas Chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The obtained results revealed the predominance of Dieldrin in the different samples of water analysed from Ufak Effiong in the Southern District (station I) and Akani Obio in Uruan Central District (station II) of Uruan. Pesticide levels were found to be significantly higher than the World Health Organization /Food and Agricultural Association (WHO/FAO) Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) ranged from Below detection limit (BDL) - 2.37 × 10-1 ng/µL for water samples. Carcinogenic risk values for γ-BHC, delta-BHC, Dieldrin, Endosulfan I and Heptachlor epoxide in the water samples were found to be less than 1.0 × 10−5, thus posing no potentially serious cancer risk to consumers. The values of cancer risk obtained were lower (6.448 × 10- 11 and 7.208 × 10-11) than the established maximum limit. Hazard index (HI) values calculated for pesticide consumption through water by children and adults are all above unity, indicating that high toxic risks are associated with them. The HI values for children exposure are significantly lower compared to those of adults of Ufak Effiong and Akani Obio. This study reveals that the physicochemical parameters of water obtained from both stations were below the maximum permitted levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). It also provides a baseline data and critical information to encourage effective monitory and management of the ecosystem.

The Studies of Environmental Load and Consequences of Leather Industrial Effluents in Bangladesh

Leather industrial effluent is restrained as one of the most ecologically uncomplimentary industrial processes. The study aims to review leather effluents in the industrial processes and their involvement in environmental contamination in Bangladesh. The article was organized to compile all present data from different journals, books, reports, and web sources on tannery effluents characterization in the country. A wide variability of synthetic dyes, dyestuffs, and toxic chemicals is used in the leather and tannery industrial sector. The result revealed that some physicochemical water parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), etc. and one heavy metal, Cr of the leather industrial effluents of the country exceeded their standard limits. The effluents and solid wastes are affecting the soil systems, agriculture, aquatic environment, and public health since the development of the leather industries in the country. Now a day, its proper management and curative measures like the removal system have become the furthermost considerate responsibilities of Bangladesh. It is imperious to take instantaneous steps to diminish environmental contamination owing to discharge the of untreated leather industrial effluents.

A Novel Risk-Based Quantifiable Approach to Biosecurity Measures in Biofloc Units of West Bengal, India: Implications for Consumer Safety

A novel risk-based weighted scoring system was developed taking the risk of biosecurity measures of each biofloc technology (BFT) unit in two aquaculturally influential districts, North and South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India, into account. The current study was carried out over a 6-month period to observe the incidence of Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli in biofloc units of these districts along with a questionnaire-based survey on biosecurity measures employed there. Moreover, the correlation between the total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBCs) in water and gut with the physicochemical parameters of water was also analyzed. The physico-chemical parameters of water in the BFT units were maintained optimally for Nile tilapia culture. A significant positive correlation was observed between the THBCs of water samples and the dissolved oxygen (DO) of Panchpota unit, whereas a significantly negative correlation was observed between the THBCs of water and gut samples collected from Basirhat and Ashoknagar units. The prominence of E. coli in biofloc units of South 24 Parganas suggested possible faecal contamination and lower biosecurity measures being implemented implying at the threats of consumer safety. The grading system, on the other hand, might be viewed as a beneficial instrument for monitoring the biosecurity level of biofloc units over time and pointed out that West Bengal biofloc farmers paid more heed to internal biosecurity than external biosecurity measures.

Biodiversity of Rotifers Recorded from the Littoral Zone of a Flood Plain

This study intended to investigate the rotifer density and diversity from a flood plain. For this purpose, Balloki Headworks was selected. It is an area near the Ravi River that was affected by flooding. The sampling was done from April to June 2022. The highest diversity and density were observed in June and the lowest in April. Twelve species of rotifers were obtained from sampling, belonging to four different genera. Eight different physico-chemical parameters of water were measured using respective laboratory meters using standard guidelines. These parameters include the temperature of water and air, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water pH, Oxygen saturation, salinity, total dissolved solids and turbidity. It was observed that Habrotrocha ligula (Bryce, 1913) and Rotaria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) were the two most abundant species, while Philodina citrina (Ehrenberg, 1832) and Philodina acuticornis (Murray, 1902) were the least abundant.

Static Mixer Apparatus for blending Ozone with water in the Process Pipeline

The article describes the procedures and results of directly mixing ozone with treated water in the process pipeline. The issue of disinfecting drinking water is significant because water is a vital resource for economic activity. Modern researchers are developing innovative disinfection technologies, such as mixing ozone-air with treated water in the process pipeline. The formation and quality of water in a reservoir were investigated, as well as the effect of ozone on the physicochemical parameters of water taken from the reservoir. The study presented a prototype disinfectant system and confirmed the findings of other researchers that swirling water flow is the most efficient way to mix 99% of ozone released into the pipeline. The study determined a treatment mode that provides the maximum disinfection efficiency while using the least amount of ozone.

Crenotherapy using Spring Thermal Water in Western Algeria and its Effectiveness Against Kidney Stones

Water is a natural resource with multiple uses. It is precious and important; therefore, it must meet the standard criteria. The goal of this project is to verify and estimate the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water from the Dar Bentata source and its therapeutic benefits in medical diseases. These analyses covered several physicochemical water parameters. These parameters are temperature, hydrogen potential, MO, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, O2, total hardness, alkalinity, color, Cl- ; SO42- ; NO3- ; NO2- ; HCO3- ; Ca2+, Mg2+ ; K+ ; PO4-3 , and Na+… ,and a certain number of bacteriological parameters such as total germs, total fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Clostridium sulfitor. Three water points were sampled for five days during December 2021. The different hydrochemical facies of the Dar Bentata were used to determine the quality of the water. The results show that this water source is sodium chloride in nature and has therapeutic properties for calcium lithiasis. KEYWORDS Bacteriological, chemical facies, physicochemical analyses, quality, saline, source water

Seasonal Sensitivity of Reco from Aquatic Ecosystem to Meteorological and Physicochemical Water Parameters

Ecosystem respiration (Reco) is the main contributor to carbon emissions from different types of aquatic ecosystems. For a better understanding of CO2 emissions from the water-atmosphere interface of rivers and to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors and water quality parameters on Reco, in-situ measurements were carried out in Damboviţa River in the winter season when temperatures were up to freezing point as well as in the summer period, which is the most dynamic in terms of CO2 exchange. Reco during the monitoring period ranged from 4.56 to 40.5 gm-2h-1. The statistical analysis of the data set showed that among the meteorological parameters, temperatures explain most temporal variability of CO2 fluxes. By scaling the importance of the water quality parameters, the precision of the permutations indicated the pH as the most influential parameter in the analysis of the dependent factors. The analysed data indicates that aquatic ecosystems are highly sensitive to changes in the current context of climate change, which implies that these ecosystems can easily turn into important sources of carbon in the atmosphere.

Morpho-Taxonomic Identification and Seasonal Correlation between Algal Diversity and Water Physico-Chemical Parameters in District Bajaur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Morpho-Taxonomic Identification and Seasonal Correlation between Algal Diversity and Water Physico-Chemical Parameters in District Bajaur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Algae Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Toebrongchhu Stream, Punakha Dzongkhag, Bhutan and Their Relationship with Water Parameters

Alga is a diverse and widely distributed microorganism across the globe. An endeavor has been made to study the algae of Toebrongchhu stream, Punakha district, Bhutan including their diversity and distribution pattern. It also assessed the relationship between algae and selected physicochemical parameters of stream water. Stratified systematic sampling was used for the study due to huge differences in altitude and climatic conditions in the study area. The stream was divided into three zones, downstream, mid-stream, and headwater stream along the altitudinal gradient. The algae were collected by scooping, scraping, and scrubbing different moist and submerged substrates from 36 plots along the stream and then preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution. Results present a total of 40 algae taxa including 25 algae identified up to species level, among which 19 are being reported for the first time from Bhutan. Species diversity was higher in downstream altitudinal zone ranging from 1200-1600 m a.s.l. Similarly, the microhabitat pool had higher species diversity. Spearman correlation showed a significant positive correlation of diversity with total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH, and a negative correlation with altitude. Canonical correspondence analysis between algal species and parameters revealed that altitude is the main factor in the distribution of freshwater algae.

Modifications of petroleum industry effluent treatment Method: An approach for quality improvement of process water for ASP flooding and chemical EOR

Several Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) pilot facilities are currently being put into operation across India. The physicochemical parameters of the process water play an important role in the success of ASP flood to improve the recovery. In the current study treated effluent from an effluent treatment plant (ETP) is used as process water for the ASP pilot. The ETP sample water collected shows a lack of improvement in quality in terms of iron content, higher total suspends solids (TSS), high turbidity, and low filterability. The process water has calcium (as Ca + ) 60 mg/L and magnesium (as Mg2 + ) 33 mg/L. These ions are critical in the ASP designing process. The increase in the rate of filtration was determined by plotting the rate of filtration against the cumulative volume (Cerini filtration). The MTSN values were observed to be −1.35 and −1.09. The RPI values are 7.15 and 2.60 at two different time periods. The sample collected showed a lack of improvement in quality. This tube well water after filtration was best suited for ASP flooding. However, the high concentration of calcium results in the formation of calcium carbonate in addition to sodium carbonate (to be used as alkali for ASP). Hence calcium should be removed by softening the process water in the softening plant. The water was treated in the laboratory with a calculated amount of sodium carbonate to remove calcium and magnesium. Which comes out to be 0.30 gm/l of water. After treatment water was filtered and calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined. The calcium concentration was calculated 13 mg/l as compared to 60 mg/l in treated water.