Chief Physician Research Articles

Epidemic diseases during the World War I and Dr Server Kamil Tokgöz.

Server Kamil became one of the most prominent doctors during the period of the Ottoman Empirey. Server Kamil, who specialized in bacteriology and sanitation, made a name for himself primarily through his fight in the memories against epidemic diseases on the Caucasus front during World War I. He was sent to the Caucasus front as chief physician of Erzurum Red Crescent (Hilâl-i Ahmer) Hospital, and made great efforts to prevent the disease typhus-which was a major problem in the region-as soon as he reached the front line. He worked long and hard to develop a vaccine to prevent typhus, which affects thousands of soldiers and civilians. He also played a pioneering role in establishing important institutions such as the Sivas Smallpox Vaccine Laboratory and the Rabies Treatment Centre, which accomplished significant work and achieved great success both during the World War I and in the period that followed. This article attempts to clarify the activities of Server Kamil on Caucasus front during World War I based on the documents of the Turkish Red Crescent Archive, the reports of the Red Crescent Society.

Remembering Alexander Ivanovich Panyushkin: the first neurosurgeon at the Lenringad Road Hospital, successor of the neurosurgical school of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov

ABSTRACT. This article focuses on the life and professional achievements of Alexander Ivanovich Panyushkin (19332022), who served as the first neurosurgeon at the Oktyabrskaya Railway Road Hospital and later became its chief physician from 1974 to 1999. Panyushkin obtained his neurosurgical specialization at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, studying under renowned academic neurosurgeons such as V.A. Shustin, V.A. Grebenyuk, and B.A. Samotokin. In the 1960s, Panyushkin studied under renowned academic neurosurgeons such as Associate Professor V.A. Shustin (a specialist in treating discogenic radiculitis), Professor V.A. Grebenyuk, and Professor B.A. Samotokin (head of the department) and other figures and doctors of the academy. The article highlights the establishment of the neurosurgical department of the Road Hospital, which served as the base of the Department of Neuro surgery of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, as well as the close relationship between the hospital and the academy for many years. It also explores Panyushkins significant contributions to the diagnosis and surgical treatment of discogenic lumbosacral radiculomyeloishemia, as reflected in his well-known monographs. The article provides insights into Panyushkins remarkable career journey from a young surgeon to the head physician of a renowned spinal neurosurgical department in Leningrad. Under Panyushkins leadership, the hospital witnessed substantial development, including the construction and equipping of new buildings between 1976 and 1985, where the main capacities of the hospital are concentrated today. The authors draw on Panyushkins memoir to shed light on the history of the Road Hospital, its doctors from different generations, and the experiences of Soviet medicine during the 1960s to 1990s. The authors of this article constantly refer to the materials of this book, which may be useful to clinicians as well as those who are interested in the history of domestic medicine.

Dmitry Egorovich Gorokhov (1863–1921): Founder of Pediatric Surgery and Promoter of Child Welfare in Moscow

The article dwells upon Dmitry Egorovich Gorokhov, prominent representative of the Moscow pediatric school. D.E. Gorokhov, as the chief physician and director of the Sofia Children’s Hospital in Moscow, is well-recognized as the author of the first Russian pediatric surgery guidelines and he is rightfully considered the founder of this discipline. Management tactics for such socially significant diseases in children as appendicitis, tuberculosis of bones and joints, tumors, and various congenital abnormalities were developed under his supervision. D.E. Gorokhov was the first who summarized the experience of using anesthesia in pediatric surgery. He became the initiator and organizer of nutrition in Moscow municipal schools. The scientific, practical, educational, and social activities of the doctor and scientist who notably contributed to the child welfare are shown.

The sources of organization of recreation and health improvement in Artek: The experience of the first turns

The article describes historical period of becoming of Artek as children camp in the first half of the 1920s. The facts that are insufficiently covered in publications are cited. Before the opening of the first children health camp, immense regulatory and organizational work was carried out. Its experience is invaluable. The People's Commissar of Health Care Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko and the first chief physician of Artek Fedor Fedorovich Shishmarev significantly influenced both on factual organization of institution of new format and becoming and consolidation of system of childfren health protection at its very initial stages. F. F. Shishmarev collected materials that permitted to analyze medical activities of the camp in first two years of its existence. The special attention is paid to comparative analysis of morbidity and evaluation of the results of stay of children in the camp. According to the outcomes of successfully conducted first turns of 1925-1926, the young Soviet government adopted decision to develop the given direction of activity, positioned at the junction of educational, ideological and recreational work.

Medical and sanitary service of northern part of Bukovyna after the First World War (1918-1928)

The article deals with the main trends in the restoration and development of the medical and sanitary service in the territory of Northern Bukovyna in 1918-1928, during which martial law continued here, after which the territory became part of the Kingdom of Romania.In the first post-war period the population of the region found itself almost entirely without healthcare. Collapsed health system could not fight the spread of epidemic diseases through the region that also led to a complicated demographic situation in the post-war Bukovyna. The enduring spread of diseases among the population and, to a certain extent, the wish of Romanian authorities to use medicine for propaganda purposes forced the start of a comprehensive work to improve health and sanitary conditions in the region. The primary task that had to be urgently solved by the health service in the early post-war years has become the overcoming of the epidemics of infectious diseases that at the end of World War I led to great mortality among the population. Quite common among the residents of the region were dysentery, typhoid, typhus, relapsing fever, tuberculosis, and a number of pediatric respiratory infections – scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, contagious parotitis, varicella and others. Some years there was an urgent need for the establishment of health centres, dispensaries. According to the law of 1923, the Health Service was divided into two parts: sanitary and hospital. The Sanitary Service was engaged in supervision, control and study of the health status of the settlements, the use of general and special preventive measures and prevention of epidemics, to provide medical care outside hospitals, educate the population about prevention and treatment of social diseases etc. The Hospital Service was responsible for hospital treatment and medical supervision of patients in hospitals. Bukovyna along with Khotyn district and the northern part of Moldova was included in the VIII sanitary region under the guidance of General Sanitary Inspectorate. For the operation of health service, Bukovyna was divided into five health areas, each headed by a Chief Physician. Areas were divided into sanitary districts. At the head of each one was the district doctor who had assistants, district midwives, and health agents. The duty of medical personnel was to countercheck social diseases. In this regard, 9 infirmaries and 27 dispensaries were founded in Bukovyna within 10 years (1918-1928).To avoid the spread of infectious diseases from abroad – an official centre «Grigore Ghica Vodӑ» was created to examine travellers at the border at the railway station in Nepolokivtsi.Also, in the first post-war decade for health services of the land the Sanitary Inspectorate has founded in Chernivtsi: Regional warehouse of medical instruments and devices; Regional warehouse of drugs, serums, vaccines and bandages, and the Institute of Hygiene.Compulsory preventive vaccination against smallpox and other infectious diseases was introduced. Doctors held free consultations in towns and villages both at home and in hospitals. At the same time, in the first post-war decade a decrease of doctors and paramedical staff is observed.Taking into consideration the shortage of a sufficient number of hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, lack of medicines, vaccines, therapeutic sera in Bukovyna, it should be ascertained that the state of epidemic diseases in the region in the early post-war years remained extremely hard. Only in the mid-20s such diseases as smallpox, typhus, and dysentery had been largely overcome thanks to vaccination, organizational and educational measures taken by the authorities. However, there remained high death rate from heart diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, due to difficult living conditions and inaccessibility of health care to the most.

PRAYER, VIRD AND ZIKR IN CENTRAL ASIAN FOLK MEDICINE

It is of great importance for us to unearth and examine such Turkic texts, which are important both in terms of history and geography of Turkic world and shed light on a large part of it. Finding and examining historical texts written in Central Asia is one of the important steps to be taken, especially in Turkic medical history studies. One of these values is the reflection of Yesevilik and Sufism, which reflects the culture, Islamic understanding and philosophy of Turkiс tribes’ life, in prayers and virds, which are important actions for mental and physical health. The manuscript “Dastūr al-‘Ilāj” written in the Chagatai language by Sultan Ali Tabīb Khorasani, who was chief physician in palace of Kyoskunju Khan of 16th century, is discussed. In the text, various prayers and rituals are used in addition to the drugs and classical methods used in the treatment of various diseases. In this classical and traditional medicine book written in the 16th century Central Asia, the treatment methods of various diseases, its functions and reasons of prayers used with drugs will be explained with examples. In the study, the meaning and importance of prayer and its effect in traditional medicine, that is, in folk medicine, as well as the fact that it is a supportive and auxiliary power and method besides medical treatment on the basis of domestic and foreign sources compiled from various scientific publications, the importance of spiritual treatment used on the basis of prayer, its psychodynamics are still up-to-date in Turkic culture. It has been emphasized that our spiritual values and mystical views play an important role in not being forgotten. Keywords: Traditional Medicine In Turks, Spiritual Treatment, Religious Rituals, Yesevilik, Historical Medical Texts.

Evaluation of Emergency Applications Made to Pre-Hospital Emergency Health Services by Schools and Dormitories

The aim of this study is to evaluate the emergency applications made to the pre-hospital emergency health services by schools and dormitories. Material and Methods: This study is a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional record review study. The research data were collected by retrospectively reviewing the records of students who applied to Gümüşhane Provincial Ambulance Service Chief Physician from kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools and dormitories thereof between 2010 and 2019. A total of 4731 relevant medical record were accessed. Results: Of the emergency applications made to the pre-hospital emergency health services by schools and dormitories, 53,2% were made from high school dormitories, 28,3% from high schools, 15,2% from elementary schools, 3,3% from regional boarding elementary schools, and 0,1% from kindergartens. Conclusion: It was determined that the highest number of emergency applications to the Gümüşhane Provincial Ambulance Service Chief Physician were made in the month of October in 2015 and 2016 and due to trauma-related cases.

Visual Cascaded-Progressive Convolutional Neural Network (C-PCNN) for Diagnosis of Meniscus Injury.

The objective of this study is to develop a novel automatic convolutional neural network (CNN) that aids in the diagnosis of meniscus injury, while enabling the visualization of lesion characteristics. This will improve the accuracy and reduce diagnosis times. We presented a cascaded-progressive convolutional neural network (C-PCNN) method for diagnosing meniscus injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 1396 images collected in the hospital were used for training and testing. The method used for training and testing was 5-fold cross validation. Using intraoperative arthroscopic diagnosis and MRI diagnosis as criteria, the C-PCNN was evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and evaluation performance. At the same time, the diagnostic accuracy of doctors with the assistance of cascade- progressive convolutional neural networks was evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of a C-PCNN assistant with an attending doctor and chief doctor was compared to evaluate the clinical significance. C-PCNN showed 85.6% accuracy in diagnosing and identifying anterior horn injury, and 92% accuracy in diagnosing and identifying posterior horn injury. The average accuracy of C-PCNN was 89.8%, AUC = 0.86. The diagnosis accuracy of the attending physician with the aid of the C-PCNN was comparable to that of the chief physician. The C-PCNN-based MRI technique for diagnosing knee meniscus injuries has significant practical value in clinical practice. With a high rate of accuracy, clinical auxiliary physicians can increase the speed and accuracy of diagnosis and decrease the number of incorrect diagnoses.

Study on the method of automatically determining maxillary complex landmarks based on non-rigid registration algorithms

Objective: To explore an automatic landmarking method for anatomical landmarks in the three-dimensional (3D) data of the maxillary complex and preliminarily evaluate its reproducibility and accuracy. Methods: From June 2021 to December 2022, spiral CT data of 31 patients with relatively normal craniofacial morphology were selected from those who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The sample included 15 males and 16 females, with the age of (33.3±8.3) years. The maxillary complex was reconstructed in 3D using Mimics software, and the resulting 3D data of the maxillary complex was mesh-refined using Geomagic software. Two attending physicians and one associate chief physician manually landmarked the 31 maxillary complex datasets, determining 24 anatomical landmarks. The average values of the three expert landmarking results were used as the expert-defined landmarks. One case that conformed to the average 3D morphological characteristics of healthy individuals' craniofacial bones was selected as the template data, while the remaining 30 cases were used as target data. The open-source MeshMonk program (a non-rigid registration algorithm) was used to perform an initial alignment of the template and target data based on 4 landmarks (nasion, left and right zygomatic arch prominence, and anterior nasal spine). The template data was then deformed to the shape of the target data using a non-rigid registration algorithm, resulting in the deformed template data. Based on the unchanged index property of homonymous landmarks before and after deformation of the template data, the coordinates of each landmark in the deformed template data were automatically retrieved as the automatic landmarking coordinates of the homonymous landmarks in the target data, thus completing the automatic landmarking process. The automatic landmarking process for the 30 target data was repeated three times. The root-mean-square distance (RMSD) of the dense corresponding point pairs (approximately 25 000 pairs) between the deformed template data and the target data was calculated as the deformation error of the non-rigid registration algorithm, and the intra-class correlation efficient (ICC) of the deformation error in the three repetitions was analyzed. The linear distances between the automatic landmarking results and the expert-defined landmarks for the 24 anatomical landmarks were calculated as the automatic landmarking errors, and the ICC values of the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were analyzed. Results: The average three-dimensional deviation (RMSD) between the deformed template data and the corresponding target data for the 30 cases was (0.70±0.09) mm, with an ICC value of 1.00 for the deformation error in the three repetitions of the non-rigid registration algorithm. The average automatic landmarking error for the 24 anatomical landmarks was (1.86±0.30) mm, with the smallest error at the anterior nasal spine (0.65±0.24) mm and the largest error at the left oribital (3.27±2.28) mm. The ICC values for the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were all 1.00. Conclusions: This study established an automatic landmarking method for three-dimensional data of the maxillary complex based on a non-rigid registration algorithm. The accuracy and repeatability of this method for landmarking normal maxillary complex 3D data were relatively good.

A Study on the Sources of Chief Physician Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi's Risãla 'Illat Mathãna: Did Kãtib-zãde Actually Use the Works of European Authors as Sources?

The aim of this study was to identify the Eastern and Western authors and physicians quoted by Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi (died 1769), the chief physician of the Ottoman Empire, in his work Risãla 'illat mathãna. The study also aimed to determine whether Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi benefited from the views of the physicians that he mentioned in his treatise and, if so, from which works he benefited. In this study, a copy of Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi's Risãla 'i rãbi' fî al-mathãna, with the registration number T 3796/4 in the Turkish manuscripts section of the Istanbul University Rare Books Library, was examined. Eastern and Western physicians mentioned by Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi in this work were first identified; then, a literature search was conducted regarding these authors and their works. In his Risãla 'illat mathãna, Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi mentions the names of eminent Eastern physicians and quotes from their works. For example, he mentions Ibn Sînã (980-1037) and his work al-Qãnūn fî al-Ṭibb, Najîb al-dîn al-Samarqandî (died 1222) and his work al-Asbãb wa l-'alãmãt, and Ibn Mãsawayḩ (died 857). He also mentions the names of Western physicians and their works. For example, he mentions Lazarus Riverius (1589-1655), Ioannes Fernelius (1497-1558), Petrus Forestus (1521-1597), and Amatus Lusitanus (1511-1568). Regarding sources, Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' Efendi refers to The Canon of Medicine and a commentary on al-Asbãb wa l-'alamãt written by al-Kirmãnî in his work. His main Western source was Lazarus Riverius's Praxis Medica. More specifically, he draws on the section of Praxis Medica titled "Dysuria seu ardoris urine curatio." Kãtib-zãde Meḥmed Refî' also refers to other Western physicians, including Ioannes Fernelius, Petrus Forestus, and Amatus Lusitanus. These physicians are actually the physicians mentioned and quoted in the section of Lazarus Riverius' work mentioned above.

The Autumn Ghost. How the Battle Against a Polio Epidemic Revolutionized Modern Medical Care

The Autumn Ghost. How the Battle Against a Polio Epidemic Revolutionized Modern Medical Care

Meet the First Authors

Meet the First Authors

The Solitary Mind in the Anatomy of Melancholy

The Solitary Mind in <i>the Anatomy of Melancholy</i>

Regional transplant rates depend more on physician-dependent variables than on proximity to transplant center

PurposeThe objective of this work was to uncover inequalities in access to liver transplantation in Bavaria, Germany.MethodsFor this purpose, the annual transplantation rate per 1 million inhabitants for the respective districts was determined from the aggregated postal codes of the place of residence of transplanted patients. The variables examined were proximity and travel time to the nearest transplant center, as well as the care category of the regional hospital. In addition, we assessed whether the head of gastroenterology at the regional hospital through which liver transplant candidates are referred was trained at a liver transplant center.ResultsWe could not demonstrate a direct relationship between proximity or travel time to the nearest transplant center and access to liver transplantation. Multivariate regression analysis shows that liver transplant training (p < 0.0001) of the chief physician (gastroenterologist) of the regional hospital was the most decisive independent factor for access to liver transplantation within a district.ConclusionWe show that the transplant training experience of the head of gastroenterology at a regional hospital is an independent factor for the regional transplantation rate. Therefore, it appears important to maintain some liver transplant expertise outside the transplant centers in order to properly identify and assign potential transplant candidates for transplantation.

Artek’s experience as the precursor of organized recreation and health improvement of children and adolescents

The article presents the results of studying archival materials from the period of Artek's formation as a children's camp in the first half of the 1920s. The historical facts of the great regulatory and organizational work carried out by the People's Commissar of Public Health Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko and the first Artek chief physician Fedor Fedorovich Shishmarev, who had a significant impact not only on the actual organization of the institution of a new format, but also on the formation and strengthening of the system of child health protection at its very initial stages, are given. F. F. Shishmarev collected materials that made it possible to analyze the medical activities of the camp in the first two years, the most difficult years of its existence. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of morbidity and evaluation of the results of children's stay in the camp.

A survey on the availability of geriatric-friendly protocols, equipment and physical environment across emergency departments in Flanders, Belgium

BackgroundThe acquisition of geriatric-friendly resources is an important part of adapting emergency department (ED) care to the needs of vulnerable older patients. The aim of this study was to explore the availability of geriatric-friendly protocols, equipment and physical environment criteria in EDs and to identify related improvement opportunities.MethodsThe head nurse of 63 EDs in Flanders and Brussels Capital Region was invited to complete a survey in collaboration with the chief physician of the ED. The questionnaire was inspired by the American College of Emergency Physicians Geriatric ED Accreditation Program and explored the availability, relevance and feasibility of geriatric-friendly protocols, equipment and physical environment. Descriptive analyses were performed. A region-wide improvement opportunity was defined as a resource that was never to occasionally (0–50%) available on Flemish EDs and was scored (rather or very) relevant by at least 75% of respondents.ResultsA total of 32 questionnaires were analysed. The response rate was 50.8%. All surveyed resources were available in at least one ED. Eighteen out of 52 resources (34.6%) were available in more than half of EDs. Ten region-wide improvement opportunities were identified. These comprised seven protocols and three physical environment characteristics: 1) a geriatric approach initiated from physical triage, 2) elder abuse, 3) discharge to residential facility, 4) frequent geriatric pathologies, 5) access to geriatric specific follow-up clinics, 6) medication reconciliation, 7) minimising ‘nihil per os’ designation, 8) a large-face, analogue clock in each patient room, 9) raised toilet seats and 10) non-slip floors.ConclusionsCurrently available resources supporting optimal ED care for older patients in Flanders are very heterogeneous. Researchers, clinicians and policy makers need to define which geriatric-friendly protocols, equipment and physical environment criteria should become region-wide minimum operational standards. Findings of this study are relevant to facilitate the development process of this endeavour.

Virtual emotional gestures to assist in the examination of the mental health of the deaf‐mutes

AbstractThe particular characteristics of deaf‐mutes make them more likely to have mental health problems. Due to their particular way of communication, it is more difficult for them to deal with mental health problems than ordinary people. Nowadays, those psychologists who are good at sign language are in short supply, and remote assistance cannot achieve satisfactory results. Therefore, a library of virtual emotional gestures based on electroencephalogram (EEG) was established and a prototype system for mental health examination of deaf‐mutes was proposed, which help deaf‐mutes identify their psychological problems in time and assist medical staff to examine the psychological problems encountered by deaf‐mutes. In addition, the virtual library of emotional gestures is established with the assistance of the chief physician from a 3A hospital in Henan Province. More importantly, the later experiments demonstrate the applicability of this virtual system.

A great pediatrician and scholar devoting his whole life to pediatric infectious and digestive diseases—In memoriam of Professor Yongsui Dong

A great pediatrician and scholar devoting his whole life to pediatric infectious and digestive diseases—In memoriam of Professor Yongsui Dong

Attitudes of primary healthcare chief physicians towards research in Finland – a national study

Objective To illustrate the views of chief physicians in Finnish primary healthcare health centres (HCs) on the existing research capacity of their centres, their attitudes to practice-based research network activity, and research topics of interest to them. Design A cross-sectional survey study. Setting Finnish HCs. Subjects Chief physicians in Finnish HCs. Main outcome measures We used a questionnaire that included five-point Likert scales and multiple choice and open-ended questions to identify the chief physician’s profile, the HC content, the attitudes of chief physicians towards engagement in research, research topics of interest to them, and factors that may influence their motivation. Descriptive methods were used for the analysis of the quantitative data, while the qualitative data were processed using inductive thematic analysis. Results There was a relatively good representation of all hospital districts. One-third of HCs had at least one person doing research, and 61% of chief physicians would support research in their setting. Their stimulus for research was primarily testing new therapies, protocols, and care processes, as well as effectiveness and healthcare improvement. The expected benefits that motivate engagement in Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) are evidence-based practice and raised professional capacity and profile of the HC. Conclusions Chief physicians regard research as an elementary part of the development of primary care practices and health policy. Their motivation to engage in PBRN activity is determined by the relevance of the research to their interests and the management of competing priorities and resource limitations.

Tony Robert-Fleury (1837–1911) et son tableau, Pinel, médecin en chef de la Salpêtrière délivrant les aliénés de leurs chaînes

In 1876, Tony Robert-Fleury (1837–1911) presented a painting at the Salon de Paris. It was entitled Pinel, médecin en chef de la Salpêtrière délivrant les aliénés de leurs chaînes (Pinel, chief physician of the Salpêtrière hospital, freeing the insane from their chains), which since then has been the subject of much commentary from historians of psychiatry. Using little known pictorial and critical archives, we propose to explore the genesis of this painting and the variants that preceded it, by situating them in their historical, medical and political context.