Physical Properties Of Water Research Articles

The roles of polymer relaxation phenomena, aqueous dye solubility and the physical properties of water in the mechanism of adsorption of a disperse dye on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres: Part 4 further aspects related to polymer relaxation phenomena

AbstractTo further investigate the contribution of polymer relaxation times to the mechanism of disperse dye adsorption on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres, the temperature‐dependent uptake of Teratop Yellow HL‐G 150% on both cotton and polyamide 66 fabrics at temperatures between 30 and 130°C was compared with that on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric. Although uptake of the commercial grade dye on polyester fabric is governed by the thermally regulated, broad glass transition of the water‐saturated poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, as this was not observed for either cotton or nylon 66 fabrics, the respective cellulose or polyamide 66 polymer glass transition does not present a major thermal impediment to dye uptake over the wide range of dyeing temperatures used. This is because the onset and end‐set temperatures of the glass transition of the water‐plasticised poly(ethylene terephthalate) material reside within the range of dyeing temperatures employed, whereas those of the water‐plasticised cotton and polyamide materials occur below the lowest dyeing temperature examined (30°C). The thermal dependency of disperse dye solubility also likely makes a meaningful contribution to the temperature‐dependent dye uptake observed for each type of fibre.

Effects of Solid Wastes (Leachates) on the Quality of Underground Water

This study investigates the impact of groundwater pollution in Oyigbo Local Government Area, Nigeria, and the consequences of solid wastes, quality, and its control. The study was inspired by the uncontrolled way that both home and industrial wastes are dumped on the ground, in rivers, burried, burned, and dumped in trash heaps. Papers and polyethene, tin and metals, ashes and dust, texture and rags, aluminum and other minerals are among the primary solid wastes produced in Oyigbo. These wastes form leachates and gases when they degrade and are washed by percolating and infiltrating rain water into the groundwater, according to an examination of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of raw water at ten distinct places in Oyigbo close to disposal grounds. However, while a small number of the water characteristics evaluated did not meet W.H.O. criteria, the majority did. Despite this, recommendations are given to address the issues, including promoting raw water analysis, awareness campaigns, increased groundwater investigation in Oyigbo, and adherence to the resource management principle. From the results obtained, it was discovered that the mean concentration values of TDS, pH, BOD and COD are 89.24mg/l, 7.62mg/l, 13.87mg/l and 14.58 for leachate samples. Also the mean concentration values for Mn, Cl, Mg in groundwater samples are 62.34mg/l, 22.74mg/l and 2.60mg/l and for well water samples and 57.35mg/l, 28.30mg/l and 1.25mg/l respectively. The characteristics of the domestic well water samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 16.26 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 18.67 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.84 mg/l) and temperature (29.66ᵒC). Also, the characteristics of the groundwater samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 13.67 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 16.11 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.03 mg/l) and temperature (27.16ᵒC). This result shows that there are high level of BOD,COD and DO in Domestic well water than that of groundwater in that location(site).

Lower Limb Muscles' Activation during Ascending and Descending a Single Step-Up Movement: Comparison between In water and On land Exercise at Different Step Cadences in Young Injury-Free Adults.

(1) Background: Forward step-up (FSU) simulates the stance phase in stair ascension. With the benefits of physical properties of water, aquatic FSU exercise may be more suitable for patients with lower limb weakness or pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of progressive steps per min on the surface electromyography (sEMG) of gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gastrocnemius (GA), when performing FSU exercise with different steps per min in water and on land. (2) Methods: Participants (N = 20) were instructed to perform FSU exercises at different steps per min (35, 60, and 95 bpm) in water and on land. The sEMG of the tested muscles were collected. The percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) of GM, RF, GA and BF at different environments and steps per min was compared. (3) Result: There was a statistically significant difference of %MVIC of RF at all steps per min comparisons regardless of the movement phases and environments (p < 0.01, except for descending phases of 35 bpm vs. 60 bpm). All tested muscles showed a statistically significant lower muscle activation in water (p < 0.05) (4) Conclusion: This study found that the %MVIC of the tested muscle in both investigated environments increase as steps per minute increases. It is also found that the movement pattern of FSU exercise activates RF the most among all the tested muscles. Muscle activation of all tested muscles is also found to be smaller in water due to buoyancy property of water. Aquatic FSU exercise might be applicable to patients with lower limb weakness or knee osteoarthritis to improve their lower limb strength.

The effects of different nanoparticles on physical and thermal properties of water in a copper oscillating heat pipe via molecular dynamics simulation

BackgroundOscillating heat pipes (OHP) are equipment for heat transfer (HT) with a high heat transfer capacity which transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. One of the most significant factors affecting the performance of the heat pipes is the operating fluid contained inside them. Nanofluids (NFs), the fluids containing nanoparticles (NP), improve the thermal conductivity (TC), and HT over the base fluid. MethodsThis study investigated the physical and thermal properties behaviors of water and Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NFs in an OHP with copper (Cu) walls. In this approach, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used. The current simulation was performed using LAMMPS software. By solving Newton's equation of motion, the trajectories of particles were simulated over time. Significant findingsAfter 10 ns, the numerical value of heat flux (HF) in the presence of water converged to 1354 W/m2. The maximum numerical density of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NF in the OHP reached 0.016 atom/Å3, 0.021 atom/Å 3, and 0.022 atom/Å3 values, respectively. The numerical maximum velocity of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 water NF in the OHP converged to 0.057 Å/ps, 0.051 Å/ps, and 0.044 Å/ps, respectively. The numerical maximum temperature of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 /water NF in the OHP was 522.68 K, 483.48 K, and 452.77 K, respectively. The numerical values of HF of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NF in the OHP increased by 1462 W/m2, 1505 W/m2, and 1561 W/m2, respectively. Finally, the above studies expect an optimal mechanism for HT in the practical applications to be provided.

Atomic-scale characterisation of dielectric properties and structured water molecules at the interface of lipid membranes.

Water molecules play a major role in determining the structure and function of biomolecules and their assembly. Hydration layers occurring at the interface of macromolecules strongly depend on their molecular charge distribution and dielectric polarization, which in turn determine their electrostatic and electrodynamic properties. At a greater scale, water molecules surrounding and permeating the cell membrane have been demonstrated organising on the cell membrane components themselves, i.e. lipids and transmembrane proteins. For instance, evidences showed that lipid head groups are supposed to be surrounded by more than one hydration layer, being the first layer formed by a tightly bound shell, and outer layers likely to be displaced due to protein-lipid interactions. Hence, it is of fundamental importance to understand the physical properties of interfacial water in order to gain information on the structure and function of biological systems.

Physical Properties of Plasma-Activated Water

Recent observations of plasma-activated water (PAW)’s surfactant behavior suggest that the activation of water with non-equilibrium plasma can decrease the surface tension of the water. This suggested change to the surface tension also indicates that the addition of plasma can lead to changes in the physical properties of the water, knowledge of which can expand existing PAW applications and open new ones. While the chemical behavior of PAW has been extensively analyzed, to the best of our knowledge the physical properties of PAW have not been investigated. This study focuses on the need for experimental determination of PAW’s physical properties—namely, surface tension, viscosity, and contact angle. The experimental results of this study show that the addition of plasma lowers the surface tension of water at room temperature, increases the viscosity of water at high temperatures, and lowers the contact angle of droplets on glass surfaces at room temperatures. Potential factors influencing these changes include plasma alteration of the mesoscopic structure of water at low temperatures and plasma additives acting as foreign particles in water at higher temperatures. Ultimately, this investigation demonstrates that the physical properties of water change due to plasma activation, which could lead to potential industrial applications of PAW as a surfactant or as a washing-out and cleaning agent.

ECOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY

Water quality – is a description of water’s chemical and biological composition and physical properties, which characterize it as an abiotic component of aquatic ecosystem and determine its suitability for specific consumption purposes.&#x0D; Ecological water quality (environmental water quality) – refers to the ecological well-being of an aquatic ecosystem, with the main focus on protection of the aquatic environment and human life and health. It comprises a complex of physical, chemical, biological and other parameters reflecting specific features of abiotic and biotic components of aquatic ecosystems.&#x0D; The requirements for physical, chemical and biological properties of water are set in the water quality standards, which may be developed by particular countries or introduced by international organizations.&#x0D; Ecological water quality depends upon natural and human factors. Natural factors are in their turn divided into abiotic (for example, geological, meteorological, hydrological) and biotic (for example, the ratio of primary production and organic matter destruction). The main human factors affecting water quality include artificial modification of aquatic ecosystems’ hydrological conditions and their pollution with diverse chemical compounds.&#x0D; There are a lot of approaches to ecological water quality assessment according to both abiotic (physical and chemical) and biological parameters. Physical and chemical methods take into account such parameters as water transparency, suspended particulate matter concentration (turbidity), ion composition, water hardness, total dissolved salts content, nutrients and organic matter content, dissolved gases concentration, pH. Biological methods are based upon assessing the living organisms’ (biological indicators’) response to mineral and organic substances, present in water. Various living organisms can be used as biological indicators: algae, in particular – diatoms, higher aquatic plants, different species of aquatic invertebrates and fishes. While physical and chemical methods characterize water quality at the moment of sampling, biological methods provide an integral picture of water quality for a certain time period. Besides, biological methods are more informative, because they reflect the aquatic ecosystem’s response to pollution.&#x0D; On the whole, the most reliable data on ecological water quality can be obtained by combining physical, chemical and biological methods.

Using Arithmetic Weight Index for Study Quality Drinking Water of Al-Gharraf Stream

Water pollution is any physical or chemical change in water quality, directly or indirectly, adversely affects humans or makes water unsuitable for the required uses. This research is concerned with the study of the chemical and physical properties of water in the city of Nasiriya-Iraq and the quantity of pollution by applying the arithmetic weight index. The study was based on the concentrations of positive ions (Potassium , Sodium , Calcium ) and negative ions (Sulfate , Chloride ) acidity (PH), Total Dissolved Solid (T.D.S), Alkalinity (ALK), Electrical Conductivity (E.C) Total suspended solids (T.S.S) and total hardness (TH), where the results of the analysis were compared with Iraqi standards adopted to show the validity of water drinking for the use of human.&#x0D; The results of the study were explained:&#x0D; &#x0D; The water of the study area is the basicity of the interaction where the pH ranged (7.85-8.8) (8.3-8.6) for two seasons.&#x0D; All water in the study area is unsuitable for drinking according to the arithmetic weight index.&#x0D; &#x0D; 3. It is not good to apply the standard Iraqi drinking before treatment water.

Water Quality Status of the Rivers in Tembilahan City Based on Physical-Chemical Parameters and Storet Index

Tembilahan city has several tidal-type rivers flowing into the Indragiri river which encountered a waste pollution problem. This research aims to obtain insight into the water quality of the rivers in Tembilahan City. Characteristics of rivers that flow in urban areas are vulnerable to water quality degradation and environmental pollution due to high anthropogenic activities. Water quality data, which includes physical and chemical properties of water, were obtained from monitoring four rivers as sampling stations representing several rivers in Tembilahan city. The sampling location was determined based on the representativeness of the human activity area. The river water quality status was analysed by using Storet Index. The results showed that the water quality of the rivers in Tembilahan City has a score of -31 which indicates that the rivers are categorised as polluted rivers. Therefore, there is a need for river revitalisation management with the participation of the public sector and the community in Tembilahan City.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in Rahuri Tahsil of Ahmednagar District (M.S.)

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in Rahuri Tahsil of Ahmednagar District (M.S.)

Evaluating nano Primal AC33 for protection and consolidation processes of archaeological pottery: a comparison study with silica and montmorillonite nanoparticles

PurposeThis study aims to offer an effective nanocomposite for potential use to consolidate and protect deteriorated archaeological pottery.Design/methodology/approachThree nanocomposites were used in the experimental study. This study used nano Primal AC33, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles to protect and consolidate pottery specimens. Pottery specimens were made at 800°C for this investigation. Consolidation materials were applied with a brush. The properties of the treated pottery specimens were assessed using several methods such as digital and scanning electron microscopes, static water contact angle, color alteration, physical properties and compressive strength.FindingsMicroscopic examination indicated the ability of the nano Primal AC33/MMT nanocomposites to cover the outer surface well and bind the inner granules. Concerning specimens with code F treated with nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites, it achieved an increase in contact angle (120°), density (1.23 g/cm3) and compressive strength (561 kg/cm2), as well as a decrease in color change (ΔE = 2.62), water absorption (4.45%) and porosity (5.46%). The novelty of the results is due to the characteristics of nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites used in the current study.Originality/valueThis study describes the significant results of the analytical methods used for evaluating consolidation materials used in this study. The findings offer useful information for the protection of archaeological pottery. The investigation indicated that nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites gave the best results. Therefore, it is recommended to use this nanocomposite to consolidate archaeological pottery. As a result, the current work provides a promising first step in conserving archaeological pottery for future studies.

Investigation on physical properties of nanobubbled water using gas water circulation method: Environmental perspective

AbstractThe objective of this present study is to examine the effect of nanobubbles on the physical properties improvement in the chosen water sample. So far, the research outcomes stated that the physical properties could be enhanced by addition of nanoparticles, but very few studies were performed with nanobubbles. The unique properties of nanobubbles (70–120 nanometers) explain their use in a wide range of engineering fields. Simple method for producing nanobubbles in a variety of aqueous solutions along with examples of their use is outlined in this work. Global environmental issues, including the deterioration and depletion of water supply are driving today's need for water treatment technology. As a solution, the use of micro‐ and nano‐bubble (MNB) technologies in wastewater treatment has evolved. This page discuss the fundamentals of water treatment research, including their stability of bubbles, manufacturing processes, and chemical and physical features.

Dependence of microbiological activity of alluvial soils of irrigated meadow of Bukhara oasis on salinity levels

This article presents the problems of studying and improving the physical properties of water, the total porosity of the volume and weight of alluvial soils of ancient irrigated meadows of the Bukhara oasis. Keywords: general porosity, water physical properties, alluvial soils of ancient irrigated meadows of Bukhara oasis volume weight.

Change of water-physical properties of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils of the republic of Armenia under the influence of anthropogenic factor

The aim of the article is to study the direction of negative changes in water-physical properties occurring in meadow-chernozem soils under the influence of anthropogenic factor. The "soil keys" method was used to determine the location of transects. Field researches were conducted on the same-type relief areas, when comparing virgin and arable variants of soils. Soil samples were taken from the main sections by genetic horizons. In the article results of research on the influence of anthropogenic factors on the change of the water-physical properties of the mountain meadow-chernozem soils of the Republic of Armenia are presented. At the present stage the issues of storing and improving fertility of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils are very acute. These soils, under long-term use under agricultural crops, undergo considerable changes in the direction of deterioration, leading to activation of degradation processes of soils. Long-term and unsystematic agricultural use of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils leads to increase of their density. Soil porosity, its moisture capacity, mechanism of moisture movement, etc. depend on soil density. The studies conducted have shown that the density of the tilled layer of virgin soils is generally favourable for the growth and development of plants, but the upper part of the soil profile is somewhat compacted in the tilled variants. The data on porosity of mountain meadow-chernozem soils show that the soils studied are characterised by satisfactory general porosity. High porosity is especially in the whole-loam soil variants. In the arable soils some deterioration of water properties is observed. The results of maximum hygroscopicity, maximum field moisture capacity, and range of active moisture and moisture content of stable wilting slightly decrease.

Influence of tillage methods on food security and its agrophysical and water-physical properties

To maintain the pace of the agriculture industry and assist bridge the gap between food supply and demand, best-implemented, sustainable, and optimal solutions are needed. Soil and water resources, research and development, extension, agricultural education, and related infrastructure development must be prioritized to boost food production and enhance soil and water management. Research has been carried out on the effect of various methods of main tillage - chiseling with various types of chisel rippers and moldboard plowing - on the agro- and water-physical parameters of light chestnut soil. Differences in soil density and moisture levels have influenced the development of corn plants. On the variants with deep chisel tillage, the accumulation of dry and raw plant biomass and the yield of corn grain were higher. Thus, the methods of main tillage allow to regulate the agro- and water-physical state of the soil and to have a significant effect on the productivity of plants. On the basis of the data obtained, for high-quality main tillage, providing optimal indicators of its density, crumbling, reserves of total and available moisture in the soil, it is possible to recommend the use of an experimental chisel ripper CR-2.4.

Lithological Composition and Hydrocarbon Anomalies of Bottom Sediments of the Western Part of the East Siberian Sea

On the basis of lithological and gas geochemical studies and a comprehensive interpretation of the available materials, the main factors of the formation and distribution of grain size distribution, water-physical properties, organic saturation, concentrations and geochemical parameters of hydrocarbon gases in seafloor sediments of geostructures of the western part of the East Siberian Sea are summarized and analyzed. It has been established that the sediments of the northern and central parts of the study area are represented by aleurite-pelites, the southern ‒ by aleurite-pelite-psamites with variations in Corg values ‒ 0.6–2.0%, natural humidity and density ‒ 18–43% and 1.5–2.0 g/cm3, open porosity ‒ 17–33%, the concentrations of methane and its homologues are 0.001–5.934 and 0.00003–0.0312 cm3/kg, the molecular mass of the hydrocarbons fraction, the “wetness”, “dryness” coefficients, and the coefficients of the transformation are 16.05–22.6 g/mol, 0.2–51%, 1–1999, 0.2–50.8 and δ13С‒СН4 (–82.7…–38.4‰). Based on the values of gas geochemical parameters, eleven types of gas sources were identified in bottom sediments. In the process of research, it was found that the formation of hydrocarbon anomalies in sediments is mainly associated with their reservoir properties, Corg content and depths of their sampling, as well as with the complex influence of geological factors, the main of which are the gas saturation of the underlying sediments and the type of gas sources, discontinuous and plicative tectonics, geostructures position, thickness of Quaternary deposits, coal and gas content and age of the folded base. To a lesser extent, anomalies of hydrocarbon gases are associated with the lithological composition and density parameters of sediments.

Геометрия контуров капельного увлажнения почв

Purpose: to determine dependencies and develop a methodology for calculating the geometric dimensions and constructing the outline of local moisture contours formed in the soil space during drip irrigation. Materials and methods. The factual basis of the development was the data of full-scale (field) measurements of the contours of the drip-moistened soil space and their office processing. The studies were carried out on experimental sites with different soil cover, represented by steppe, dry steppe and steppe-desert soil types: chernozems (ordinary and southern) and chestnut soils with a wide range of granulometric texture, water-physical properties and with different levels of pre-irrigation moisture, when ir-rigated with emitters productivity from 1,0 to 6,0 l/h. Results and discussion. During the study, the following things were considered as determining the process of contour formation and the contour geometry: soil conditions characterized by the physical clay content, the min-imum water capacity, bulk density and the level of pre-irrigation moisture; technological pa-rameters determined by the level of post-irrigation moisture, the given depth of soil moisture, the flow rate of drip micro-water outlets and the volume of water supply. Empirical depend-ences that allow determination of the linear dimensions, the wetted area dimensions and the volumes of moisture contours are obtained according to the given values: the physical clay content in soil within 18.0–77.0 % of the dry soil mass (DSM), the lowest moisture capacity in the range 16.5–32 % DSM, wetting depth from 0.5 to 1.2 m, additional irrigation moisture from 60 to 80 % of the level of the minimum water capacity, emitter flow from 1.0 to 6.0 l/h. Conclusion. A system of empirical dependencies has been obtained, and methods for predict-ing the external shape, linear, areal and volumetric dimensions of local moisture contours formed in the soil space during drip irrigation have been developed.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in the Cytoplasma of Plant Cells

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in the Cytoplasma of Plant Cells

Review on the Water Quality Status of Lake Hawassa, Central Rift Valley Lakes, Ethiopia

Population growth, urbanization, and modernization are all contributing to sewage disposal issues and lake poisoning. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of water are typically used to describe its quality. Numerous factors, including BOD, temperature, electrical conductivity, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, dissolved oxygen, etc., can be used to measure the quality of water. Because they pollute water or induce chronic poisoning in aquatic creatures, heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Fe, and Hg are particularly concerning. This review study stresses the Lake Hawassa water quality status using various research findings from both published and unpublished web documents. It was noted that the water from Lake Hawassa is extremely contaminated and may not meet the requirements for drinking and recreational uses, although with great care, it benefits aquatic life and irrigation. Pesticides were found in significant concentrations in Lake Hawassa's water, sediments, and fish species as a result of its exposure to effluent from industrial, urban, and agricultural runoff. As a result, the lake has become poisoned, threatening the aquatic ecosystem's biodiversity, which includes fish. Therefore, in order to protect Lake Hawassa's water supply, the government should implement the necessary controls to prevent the discharge of pollutants from agricultural fields, ceramics, textiles, plastics, urban storm water, leather tanning, and food processing sectors.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in the Cytoplasma of Plant Cells

A study is performed of the physicochemical properties of the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a living cell and the intercellular fluid associated with their structural organization. As a single coherent system, the structure of the water component of a plant plays a crucial role in its water regime, and therefore determines the development and adaptability of the plant to environmental conditions. Low-frequency L-dielcometry is used for the first time in experimental studies of the water regime of plants. The change in the peak intensities in the spectrum of the dependence of the dielectric loss tangent on the EMF frequency under conditions of artificial drought for different phytotest objects is used to show there are two types of water in living plants: free and self-organized bound. Free water is responsible for the mode of evaporation, while bound water participates in the organization of a complex network of intercellular communications, including the transmission of different signals through putative synapse-like contacts. Results correlate fully with others from plant phytomonitoring with pulsed NMR at the Kazan Scientific School of Phytophysiologist. The conclusion that there are two types of water in a living plant simultaneously is substantiated theoretically on the basis of generalized crystallography using Bulienkov’s modular computer design. It is the most important component of the concept of quantum bioenergetics.