Physical Wealth Research Articles

Improving Energy Efficiency of Virtual Resource Allocation In Cloud Datacenter

Objective: To minimize the energy frenzied around cloud datacenters. The proposed system provides a dynamic and continuous load prediction along with existing heuristic load prediction to improve the adaptation performance for green computing through Markov chaining of resources. Methodology: The trouble of energy competence through resource management for a large-scale cloud environment to facilitate hosts sites is resolute here. In apply there will be number of underutilized servers in the datacenter which guzzle bulky part of established energy. To minimize the energy frenzied around datacenters the existing system outlines a distributed middleware architecture and presenting one of its key elements, a gossip protocol, Skewness algorithm and load balancing that meets our design goals: justice of resource allocation with respect to hosted sites through overload escaping and efficient edition to load changes and scalability in terms of together the numeral of machines and sites thereby turning off the unused servers for green computing through Markov Chaining Model. This model is scalable enough to signify systems composed of thousands of resources and it makes potential to represent both physical and virtual wealth exploiting cloud explicit concepts such as the infrastructure elasticity. Results: To certify the model, simulation is conducted within the Network Simulator (NS) 2.28 have platform with GCC 4.3 and Fedora 13. The load prediction algorithm and Markov chain model achieves both overload avoidance and green computing for systems with multiresource limitations. Application: Green Wireless Network: To improve the energy efficient, data retrieval and resource service based on coaching, computing and networking in the area of Green Wireless. Green Big Data: To reduce the power consumption, big data merge the concept with green computing. Green job Scheduling: Each Server has different jobs, to save the energy server merged with green computing. Green Cloud data center: To use the green computing in cloud data center to increases the energy efficiency. Keywords: Green Computing, Load Prediction, Markov Chaining, Virtualization

Business Cycles in a Three-sector Growth Model with Portfolio Equilibrium between Land, Gold and Capital

This study generalises a growth model proposed by Zhang (2016) through allowing all the time-dependent variables to be time-dependent. Zhang’s model deals with dynamic interdependence between capital accumulation and environmental change, with portfolio equilibrium among land, gold and physical wealth in a multi-sector general equilibrium framework. The model explains the dynamics of prices, rents and distribution of land, gold, physical wealth and environmental change on the basis of micro-economic foundation. This article generalises the model to explain business cycles due to different exogenous shocks. We simulate the motion of the economy and conduct comparative dynamic analysis to demonstrate business cycles due to periodic oscillations in the propensity to use gold, the propensity to consume housing, the propensity to consume industrial goods, the propensity to consume agricultural goods, the propensity to save, and the tax rate on the consumption of industrial goods. JEL Classification: O41, D41, E32

Inequality and Education Subsidies in General Equilibrium Growth Model for a Small Open Economy

The paper is concerned with dynamic interactions between physical capital, human capital, income and wealth inequalities between different households with government subsidy to education. The model is developed on the basis of Solow-Uzawa?s neoclassical growth theory, Uzawa-Lucas model, Arrow?s learning by doing, Zhang?s creative leisure, and Walrasian general equilibrium theory. The capital accumulation and economic structure are based on the neoclassical growth theory. The human capital accumulation is due to Uzawa?s education, Arrow?s learning by doing, and Zhang?s creative leisure. The model explains income and wealth inequality between groups with government education subsidy policy in a small-open economy. The model reveals a complicated nonlinear dynamic interdependence between wealth accumulation, human capital accumulation, economic structural change, division of labor, and time distribution under perfect competition and government education subsidy policy. We simulate the economy composed of three groups of households. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis and demonstrated how a change in a parameter affects the path of economic growth.

District-wise Disparity of MSME in West Bengal

Economic growth is one of the prime factors of enhancing any State's development and eradication of deprivations. But ‘development’ is related to physical wealth generation as well as human development too. That is why the nature of growth is very important for regional development that helps to reduce regional inequalities. From developmental perspective, growth and development are inseparable entity to each other. To reduce regional inequality, growth must be equally distributed. But in developing countries, especially in India and its states do follow the perpetual notion of lopsided development. Due to unequal nature of growth, need based development was introduced and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) is one of the results. MSME to help the less developed areas which are lagging behind in attracting huge investments, lesser investment will help them to be self sufficient. Here, West Bengal, one of the leading states in India in terms of growth, development and planning of MSME, has been taken as the study area. District-wise analysis of MSME in this state reveals an uneven pattern of development where developed districts are in leading positions whereas the less developed hilly and western districts are lagging behind.

Partner preferences in the context of concurrency: What Himba want in formal and informal partners

Abstract Research on human mate preferences that distinguishes between short- and long-term partners has been conducted mainly in industrialized societies, where multiple mating and concurrent partnerships are stigmatized. However, cross-culturally, there is significant variation in the frequency and the level of acceptance of such relationships. Furthermore, the dichotomy between short- and long-term partnerships does not fully describe the diversity in actual extra-pair behavior, which ranges from single sexual encounters to multi-year love affairs. Here we present another comparison, between formal (marital) and informal (non-marital) partners, which we feel better captures this diversity. We assess the traits that men and women prefer in each type of partner among Himba pastoralists, where concurrent partnerships are common and accepted for both sexes. We situate our findings in relation to three main explanations for concurrent partnerships: dual-mating, trading-up and multiple investors. We find some similarities with the existing literature in the traits that are listed as important, including physical attractiveness, wealth and intelligence. Our evidence suggest that Himba men follow a dual strategy, preferring hard-working wives and attractive girlfriends. Women's preferences align most strongly with a multiple investors explanation, most clearly articulated through their preferences for wealthy husbands and generous boyfriends. Limited support is also found for a dual-mating strategy in women. These findings suggest that local cultural norms and ecologies modulate mate preferences in important ways.

Modeling Adam Smith's Analysis of the Very Severe, Negative Impacts of 'Projectors, Imprudent Risk Takers and Prodigals' on the Macro Economy in the Wealth of Nations Using a Modified Lotka-Volterra Non Linear Coupled Model of Differential Equations

Adam Smith, based on his knowledge of issues originally discussed by Plato (Socrates) and Aristotle, which were related to his own knowledge of how the Tulip Bubble, Mississippi Bubble and South Seas Bubble were created, recognized that problems of economic downturns, inflation and deflation could be directly traced to the economic behavior of three categories of economic decision maker, all of whom were members of the upper income class in an economic state. Adam Smith categorized these three types of economic decision makers as “projectors, imprudent risk takers and prodigals.” Essentially, all three types of economic decision makers in these categories attempted to make profits (money) without the production of any physical good or service. Such individuals attempted to use other people’s money, by leveraging their debt position to obtain bank loans, in order to manipulate the financial titles to physical assets so as to increase the value of the financial asset, irrespective of any increase in the actual underlying value physical asset. Bankers are particularly attracted to such economic decision makers plans because of the possibility of making very quick, short term profits. Any potential long term losses are simply ignored. Following Aristotle’s very advanced understanding of how money use or misuse can positively or negatively impact the macro economy, the goal of projectors, imprudent risk takers and prodigals is not C-M-C’, but M-C-M’ or M-M’. The latter two types of money use are purely speculative in nature. Smith concluded that these categories of individuals should not receive any access to bank loans since the long run results usually led to bank failure with resulting highly negative outcomes and impacts on the macro economy. Smith then contrasts these types of economic agents with individuals he terms the “sober” people. The “sober” people are middle class, small business owners who desire to obtain bank loans in order to expand their existing business and increase their access to needed resources to make and sell more products. These types of individual are using money in the manner, again pointed out by Aristotle, as being C-M-C’, to increase the amount of physical producer and consumer goods they could make in the future. Smith concluded that the great majority of bank credit and loans should be skewed toward these individuals, since this would lead to real economic growth, as opposed to the speculative, purely financial booms and busts engineered by, for instance, projectors such as John Law, Richard Cantillon or Andrew Dexter, Jr. early in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Smith conceived of the central bank as being independent of the private banking industry and the government. It could then enforce a policy of refusing to let private banks make loans to “projectors, imprudent risk takers and prodigals”, while simultaneously encouraging the granting of bank loans to the “sober” people. The contrast between a Mitt Romney type of economy ,where the “projectors, imprudent risk takers and prodigals” are able to get bank financing, which they employ for use as speculative finance (M-M’), is contrasted with a George Romney type of economy dominated by the “sober” people, where they employ the C-M-C’ approach to the creation or real, physical wealth. A nonlinear, coupled, Volterra model will illustrate mathematically precisely where the problems lie and what needs to be done to prevent future speculative collapse in the financial markets based on Adam Smith’s path breaking analysis in the Wealth of Nations in 1776. This will require that the central bank monitor private banks so as to prevent them from issuing credit/bank loans to the Mitt Romney type of speculative, stock market financier - promoter, while requiring them to issue loans/credit to the George Romney type of sober business man or women. A mathematical model is used to illustrate Smith’s view of how banking policy can create economic growth while avoiding the problems of speculative finance that leads to bubbles and crashes, which are the primary cause of the problems of inflation and deflation as banker financed, speculative bubbles are created and then collapse over time.

A New Approach to Accounting Goodwill (and Other Identified Intangibles with Indefinite Useful Lives): Theory and Empirical Evidence

I elaborate upon the foundations of Gecon – Economic Management System – model to propose a new theory on goodwill and other identified intangibles with indefinite useful lives. I reason that firm value is made up of its physical and intangible wealth, both continuously affected by passage of time and change of conjuncture. The first, more stable, is the opportunity cost of the implemented managerial decisions to buy, sell and manufacture assets. The second, more instable, is the economic value of the new ideas and plans still to be implemented, which seems to be the true nature of goodwill. The non-recognized intangibles act like the firm’s virtuous. They are not separated assets, for their value is already reflected into the economic value of the physical and intangible wealth, the same way that virtuous in a person are embodied in her mind and body. According to this view, accounting goodwill is a portion of the intangible wealth of the acquirer, which quickly dissipates being converted (or not) into physical equity. Statistical tests on a 29,192 firm-year observation panel database show evidence that this new approach to goodwill (and other intangibles with indefinite useful lives) seems to be true.

SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN DEMENTIA RISK EXPLAINED BY MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS: FINDINGS FROM THE ENGLISH LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGEING

Background:Differences in dementia risk across the gradient of socioeconomic status exist, but its determinants are not under- stood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in socioeconomic status are associated with incident dementia and whether this association is ex- plained by health- and lifestyle-related factors. Methods: 6,346 participants (mean age 1⁄4 64.9, SD 1⁄4 8.6; 55.7% fe- male) were followed up for a maximum of 7 years. Dementia was based on self-reported physician-diagnosed dementia or Alzheimer’s disease at each wave and a score of 3.38 or higher on the shortened version of the IQ-CODE. Socioeco- nomic status was based on wealth defined as household net of debt and included cash, investments, savings and physical wealth. Health- and lifestyle-related factors were captured by a poly-environmental risk score, called the ‘Lifestyle for BRAin Health’ (LIBRA) index. LIBRA consists of a weighted sum score of twelve modifiable risk and protective factors for cognitive decline or dementia. Higher scores indicate higher risk (range -5.9 to +10.3). Cox regression adjusted for age, gender and education and clustering at the household level examined the association between socioeconomic status and time to dementia in a structural equation model including po- tential mediation or effect modification by LIBRA. Results: LIBRA scores decreased with increasing wealth. During a me- dian follow-up of 6.0 years, 192 individuals (3.0%) developed dementia. High socioeconomic status was associated with a decreased dementia risk (highest versus lowest tertile: HR 1⁄4 0.54, 95%CI 1⁄4 0.36-0.79), but this was substantially attenuated after adjusting for differences in LIBRA scores (highest versus lowest tertile: HR 1⁄4 0.77, 95%CI 1⁄4 0.51-1.16). Mediation anal- ysis showed that 58% of the risk difference between the highest and the lowest tertile of wealth was mediated by differences in LIBRA. A one point increase in LIBRA was associated with a 13% increase in dementia risk (HR 1⁄4 1.13, 95%CI 1⁄4 1.07- 1.19) on average (no interaction). Conclusions: Differences in dementia risk between socioeconomic groups can be partly attributed to differences in treatable health- and lifestyle related factors. Future public health campaigns for dementia risk reduction should try hard to reach out to this vulnerable group.

Prevalence of Dementia in U.S. on Decline From 2000 to 2012

Prevalence of Dementia in U.S. on Decline From 2000 to 2012

Different forms of malnutrition among under five children in Bangladesh: a cross sectional study on prevalence and determinants

BackgroundThis empirical study investigated the extent of malnutrition and factors associated with malnutrition amid children aged 0-59 months in Bangladesh using Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey data, 2014.MethodsTo examine the extent of malnutrition among the children under five in Bangladesh, we used Height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. The association between the selected factors and nutritional status were assessed and logistic regression models were fitted for the three indicators.Results36.2% children are stunted, 15% are wasted and 33% are underweight. Prevalence of stunting or underweight is lowest amongst children aged 0–6 months and highest at the age of 18 to 23 months (stunted 48% and underweight 37%). Wasting is highest in 0–6months. Odd of being stunted is 30% to 50% higher in Sylhet division as compared to other divisions. Other key covariates for stunting are urban area (OR = 1.226, p-value = 0.004), no or primary education of father (OR = 1.318, p-value < 0.001), no or primary education of mother (OR = 1.22, p-value = 0.002), underweight mothers (OR = 1.76, p-value <0.001) and wealth index poorest (OR = 2.892, p-value < 0.001). Important covariates for wasting are mother’s occupation as physical labor (OR = 1.208, p-value = 0.018), underweight mothers (OR = 2.145, p-value <0.001) and wealth index poorest (OR = 2.892, p-value < 0.001). For underweight main covariates are: no or primary education of father (OR = 1.182, p-value = 0.011), no or primary education of mother (OR = 1.214, p-value = 0.002), mothers in physical labor (OR = 1.289, p-value < 0.001), underweight mothers (OR = 2.625, p-value < 0.001) and wealth index poorest (OR = 2.315, p-value < 0.001).ConclusionsIn addition to the ongoing programs to improve child health, government may wish to design targeted nutrition intervention strategies to make sure that health information and health education are easily accessible for parents. The most vulnerable groups including the children from poorest socio-economic group or children in the urban area require special attention. Mothers should also be given focus while designing intervention programs.

Spirit of Capitalism and Conspicuous Consumption with Social Status in a Neoclassical Growth Trade Model

&lt;p class="ber"&gt;This study deals with dynamic interactions among social status, conspicuous consumption, spirit of capitalism, global growth, trade patterns, and inequalities in income and wealth between countries. The paper constructs a multi-country growth model with endogenous physical capital, wealth accumulation and social status. The modelling of social status is influenced by the ideas related to economic growth and social status in the literature of economic growth. This study analyzes the role of conspicuous consumption by assuming that social status is enhanced by more consumption and the role of the spirit of capitalism (of some goods) by assuming that social status is enhanced by more wealth. The global economic system consists of any number of countries and each country has one capital goods sector and one consumer goods sector. This study applies an alternative utility function proposed by Zhang to analyze household behavior. The countries differ in preferences, spirits of capitalisms, and productivities. We show that the dynamics of -country world economy is described by differential equations. We simulate the motion of the model with three countries and carry out comparative dynamic analysis with regard to some parameters.&lt;/p&gt;

A Mathematical Approach to Malthus’s Criticism of Adam Smith in 1798

Against Smith, Malthus, in his First Essay on Population (1798), argued that every increase in national wealth does not always ameliorate the living standard of the working classes. If a nation increases investment in manufacture but not in agriculture, an increase in national wealth is not accompanied by an increase in ‘the funds for the maintenance of labour’, and thus physical wealth may increase, but happiness may decrease. In this paper, I formalise Malthus’s criticism of Smith using a simple mathematical model so that Malthus’s argument can be clearly understood.

Constructing and contesting the (post-) national sporting hero: Media, money, mobility and Marie-José Pérec

In terms of media coverage and sporting achievement, Marie-José Pérec dominated French athletics over the course of the 1990s. Pérec’s performances on and off the track produced a vast corpus of written and audiovisual material that illuminates abiding themes in French public discourse during this period, in particular attitudes towards money, fears regarding American-led globalisation, and the role of the media in society. As triple Olympic and double World champion, Pérec is enshrined among the pantheon of contemporary national heroes. Through the example of Pérec, this article investigates the construction of sporting heroes in contemporary France, shedding light on the multiple meanings that were associated with the athlete throughout her career and discussing in particular how her physical appearance, material wealth and mobility were implicated in this process.

The Walking Dead in Chaucer's Knight's Tale

The Walking Dead in Chaucer's <i>Knight's Tale</i>

On Ramsey's conjecture.

Studying a one-sector economy populated by finitely many heterogeneous households that are subject to no-borrowing constraints, we confirm a conjecture by Frank P. Ramsey according to which, in the long run, society would be divided into the set of patient households who own the entire capital stock and impatient ones without any physical wealth. More specifically, we prove (i) that there exists a unique steady state equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable and (ii) that along every equilibrium the most patient household owns the entire capital of the economy after some finite time. Furthermore, we prove that despite the presence of the no-borrowing constraints all equilibria are efficient. Our results are derived for the continuous-time formulation of the model that was originally used by Ramsey, and they stand in stark contrast to results that – over the last three decades – have been found in the discrete-time version of the model.

Intergenerational Transfers, the Biological Life Cycle, and Human Society

Humans are highly social, living and sharing in families and in larger social groups, not autarkic individuals living in self-reliant isolation. Intergenerational transfers are an economic expression of the links among individuals of different ages and generations, who are often but not always kin. Changes in the population age distribution place stress on some of these links and relax others, affecting the economies of families, social groups, and countries. For autarkic individuals, population age distributions would be irrelevant. Intergenerational transfers are donations of resources from one age group or generation to another, with no expectation of explicit repayment, and therefore transfers do not include economic exchanges.1 Examples are resources devoted by parents to childrearing, adult children supporting their elderly parents, and elderly people assisting their adult children or grandchildren.2 Intergenerational transfers are central to many important topics in economic demography. For example, expected or planned net transfers to a child by parents are equivalent to the private costs of a child, thus connecting transfers to fertility theory. Transfers to children may also be used for human capital investments (health and education), connecting them to later productivity, well-being, and economic growth. Expectations of future transfers to be received by an individual in excess of transfers expected to be made constitute a form of wealth known as “transfer wealth.” Transfer wealth can substitute for physical wealth or assets in an individual's portfolio, thereby connecting transfers to saving behavior, capital accumulation, and economic growth (Barro 1974; Feldstein 1974). Transfers can be private, or they can take place through the public sector, as in the case of public pensions or publicly provided health care or education. Where transfers are contingent on traits or behaviors other than age alone, they inevitably create incentives and may require monitoring by families or public agencies. Public pensions often create incentives for early retirement (Gruber and Wise 1998), and publicly provided health care can lead to overuse. Transfers can enable societies to achieve more balanced allocations of consumption over the life cycle in some circumstances when markets cannot (Samuelson 1958). Here I will weave together some of these themes and observations across the long sweep of human history. Necessarily much will be speculative, and there are many sweeping generalizations in what follows, but I will draw on data from anthropological studies and the National Transfer Accounts3 project where relevant. In hunter-gatherer societies the central problem was obtaining sufficient food to rear costly dependent children while sustaining the adults, all of whom contributed to this task. Resources flowed downward from adults of all ages to the young, including from the elderly. In modern industrial societies with low fertility, aging populations, and high consumption by elderly who do not work, the central problem is inverted: how can societies afford to support growing proportions of costly elderly? In some rich countries, resources have begun to flow upward rather than down.

Inequity in the pursuit of intimacy: An analysis of British pick-up artist interactions

The data presented here come from a collection of surreptitious audio recordings of naturally occurring talk-in-interaction between previously unacquainted women and male ‘Pick-Up Artists’ (PUAs) in the UK. Our approach draws on close observations of these interactional data to demonstrate how PUAs move from a state of unacquaintedness towards more ‘intimate’ forms of interactional involvement.A prototypical PUA is a male who seeks to be successful at ‘seducing’ women. ‘PUA’ is not a category label given to the individual, but is one that he claims for himself within an existing PUA Community of Practice. A common community belief is that the means of seduction are not rooted in physical attractiveness, social status or wealth, but in the interaction. The claimed ‘art’ in pick-up artistry may be seen in the relative speed with which the protagonist may gain intimacy with their fellow interlocutor. The PUA operates, as Goffman (1967b) describes it, “where the action is”; they are every bit the gambler in a high-stakes game where risky plays – which include issues of im/politeness and in/equity – can have high payoffs. The focus of this paper is how PUAs actually play the game.

Building Materials and Humanity

Humankind simmered with limitless appetency but never satisfied entirely, the weakness of humanity is too much appetency, whether for human’s survive or for development. The process of making tools is the result under the action of humanity, drived by natural attributes and free attributes of humanity, on one hand, drived by internalized natural attributess of seeking for safety, comfort and self-realization, and exterior natural attributess of lazy, jealousy and selfish, humankind devote themselves to the pursuance for physical and psychic wealth, the individual interests realized under the sake of realization of group’s interests. On the other hand, in view of the fact that the human society exist in country and nationality, whether individual or groups dominated by free attributess of humanity, lead the development of each industry through law and guild regulations, as well as the development of building materials included. The development of building materials is a mirror of human’s development history, building materials is the historical result of the revolution of production tools, it is the arm to change humankind and the world, it’s appearance, renovation and disuse as a reslult of humanity, it include the characteristics and contents of humanity, it represent the weakness and mightiness of humanity.

ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PEMBELIAN BAHAN BAKU SECARA TUNAI GUNA MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS PENGENDALIAN INTERN PADA PT. DWI MULYO LESTARI MADIUN

&lt;span&gt;This study evaluates the raw material purchasing system are applied in PT. Mulyo Dwi Lestari in order to enhance the effectiveness of internal control. The data was collected using interview and observation techniques. The analysis conducted is qualitative descriptive analysis. Based on the research that has been done, researchers can take the conclusion that the implementation of raw material purchasing system in the PT. Mulyo Dwi Lestari not support the effectiveness of internal control. The weaknesses include there isn’t form of purchase orders, goods receiving report form is not suitable with the basic principles of design, a dual function in the barn, yet numbered printed form, and never made a sudden inspection of the accounting records company's physical wealth.&lt;/span&gt;

Economics behind the law: why number of divorce cases grows when families become wealthier?

In this paper we study the effects of increasing family wealth on the number of divorce cases in a society. We assume that, when one party of a married couple seeks for divorce, the physical family wealth is equally divided between the homemaker and the breadwinner according to the Law. Through some simple mathematical analysis we discover that the number of divorce cases will increase when the amounts of family wealth increase. Our theoretical result is well-justified by the observation from the Chinese society after the Reforms.