Physics Examination Research Articles

WHY THE ELECTRON IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED AND THE PROTON POSITIVELY?!

Electron, proton and neutron are the most important Subatomic particles which made atoms. Between them neutron does not have any electric charge but electron is negative and against that proton is positive. We know the electron as an elementary particle and proton consists of two different kinds of elementary particles (up and down quarks). But we do not know structure of electron and proton. Saleh Theory defines a structure for electron as hollow sphere and for proton as continues texture. Here we proved that the electron and proton properties are due to its structure. So electrons moves easily and protons are like black hole because of their structure. This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining best shape for electron and proton from Saleh Theory and it is possible to determine a structure for neutrons too which could help us to have better understand about particle physics examination.

A review of the final and supplementary Grade 12 physics examinations from 2014 to 2018 based on a modified Bloom’s taxonomy.

The South African National Department of Basic Education (DBE) has associated the poor pass rate in the National Senior Certificate (NSC) Physical Sciences to the learners’ lack of practical work and the inability to solve problems by integrating their knowledge from different topics in Physical Sciences. Given that the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) is central to the planning, organising and teaching of Physical Sciences, the poor performance in the Grade 12 Physical Sciences: Physics (P1) may be due to a disjointed alignment between the CAPS and the P1. A purposive sampling procedure included the CAPS Grades 10–12 Physical Sciences document; the Physical Sciences Examination Guidelines Grade 12 documents and the final and supplementary P1 examinations for the period starting November 2014 to March 2018. A summative content analysis research technique was conducted using the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC) research method. The SEC method employed the use of the four topics of Physics and the four non-hierarchical levels of cognitive demand as described in the modified version of Bloom’s taxonomy. The results of this study indicated that the CAPS had a higher proportion of recall based content than the P1, the CAPS, and the P1 had approximately equal proportions of comprehension based content, the CAPS had a lower proportion of application and analysis based content than the P1, and the CAPS, as well as the P1, did not contain any synthesis and evaluation based content. In terms of Bloom’s taxonomy, the CAPS may be classified as promoting lower order thinking skills, and the P1 may be classified as promoting higher order thinking skills.

Death of an outcome – consequences of stigmergy in our examinations

This paper reports on an analysis of questions in physics examination papers at matriculation and first-year university level. The intention is to throw light on an on-going concern, sometimes expressed by university level physics instructors, that there is a general weakness in problem-solving ability among their students. This begs several questions; the first and most obvious one being what we mean by ‘problem-solving’. The second is whether this perceived weakness has an objective reality. Evidence supporting this can be found in both the literature and in examination results. The third question asks what might be causing this state of affairs. To attempt to answer this, examination papers at both matriculation and university level (first-year) were analysed with a view to finding what types of questions are typically asked, and to ascertain whether there may perhaps be a bias in favour of - or against - specific types of question. The evidence shows that there is indeed a favoured question-type that can be explicitly taught, and relatively easily mastered - and which typically makes up a sufficiently large fraction of an examination that a candidate can pass the examination without having to demonstrate any real problem-solving ability. What an examination candidate does need to demonstrate is a well-developed ability to expedite routine operations at various levels of complexity, which - depending on one’s espoused definition - does not amount to problem-solving. The bias away from novel (or heuristic) problem-solving is here seen as a stigmergic sign that indicates to candidates, instructors and examiners alike that the ability to deal with novelty, which is the essence of problem-solving, is not needed in order to pass - or even to do well in - these high-stakes examinations. Hence the need either to teach or to learn problem-solving could come to be seen as unnecessary. This state of affairs is repeated - and hence reinforced - at each successive annual iteration.

Spatiality in Health: The Distribution of Health Conditions Associated with Electronic Waste Processing Activities at Agbogbloshie, Accra.

Background:A walk through the Agbogbloshie e-waste recycling site shows a marked heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the different e-waste processing activities, which are likely to drive clustering of health conditions associated with the different activity type in each space.Objective of study:To conduct a spatial assessment and analysis of health conditions associated with different e-waste activities at different activity spaces at Agbogbloshie.Methods:A choropleth showing the various activity spaces at the Agbogbloshie e-waste site was produced by mapping boundaries of these spaces using Etrex GPS device and individuals working in each activity spaces were recruited and studied. Upon obtaining consent and agreeing to participate in the study, each subject was physically examined and assessed various health outcomes of interest via direct physical examination while characterizing and enumerating the scars, lacerations, abrasions, skin condition and cuts after which both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were recorded alongside the administration of open and close ended questionnaires. All individuals working within each activity space and consented to participate were recruited; giving a total of one hundred and twelve (112) subjects in all.Results:A study of the choropleth showed that health conditions associated e-waste processing activities were clustered in a fashion similar to the corresponding distribution of each activity. While a total of 96.2% of all the study subjects had cuts, the dismantlers had higher mix of scars, lacerations and abrasions. Abrasions were observed in 16.3% of the dismantlers. Scars were the most common skin condition and were observed on the skins of 93.6% of the subjects. Prevalence of burns among the study subjects was 23.1%. Developing hypertension was not associated with activity type and while a total of 90.2% of subjects had normal blood pressure and 9.8% of them were hypertensives. Finally, 98.2% of respondents felt the need to have a first aid clinic at the site with 96.4% and 97.3% willing to visit the clinic and pay for services respectively.Conclusion:We conclude that while the observed injuries were random and were due purely to accidents without any role of spatial determinants such as the configuration, slope, topography and other subterranean features of the activity spaces, a strong association between the injuries and activity type was observed.

The alignment of the Grade 12 physics examination with the CAPS curriculum: (November 2014–March 2018)

The South African Department of Education has attributed the poor pass rates in Grade 12 Physical Sciences to the learners’ lack of practical work and the inability of learners to solve problems by integrating their knowledge from different topics in Physical Sciences. A possible reason for this could be a disjointed alignment between the curriculum and the examinations. The study reported on in this article focused on the alignment between the curriculum and the examination by analysing the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document, the Examinations Guidelines documents, and the final and supplementary examinations of Paper 1 (P1) for Grade 12 Physical Sciences. We used the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum method, which incorporates a document analysis of CAPS and P1 using Bloom’s taxonomy as a classification tool for the 4 physics topics and the 4 levels of cognitive demand. We found a balance of representation of 67%; a cognitive complexity of 80%; and an average Porter’s alignment index of 0.76 between the CAPS and P1, all of which indicates a disjointed CAPS–P1 alignment. We recommend that the CAPS–P1 alignment be reconsidered. Keywords: Bloom’s taxonomy; CAPS Grade 12 Physical Sciences; National Senior Certificate examinations; Porter’s alignment index; Surveys of Enacted Curriculum

The ratio of superoxide dismutase to standard deviation of erythrocyte distribution width as a predictor of systemic lupus erythematosus.

BackgroundTo explore the clinical value of the serum superoxide dismutase‐to‐standard deviation of erythrocyte distribution width ratio (SRSR) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsA total of 222 SLE patients from the Rheumatology and Immunology Department in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2017 to April 2019 were collected as the experimental group, and a total of 202 healthy physical examiners were extracted as the control group. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), superoxide dismutase‐to‐standard deviation of erythrocyte distribution width ratio (SRSR), and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated from the collected data and then compared the level of the above three indexes between the two groups. In addition, we analyzed the association between SRSR and clinically relevant indicators.ResultsWe found that the SRSR of SLE patients was significantly lower than healthy control group, by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; it revealed that the SRSR had higher specificity and sensitivity than either superoxide dismutase (SOD) or standard deviation of erythrocyte distribution width (RDW‐SD) alone. The area under the curve (AUC) for SRSR was significantly larger than either SOD or RDW‐SD alone, and the AUC for SRSR was also larger than NLR and PLR. And it was found that SRSR was independently correlated with SLE disease activity through multiple linear regression analysis.ConclusionSRSR is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of SLE, and it is of great significance in the clinical application.

Diagnostic value of hemoglobin and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in Behcet Disease.

The purpose of our study was to investigate the diagnostic value of NLR, hemoglobin (HB) and combine NLR with HB in the BD patients.Sixty-seven patients with BD were diagnosed in the rheumatology or dermatology between June 2015 and June 2019; 92 matching healthy physical examiners were included in our study. SPSS was used for statistical analysis.Compared with the healthy control, NLR was increased (P < .001), while the HB level was decreased (P < .001) in the patients of BD. In addition, ESR and CRP were increased in BD patients. NLR has no relationship with CRP and ESR, while the HB levels were negatively correlated with CRP and ESR (r = –0.293, P = .046; r = –0.431, P = .002). ROC curve analysis revealed the AUC of NLR and HB were 0.797 and 0.798 (P < .001). When combined NLR with HB, the AUC was 0.897 (P < .001). Besides, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NLR and HB were independent risk factors in the BD patients.We observed that the diagnostic value of NLR, HB and combined NLR with HB in the BD patients were high, particularly when combine NLR with HB. NLR and HB were independent risk factors in the BD patients. In addition, HB levels related to the disease activity of BD patients.

Alteration of intestinal flora after radiotherapy in patients with pelvic cancer

Objective To investigate the effect of pelvic radiotherapy on intestinal flora, the correlation between radiation enteritis and intestinal flora, and the effect of probiotics intervention on intestinal flora and diarrhea. Methods From March to November 2018, a total of 22 patients who were admitted to the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled in the study, including 5 patients with colorectal cancer, 15 patients with cervical cancer and 2 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Five patients with cervical cancer received oral administration of probiotics combined with radiotherapy. Ten healthy physical examiners were selected as the control group. The stool samples were collected from each patient before and after radiotherapy, and 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to detect the fecal flora and analyze the effect of radiotherapy on intestinal flora. Results The main composition of intestinal flora in the stool samples of healthy control group was Firmicutes (39.86%), Bacteroidetes (37.77%), unclassified bacteria (15.96%) and Proteobacteria (5.03%), which was similar to patients, but the abundance of bacteria was significantly different. There were differences in the intestinal flora of patients before and after radiotherapy. Microbial diversity and abundance were altered after radiotherapy, especially in patients who later developed severe diarrhea. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was altered after radiotherapy. The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Fusobacterium increased after radiotherapy in patients who developed severe diarrhea. Oral administration of probiotics could alleviate the diarrhea and reduce the decline of microbial diversity and abundance. Conclusions In patients with pelvic tumors, the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora decrease after radiotherapy, especially in patients with severe diarrhea. Oral probiotics can alleviate the diarrhea. Key words: Pelvic neoplasms; Radiation enteritis; 16S rDNA; Intestinal flora; Probiotics

Nondestructive length estimation of an embedded pile through combined analysis of transverse and longitudinal waves

This paper presents an important modification of the recently developed nondestructive testing method for estimating embedded depth of pile foundations – EDAR – effective dispersion analysis of reflections. The original EDAR method is based on processing dispersive bending wave signals in the frequency-effective wavenumber domain, thus eliminating the need to perform time-domain peak picking that is difficult due to over-distortion of reflected signals. While EDAR was successful in laboratory settings, preliminary field validation resulted in significant errors. After careful examination of the wave physics, it is discovered that both longitudinal and transverse waves need to be carefully included in EDAR analysis. Specifically, it is shown that the initial arrival is dominated by transverse waves, while the reflections are dominated by longitudinal waves, owing to significant attenuation of transverse waves due to compacted soil around the pile. This observation led to a refined EDAR methodology and accurate estimation of embedded pile depth in field settings.

Two-Semester Physics Course for Bachelors at Technical University

The article discusses two major problems in teaching physics for students majoring in IT at a technical university: 1) the forced change in the course structure and content due to the reduction in the time allotted for studying physics from three to two semesters, and 2) the uneven educational background of applicants, due to the fact that when entering a university, the results of the Unified State Examination in physics are not taken into account. The article analyzes the experience of the Physics Training Center at the ITMO University in St. Petersburg on conducting additional consultations on the school curriculum materials and on the development and using of electronic educational materials. The relevance of courses that are concentric in their structure, created by colleagues from the other universities, is noted. The authors propose to organize training for first-year students in various educational tracks, depending on their starting level. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining completeness and ideological value of the course when revising the structure and content. The following conceptual scheme of the course is proposed: elementary physics as axiomatic science, statistical physics, quantum physics, quantum field theory (general concepts). The experience of the development and using of electronic educational materials (lecture presentations, electronic summaries of lectures and exercises) at ITMO University is analyzed. Despite the fact that, in general, e-learning elements make it possible to compensate the lack of class time caused by the program changes, students learn e-courses at different levels. It is noted that the reason, apparently, lies in the psychological unreadiness of a number of students to switch to “blended learning”. It is emphasized that in the mixed course creation the development of materials for assessing student performance and their final certification is a fundamentally new and time-consuming task, the preference is given to the traditional full-time exam. The authors consider that it expedient to preserve the traditional structure of the physics course at technical university.

Assessment Strategies to be Emphasised in Physics Teacher Education for Acquisition of Pedagogic Skills requisite for Effective Secondary School Instruction

For effective classroom instruction, assessment of learning outcomes is of absolute priority, in light of this, teacher education in public universities ought to offer a variety of assessment strategies to be used in secondary school instruction. However, there are concerns that physics teachers lack skills necessary for effective assessment of their students’ learning. This has been blamed for the poor performance of 38.27% recorded in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) physics examinations in the years 2007 to 2016. The aim of this study was to establish assessment strategies to be emphasised in physics teacher education for acquisition of pedagogic skills, and the target population was 420 physics student teachers, 277 heads of physics subjects and 130 physics teacher trainers. Data was collected using questionnaires and through analysis of documentary evidence. Findings reveal that assessment strategies to be emphasised in physics teacher education are questioning, assessment of project work, assessment of laboratory reports, portfolio analysis and use of information technology in assessment. The findings may be useful to public universities in Kenya to enhance the use of assessment strategies that should be emphasised for acquisition of pedagogic skills.

Measurement of Physics Problem-Solving Skills in Female and Male Students by PhysTeProSS

Problem-solving skills in physics (PSSP) are essential in 21st-century life, and it is no exception for senior high school students; therefore, assessment has to be done in the senior high school. The study aimed at (1) describing students’ PSSP and (2) comparing the PSSP between female and male students. A total of 466 students were selected, 290 female and 176 male, as research participants selected by stratified random sampling from low, moderate, and high scores of the national physics examination. To measure the students’ problem-solving skill levels, the PhysTeProSS test was administered. The data were polytomous in four categories and were analyzed by the partial credit model (PCM). The results showed that the students’ level of PSSP was dominantly at the moderate type (48.28%) and the high and very high level are at 27.43 %. In other words, female students showed a higher level of PSSP than male students.Â

Analysis of Past West Africa Examination Council / Senior Secondary Certificate Examination Physics Essay Test Items Parameters: Application of IRT Polytomous Model

The study aimed at determining the quality of the WAEC SSCE Physics essay test items for 2015, 2016 and 2017, if they are acceptable when the item response theory(IRT) Polytomous model is applied. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and sampled 1000 senior secondary school students from the 27,615 students who registered for the 2018 senior school certificate physics examination in Delta State, Nigeria. Findings revealed that most of the May/June WAEC SSCE Physics essay test items for year 2015, 2016 and 2017 are not acceptable when the item response theory (IRT) Polytomous model is applied among as presented in this study. It was therefore recommended that test developers should always ensure proper test items validation before use. Keywords : Parameters, IRT, Polytomous Model, Test Items, WAEC, Physics, Essay Test. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-17-04 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Effect of troponin I autoantibodies on the quality of life and prognosis in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy

Objective To explore the effect of troponin I (anti-cTnI ) autoantibodies on the quality of life and prognosis in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods Patients hospitalized in Henan Provincial People's Hospital for ischemic cardiomyopathy from June 2016 to June 2017 were enrolled. At the same time, physical examiners were selected as the control group. Anti-cTnI autoantibodies were detected in the serum from the patients and control group, which were expressed as the OD value. After six months, all patients were followed up, including death, times of readmission, instrument treatment (CRT-P or CRT-D) or heart transplantation, and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36). The effect of anti-cTnI autoantibodies on the prognosis and quality of life were analyzed. Results In 127 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, the OD value of anti-cTnI autoantibodies were significantly higher than that in the control group[ (0.55±0.24) vs (0.46±0.07), P<0.05]. With a positive standard of more than 0.67, 26 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy were tested positive for anti-cTnI autoantibodies, with a positive rate of 20.5%. After 6 months of outpatient or telephone follow-up, 9 patients were lost to follow-up, and 118 patients were followed up, including 24 patients with positive anti-cTnI autoantibodies. Compared with patients with negative anti-cTnI autoantibodies, the times of readmission in patients with positive anti-cTnI autoantibodies increased significantly[ (1.42±0.79) vs (0.30±0.55), P<0.01] and the physiological function was decreased significantly[ (56±19.4) vs (67±20.8),P=0.032]. The physiological function, vitality and social function of patients with reduced ejection fraction in the anti-cTnI autoantibodies positive group were significantly worse than those in the anti-cTnI autoantibodies negative group, but there was no significant difference in quality of life between the anti-cTnI autoantibodies positive and negative groups in the patients with preserved and median ejection fraction. Conclusions Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy of seropositivity for anti-cTnI autoantibodies have worse prognosis and quality of life, especially in those with reduced ejection fraction. Key words: Ischemic cardiomyopathy; Troponin I-autoantibodies; Prognosis; Quality of life

Clinical application of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting the prognosis of H7N9 avian influenza

Objective To explore the predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on the prognosis of H7N9 avian influenza. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 28 H7N9 avian influenza patients (treatment group) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from April 2013 to January 2016. Thirty healthy physical examiners in the same period were enrolled as the healthy control group. The 28 patients were followed up for half a year and divided into the improvement group (18 cases) and the death group (10 cases) according to the clinical prognosis. Inflammatory indicators including white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil (N), lymphocyte (L), monocytes (M), platelet (PLT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high sensitive C reactive protein were collected at day 1, day 3 and week 1 of admission. Calculation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), ΔNLR3 (day 3 of admission NLR-on day 1 of admission NLR), ΔNLR7 (week 1 of admission NLR -day 3 of admission NLR) and so on calculating ΔPLR3, ΔPLR7, ΔLMR3, ΔLMR7. Differences of the above indicators between the improvement group and death group were compared. The measurement data with normal distribution were tested by t-test of two independent samples, and the count data with non-normal distribution were tested by Mann-Whitney U-test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the prognostic factors and the working characteristic curve of subjects was used to evaluate the predictive value of inflammatory response indexes for H7N9 avian influenza death. Results In the treatment group, the baseline WBC, L, N, PLT, the proportion of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and NLR, PLR, and LMR were all statistically different compared with the healthy control group (all P<0.01). After treatment, day 3 NLR, ΔNLR3 in improvement group were both significantly decreased to 10.93 (15.71) and 0.87 (-15.63), respectively when compared with death group (17.62[23.63] and 7.42[22.68], respectively) (Z=-2.16 and -2.014, respectively, both P<0.05). Day 7 NLR, ΔNLR7 in improved group were 6.51 (13.23) and -0.37 (-12.38), respectively, which were both lower than those of death group (27.90 [25.64] and 11.54 [-26.22]) with statistically significant differences (Z=-2.444 and -2.111, respectively, both P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicates that ΔNLR3 is the main factor that affects the prognosis of the H7N9 infection (odds ratio [OR]=1.153, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.052-1.263, P=0.002). Reciver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.733 (95% CI: 0.532-0.935, P=0.044). Based on the principle of Youden index, the cut-off value of ΔNLR3 to predict the death risk of H7N9 avian influenza was 5.453 with sensitivity of 0.700 and the specificity of 0.722. The mortality was higher when ΔNLR3 was higher than 5.453. Conclusions Dynamic monitoring NLR, especially ΔNLR3 may reflect the condition and prognosis of H7N9 infection, which is an independent predictor of death. Key words: H7N9 avian influenza virus; Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; Prognosis

An Interdisciplinary Look at The Comparative Examination of Physics and Chemistry Coursebooks

An Interdisciplinary Look at The Comparative Examination of Physics and Chemistry Coursebooks

Willingness of medical students to be examined in a physical examination course

BackgroundPhysical examination courses are an essential part of the education of medical students. The aim of this study was to ascertain the factors influencing students’ motivation and willingness to participate in a physical examination course.MethodsStudents were asked to complete a questionnaire subdivided into five domains: anthropometric data, religiousness, motivation to take part in physical examination courses, willingness to be physically examined at 11 different body regions by peers or a professional tutor and a field for free text.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 142 medical students. The importance of the examination course was rated 8.7 / 10 points, the score for students’ motivation was 7.8 / 10 points. Willingness to be physically examined ranged from 6 to 100% depending on body part and examiner. Female students were significantly less willing to be examined at sensitive body parts (breast, upper body, groin and the hip joint; p = .003 to < .001), depending on group composition and / or examiner. Strictly religious students showed significantly less willingness to undergo examination of any part of the body except the hand (p = .02 to < .001). Considering BMI, willingness to be examined showed comparable rates for normal weight and under- / overweight students in general (80% vs. 77%). Concerning the composition of the group for physical examination skills courses, students preferred self-assembled over mixed gender and same gender groups.ConclusionsPeer physical examination is a method to improve students’ skills. While motivation to participate in and acceptance of the physical examination course appears to be high, willingness to be examined is low for certain parts of the body, e.g. breast and groin, depending on religiousness, gender and examiner. Examination by a professional medical tutor did not lead to higher acceptance. Most students would prefer to choose their team for physical examination courses themselves rather than be assigned to a group.

Learning from our Mistakes: Enhancing Radiation Oncology Residents’ Physics Education with an Incident Learning System

One of the major challenges of teaching medical physics to Radiation Oncology residents is making didactic material practical. In a recent American Board of Radiology (ABR) post-exam survey, residents requested more clinical applicability of medical physics examination material. In this study, we hypothesized that near miss events from our department’s Incidental Learning System (ILS) could be developed into physics teaching cases. Our departmental ILS logs over 1,000 near-miss event reports per year submitted by Radiation Oncology staff. For this study 5,152 institutional ILS reports from 2/1/2012 to 12/31/2017 were evaluated. ILS categorizations relating to physics education were identified, including in-vivo dosimetry, Intensity Modulating Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), and Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT). ILS reports under each category were reviewed and selected if it involved a physicist and/or a physician. They were categorized according to the ABR Medical Physics study guide. Overall, 87 reports were identified which presented unique physics concepts. An example is the incorrect placement of bolus around the neck for head-and-neck IMRT. This report (and associated images) could be used as the basis for a teaching case on the dosimetric impact of bolus placement and potential clinical implication. The most common ILS categories for the selected cases were: planning error (n=24, 27.6%), patient setup (20, 23%), and simulation (18, 20.7%). Some reports were tagged under multiple categories and were identified multiple times. This study demonstrates the rich contextual information that is available from an ILS for physics education. Future directions include creating a bank of teaching cases. This method may also be useful in other institutions that use ILS.Abstract TU_18_3075; TableILS cases for physics education under ABR Medical Physics categorizationCategorizationN (%)SubcategorizationN (%)XIV. Assessment of patient setup and verification30 (34.5%)1. Positioning and immobilization methods and device 2. Treatment verification 3. Imaging for treatment delivery/IGRT 4. Respiratory motion management12 (40%) 11 (36.7%) 12 (40%) 13 (43.3%)XII. Treatment planning, ICRU, and beam-related biology30 (34.5%)1. 3D planning, non-coplanar beams 4. Treatment planning systems 5. Plan evaluation 6. SBRT 7. TBI1 (3.3%) 5 (16.7%) 2 (6.7%) 10 (33.3%) 16 (53.3%)IX. Dosimetry of photon beams in a patient24 (27.6%)1. Corrections for patient contour 2. Corrections for tissue inhomogeneities 3. Dose within and around an inhomogeneity 4. Matching of adjacent fields 5. Wedges 6. Parallel-opposed beams 7. Entrance dose and exit dose, including beam-modifying devices 8. Isodose distributions for multiple beams, including mixed modality and arc therapy 9. Compensators for photon beams 10. Off-axis factors8 (33.3%) 6 (25.0%) 4 (16.7%) 2 (8.3%) 1 (4.2%) 2 (8.3%) 6 (25.0%) 1 (4.2%) 5 (20.8%) 3 (12.5%) Open table in a new tab

Association study between T-182C and G1287A polymorphisms in norepinephrine transporter gene and schizophrenia

Objective To explore whether the norepinephrine transporter(NET) gene T-182C and G1287A polymorphisms are involved in the etiology of schizophrenics among the Chinese Han population. Methods 249 schizophrenics(case group) and 309 healthy physical examiners(control group) of the Chinese Han population were collected.Ligase detection reaction was used to detect the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of NET rs2242446 and rs5569 polymorphisms in the two groups.The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of these two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were also compared in the case and control groups. Results In the case group, the TT genotype of the NET gene loci rs2242446 was the most, 48.6%, and the CC genotype of which was the least, 8.4%.In the control group, the CT genotype was the most, 47.9%, and the CC genotype was the least, 11.3%, the minimum allele frequency was 29.9%.In the case group, the GG genotype of the NET gene loci rs5569 was the most, 46.2%, and the CC genotype was the least, 9.6%.In the control group, GG genotype was the most, 51.5%, and the AA genotype was the least, 10.3%, and the minimum allele frequency was 29.4%.No significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution of NET rs2242446 and rs5569 were found in Chinese-Han patients with schizophrenia and control participants(all P>0.05). In gender-specific analyses, similarly, no significant differences were found for rs2242446 and rs5569 genotype and allele distributions in either the male or the female case-control comparisons(all P>0.05). Conclusion The NET rs2242446 and rs5569 polymorphisms are not associated with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Key words: Norepinephrine transporter gene; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Schizophrenia

THE RELIABILITY OF A NOVEL HEEL-RISE TEST VERSUS GONIOMETRY TO ASSESS PLANTARFLEXION RANGE OF MOTION

Ankle plantarflexion (PF) active range of motion (ROM) is traditionally assessed in a non-weight-bearing (NWB) position with a universal goniometer. However, a convenient, reliable, low-cost means of assessing functional PF active ROM in a weight-bearing (WB) position has yet to be established. To compare the intra- and interrater reliability of PF active ROM measurements obtained from a goniometric NWB assessment, and a functional heel-rise test (FHRT) performed in WB. Reliability study. Two physical therapy student examiners, blinded to each other's measurements, assessed PF active ROM through a NWB goniometric technique and a FHRT on all subjects within the same test session. Intra- and interrater reliability values were calculated using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1, ICC2,k) and 95% confidence intervals. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were recorded for each method. 43 healthy participants (mean ± SD, age: 22.7 ± 1.7 years, height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m, mass: 77.8 ± 17.2 kg) completed testing procedures. The within-session intrarater reliability (ICC2,1) estimates were observed for goniometry (right: 0.96, left: 0.95 - 0.97) and FHRT (right: 0.99, left: 0.99), as well as the interrater reliability (ICC2,k) of goniometry (right: 0.79, left: 0.79) and FHRT (right: 0.79, left: 0.87). Goniometry SEM (3.3 - 3.6 °) and MDC (9.2 - 9.8 °) were observed, in addition to FHRT SEM (0.6 cm) and MDC (1.6 - 1.7 cm). A weak correlation was found between FHRT and goniometric measurements (r = -0.03 - 0.13). The FHRT was found to have good to excellent intra- and interrater reliability, similar to goniometric measurement. The lack of agreement between these measurements requires further exploration of a WB assessment of ankle PF active ROM. 2b.